Reading Practice Test 1-10

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PRACTICE TEST 1
Part 1. For questions 1-10, read the passage and fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE
suitable word. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
It is a sad fact that adults laugh far less than children, sometimes (1) as much as a couple of
hundred times a day. Just take a look at people’s faces on the way to work or in the office: you’ll be lucky
to see a smile, let (2)hear a laugh. This is a shame - especially in (3) of the fact that scientists have
proved that laughing is good for you. “When you laugh,” says psychologist David Cohen, “it produces the
(4) hormones, endorphins. It counters the effects of stress and (5) the immune system.”
There are many reasons why we might laugh less in adult life: perhaps we are too work-obsessed; or too
embarrassed to (6) our emotions show. Some psychologists simply believe that children have more
naive responses, and as adults we naturally grow out of (7) reactions.
Luckily, however, it is possible to relearn the art of laughter. In India, laughter clinics have been growing
in (8) over the last few years, thanks to the efforts of Dr Madan Kataria, whose work has won him a
devoted (9) . Dr Kataria believes that his laughing techniques can help to strengthen the immune
system and lower stress levels, among other things. He teaches his patients different laughs or (10)
to relax specific parts of the body. In 1998 when Dr Kataria organized a World Laughter Day at Bombay
racetrack, 10,000 people turned up.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 2. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
DOES AN IQ TEST PROVE CREATIVITY?
Everyone has creativity, some a lot more than others. The development of humans, and possibly
the universe, depends on it. Yet creativity is an elusive creature. What do we mean by it? What is going on
in our brains when ideas form? Does it feel the same for artists and scientists? We asked writers and
neuroscientists, pop stars and AI gurus to try to deconstruct the creative process-and learn how we can all
ignite the spark within.
A. In the early 1970s, creativity was still seen as a type of intelligence. But when more subtle tests of IQ
and creative skills were developed in the 1970s, particularly by the father of creativity testing, Paul
Torrance, it became clear that the link was not so simple. Creative people are intelligent, in terms of IQ
tests at least, but only averagely or just above. While it depends on the discipline, in general beyond a
certain level IQ does not help boost creativity; it is necessary but not sufficient to make someone creative.
B. Because of the difficulty of studying the actual process, most early attempts to study creativity
concentrated on personality. According to creativity specialist Mark Runco of California State University,
Fullerton, the “creative personality” tends to place a high value on aesthetic qualities and to have broad
interests, providing lots of resources to draw on and knowledge to recombine into novel solutions.
“Creatives” have an attraction to complexity and an ability to handle conflict. They are also usually highly
self-motivated, perhaps even a little obsessive. Less creative people, on the other hand, tend to become
irritated if they cannot immediately fit all the pieces together. They are less tolerant of confusion.
Creativity comes to those who wait, but only to those who are happy to do so in a bit of a fog.
C. But there may be a price to pay for having a creative personality. For centuries, a link has been made
between creativity and mental illness. Psychiatrist Jamison of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore,
Maryland, found that established artists are significantly more likely to have mood disorders. But she also
suggests that a change of mood state might be the key to triggering a creative event, rather than the
negative
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mood itself. Intelligence can help channel this thought style into great creativity, but when combined with
emotional problems, lateral, divergent or open thinking can lead to mental illness instead.
D. Jordan Peterson, a psychologist at the University of Toronto, Canada, believes he has identified a
mechanism that could help explain this. He says that the brains of creative people seem more open to
incoming stimuli than less creative types. Our senses are continuously feeding a mass of information into
our brains, which have to block or ignore most of it to save us from being snowed under. Peterson calls
this process latent inhibition, and argues that people who have less of it, and who have a reasonably high
IQ with a good working memory can juggle more of the data, and so may be open to more possibilities
and ideas. The downside of extremely low latent inhibition may be a confused thought style that
predisposes people to mental illness. So for Peterson, mental illness is not a prerequisite for creativity, but
it shares some cognitive traits.
E. But what of the creative act itself? One of the first studies of the creative brain at work was by Colin
Martindale, a psychologist from the University of Maine in Orono. Back in 1978, he used a network of
scalp electrodes to record an electroencephalogram, a record of the pattern of brain waves, as people made
up stories. Creativity has two stages: inspiration and elaboration, each characterised by very different
states of mind. While people were dreaming up their stories, he found their brains were surprisingly quiet.
The dominant activity was alpha waves, indicating a very low level of cortical arousal: a relaxed state, as
though the conscious mind was quiet while the brain was making connections behind the scenes. It’s the
same sort of brain activity as in some stages of sleep, dreaming or rest, which could explain why sleep and
relaxation can help people be creative. However, when these quiet minded people were asked to work on
their stories, the alpha wave activity dropped off and the brain became busier, revealing increased cortical
arousal, more corralling of activity and more organised thinking. Strikingly, it was the people who showed
the biggest difference in brain activity between the inspiration and development stages who produced the
most creative storylines. Nothing in their background brain activity marked them as creative or uncreative.
“It’s as if the less creative person can’t shift gear,” says Guy Claxton, a psychologist at the University of
Bristol, UK. “Creativity requires different kinds of thinking. Very creative people move between these
states intuitively.” Creativity, it seems, is about mental flexibility: perhaps not a two-step process, but a
toggling between two states. In a later study, Martindale found that communication between the sides of
the brain is also important.
F. Paul Howard-Jones, who works with Claxton at Bristol, believes he has found another aspect of
creativity. He asked people to make up a story based on three words and scanned their brains using
functional magnetic resonance imaging. In one trial, people were asked not to try too hard and just report
the most obvious story suggested by the words. In another, they were asked to be inventive. He also varied
the words so it was easier or harder to link them. As people tried harder and came up with more creative
tales, there was a lot more activity in a particular prefrontal brain region on the right-hand side. These
regions are probably important in monitoring for conflict, helping us to filter out many of of combining
the words and allowing us to pull out just the desirable connections, Howard-Jones suggests. It shows that
there is another side to creativity, he says. The story-making task, particularly when we are stretched,
produces many options which we have to assess. So part of creativity is a conscious process of evaluating
and analysing ideas. The test also shows that the more we try and are stretched, the more creative our
minds can be.
G. And creativity need not always be a solitary, tortured affair, according to Teresa Amabile of Harvard
Business School. Though there is a slight association between solitary writing or painting and negative
moods or emotional disturbances, scientific creativity and workplace creativity seem much more likely to
occur when people are positive and buoyant. In a decade-long study of real businesses, to be published
soon, Amabile found that positive moods relate positively to creativity in organisations, and that the
relationship is a simple linear one. Creative thought also improves people’s moods, her team found, so the
process is circular. Time pressures, financial pressures and hard-earned bonus schemes on the other hand,
do not boost workplace creativity: internal motivation, not coercion, produces the best work.
H. Another often forgotten aspect of creativity is social. Vera John-Steiner of the University of New
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Mexico says that to be really creative you need strong social networks and trusting relationships, not
just active
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neural networks. One vital characteristic of a highly creative person, she says, is that they have at least one
other person in their life who doesn’t think they are completely nuts.
For questions 11-14, decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given (NG).
Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
11. High IQ guarantees better creative ability in one person than that who achieves an average score in an
IQ test.
12. In a competitive society, individuals’ language proficiency is more important than other abilities.
13. A wider range of resources and knowledge can be integrated by more creative people into bringing
about creative approaches.
14. A creative person not necessarily suffers more mental illness.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14.
For questions 15-19, use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions
or deeds below. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
A Jamison
B Jordan Peterson
C Guy Claxton
D Howard-Jone
E Teresa Amabile
F Vera John-Steiner
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15. Instead of producing the negative mood, a shift of mood state might be the one important factor of inducing
a creative thinking.
16. Where the more positive moods individuals achieve, there is higher creativity in organizations.
17. Good interpersonal relationship and trust contribute to a person with more creativity.
18. Creativity demands an ability that can easily change among different kinds of thinking.
19. Certain creative mind can be upgraded if we are put into more practice in assessing and processing ideas.
Your answers:
15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
For questions 20-23, read the following summary and fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS taken from the passage. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
But what of the creative act itself? In 1978, Colin Martindale made records of pattern of brain waves as people
made up stories by applying a system constituted of many (20) . The two phrases of creativity, such as
(21) were found. While people were still planning their stories, their brains show little active sign and
the mental activity was showed a very relaxed state as the same sort of brain activity as in sleep, dreaming or
rest.
However, experiment proved the signal of (22) went down and the brain became busier, revealing
increased cortical arousal, when these people who were in a laidback state were required to produce their
stories. Strikingly, it was found the person who was perceived to have the greatest (23) in brain activity between
two stages, produced storylines with highest level of creativity.
Your answers:
20. 21. 22. 23.
Part 3. In the passage below, seven paragraphs have been removed. For questions 24-30, read the passage
and choose from paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap. There is ONE extra paragraph which you do
not need to use. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
THE SOCIAL MEDIA PRODUCT PLACEMENT JUGGERNAUT
Social media is the air that celebrities breathe. No other platforms can keep them so relevant in the cut-throat
business of fame. But beyond satisfying their need to connect with the public, social media is also helping to fill
bank accounts. To maintain their fabulous lifestyle, celebrities can turn to social media where the world of
Instagram and influencer marketing awaits. And what a lucrative world it is.
24.
So what do we know about specific rates for social media posts? Mid-level reality TV stars can earn anywhere
from $1,000 to $20,000 for a brand sponsored Instagram post. This can go as high as $50,000 for a TV sitcom
star. That's a lot of money, but relatively low compared to the current crop of It-girl model who can command
up to $300,000 for a single Instagram post, or an A-list actor who can receive up to $500,000.
25.
Although celebrity endorsements have been around for as long as advertising itself, their foray into social media
is new territory. Traditional print and TV advertising is replete with famous faces pushing products we doubt
they use or consume, but there is an understanding that we accept the falsehood because we know the game, we
know they've been paid. The pseudo-ads posted as selfies on Instagram or Twitter, however, usually contain no
clear indication that money has changed hands, despite the fact that, in many cases, it’s legally required to do
so.
26.
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Beginning enthusiastically with “OMG”, the original post was liked online by hundreds of thousands of
followers. There was no doubt that she had actually used the medication, as it had been prescribed by her
doctor. But had she included the mandatory information, it would have given the very distinct, and true,
impression that it was a promotion. Ever mindful of her public image, she was aware this may not go down well
with her followers. For her sins, she was forced to remove her gushing reviews from Instagram, Twitter and
Facebook, and repost with a huge risk of disclaimer.
27.
Celebrities love social media because it helps them to build some semblance of authenticity and social intimacy
with fans. First they create an image of openness and honesty with their online followers and then they exploit it
in their sponsored posts. One star, for example, recently confided that her "secret" to staying trim was a certain
weight loss tea. A photo of her looking slim and healthy, holding a cup of the miraculous fat-melting infusion
was there for all to see. No mention was made of frequent, grueling sessions with a well-paid personal trainer. A
clearly sponsored post — though honest — would have dismantled her credibility.
28.
As advertising professionals will tell you, that is exactly the goal of any ad - to sell an idea or a desirable
lifestyle, and it doesn't even have to be true or attainable. The personality vouching for the product isn't even
required to actually use it. All that needs to happen is for consumers to want some glamour and coolness to rub
off on them. That is how advertising works. But this sneaky new form of celebrity endorsement, with its
camouflaged product promotions requires consumers to completely suspend belief in order to place their trust in
someone with an agenda.
29.
As such, the language has to be just right, peppered with the kinds of casual terms friends use with each other.
Celebrities ‘swear by’ a new skincare product, are ‘in love with’ a new coconut water, ‘can’t live without’ a
new protein shake. The more cynical among us might question the true author of these snappy captions - is it the
paid influencer or has the brand's marketing department come up with the text and tailored it to the target
audience? Because the audience is what it’s all about. Keeping it is important, but first it has to be found.
30.
So far, it’s been a very successful strategy, and as long as a supply of famous faces are willing to accept cash for
comments, the use of social media as a unique advertising tool won't be going away any time soon.
Missing Paragraphs:
A. Make no mistake - they are raking in it. Even those who are no longer as famous as they once were can be
offered tantalizing amount by companies to promote products on the main personal social media platforms -
Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. The uber - famous with the largest followings are making money hand over
fist, and the amounts are staggering.
B. Besides failing to list the downsides of the product, the celebrity fell foul of the law by not being explicit
about the fact that she was paid to make the post. There are rules about this sort of thing, too. Celebrities
receiving payment to promote a product on their platforms are required to tag the post #ad or #sponsored -
something to indicate that a monetary transaction has taken place in return for their endorsement. So what’s
preventing them from adding those few letters?
C. The beauty of influencer marketing for brands is that they don't have to build their target audience from scratch
- something which is costly and time-consuming as it involves extensive market research. Once the influencer
has been chosen, it is just a matter of getting the followers to support the brand, talk about it themselves to
others, and buy the products.
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D. For that kind of money, celebrities are happy to plug a product hard. Juice cleaners, meal replacement
regimes, weight-loss teas, waist shapers, teeth whitening kits - they comprise a range of categories that are
perfectly suited to the highly narcissistic nature of the medium that is social media, requiring nothing more than
a love of selfies and a complete lack of shame. The questionable efficacy of the products is no deterrent to the
blatant money- grab.
E. But what makes people susceptible to such influence? When asked, consumers said they trusted celebrities
over brands. The problem with branded marketing content is that it is biased; influencer marketing, on the other
hand, does not come across as an overt marketing attempt. Instead, it looks like a recommendation from a
trusted friend.
F. Advertisers have a major responsibility to inform celebrities, bloggers and anyone else they’re paying to push
a product that appropriate disclosures need to be made. Advertising should be identifiable as advertising so that
consumers know when they're hearing a marketing pitch versus an independent viewpoint.
G. Advertising is powerful and its manipulation runs deep when consumers are gullible to such marketing
ploys. The endorsements - casually slipped in between a candid photo with a beloved pet and a carefree snap
with a close friend, for example - make unwitting followers feel that this product is simply a part of the
celebrity’s daily life, and that they should make it a part of theirs too. They want it, and at that point, they’re
hooked.
H. Disclosure with regards to medication is one of these instances. An American celebrity got into hot water
with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for promoting a medication without providing information about
possible side effects. The FDA, which is responsible for protecting public health through the regulation and
supervision of a range of products including dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter
medications, took a very dim view of this.
Your answers:
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Part 4. For questions 31-40, read the following passage and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which
fits best according to the text. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
THE BOOK OF THE CENTURY
A classic of our times or an escapist yarn? Although its popularity is unparalleled, some intellectuals dismiss
The Lord of the Rings as boyish fantasy. Andrew O’Hehir defends Tolkien’s ‘true myth’ as a modern
masterpiece, and attempts to discover the secret of its success.
In January 1997, reporter Susan Jeffreys of the London Sunday Times informed a colleague that J.R.R.
Tolkien’s epic fantasy The Lord of the Rings had been voted the greatest book of the 20th century in a readers’
poll conducted by Britain’s Channel 4 and the Waterstone’s bookstore chain. Her colleague responded: “What?
Has it? Oh dear. Dear oh dear oh dear.”
Attitudes in America are arguably more relaxed about this kind of thing. No one from the American educated
classes expressed much dismay when a 1999 poll of American on-line bookshop Amazon.com customers chose
The Lord of the Rings as the greatest book not merely of the century but of the millennium. Tolkien’s book is so
deeply ingrained in popular culture, after all, that a great many of today’s American academics and journalists
probably still have those dog-eared paperbacks they read avidly in eighth grade with their hallucinatory mid-
1970s cover art, stashed somewhere in the attic.
Furthermore, members of the U.S. intelligentsia fully expect to have their tastes ignored, if not openly derided,
by the public at large. To some American intellectuals it seems gratifying, even touching, that so many millions
of readers will happily devour a work as complicated as The Lord of the Rings. Whatever one may make of it,
it’s a more challenging read than Gone With the Wind (runner-up in the Amazon survey), not to mention Harry
Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (fifth place).
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Hugely ambitious in scope, The Lord of the Rings occupies an uncomfortable position in 20 th century literature.
Tolkien’s epic poses a stern challenge to modern literature and its defenders. (Tolkien on his critics: “Some who
have read the book, or at any rate have reviewed it, have found it boring, absurd, or contemptible; and I have no
cause to complain, since I have similar opinions of their works, or of the kinds of writing that they evidently
prefer.”) Yet The Lord of the Rings has enjoyed massive and enduring popularity. It would seem that Tolkien’s
work supplied something that was missing among the formal innovations of 20 th century fiction, something for
which readers were ravenous. But what was it, and why was it important?
Answering this question properly would probably require a book rather than an article. But it seems that the
crux of the matter lies in Tolkien’s wholehearted rejection of modernity and modernism. This is what so
powerfully attracts some readers, and just as powerfully repels others. In his book J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the
Century. T.A. Shippey expands on this notion by arguing that Tolkien saw his realm of Middle-earth not as
fiction or invention, but as the recovery of something genuine that had become buried beneath fragments of
fairy tale and nursery rhyme.
“However fanciful Tolkien’s creation of Middle-earth was,” Shippey writes, “he did not think that he was
entirely making it up. He was ‘reconstructing,’ he was harmonising contradictions in his source-texts,
sometimes he was supplying entirely new concepts (like hobbits), but he was also reaching back to an
imaginative world which he believed had once really existed, at least in a collective imagination.”
The book is also deeply grounded in Tolkien’s linguistic expertise - he invented whole languages for his
characters. Sometimes he became so absorbed in the creation of languages, in fact, that he put the story itself
aside for months or years at a time, believing he could not continue until some quandary or inconsistency in his
invented realm had been resolved. But Tolkien’s immense intellect and erudition is not the source of his
success; without his storytelling gift, The Lord of the Rings would be little more than a curiosity. And this gift
seems to stem straight from his refusal to break from classical and traditional forms.
Tolkien himself often spoke of his work as something ‘found’ or ‘discovered’, something whose existence was
independent of him. It’s wise to tread lightly in this sort of interpretation, but it seems clear that he believed his
work to be something given, something revealed, which contained a kind of truth beyond measure. As a result,
his details have the weight of reality, linguistic and otherwise, and because of this his great sweep of story feels
real as well: you might say that his imaginary castles are built with a certain amount of genuine stone. Other
writers’ fantasy worlds are made up. Tolkien’s is inherited.
31. When The Lord of the Rings was voted the greatest book of the 20th century, .
A. many Americans were annoyed B. some people didn’t believe it
C. some people found the fact shocking D. American academics disagreed
32. It is implied in the second paragraph that The Lord of the Rings .
A. is mostly read by school children
B. is more popular in the States than in the UK
C. is taught in many schools throughout the world
D. is mainly appreciated by academics and journalists
33. The word “gratifying” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .
A. horrifying B. surprising C. pleasing D. depressing
34. What does the writer mean in the underlined parts in paragraph 3: “… so many millions of readers will
happily devour a work as complicated as …”?
A. never read this book because it is so complicated
B. be willing to read this book, despite the fact that it is very difficult
C. be heavily influenced by the fact that Tolkien was an expert at languages
D. be willing to put this book down due to its complication
35. What do we learn about Gone With the Wind?
A. It was once more popular than The Lord of the Rings.
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B. It is seen as more challenging than The Lord of the Rings.

C. It was voted one place behind The Lord of the Rings.
D. It is more touching than The Lord of the Rings.
36. What was Tolkien’s reaction to criticism of The Lord of the Rings?
A. He felt it was unjustified. B. He wasn’t bothered by it.
C. He couldn’t understand it. D. He partly agreed with it.
37. According to Shippey, Tolkien believed that the world he described .
A. was full of unresolved contradictions B. was completely accurate, historically
C. was imaginative but not pure fantasy D. was as incredible as his sources
38. The word “fragments” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to .
A. small pieces B. lots of solids C. large shapes D. huge sections
39. Making up languages for The Lord of the Rings .
A. helped Tolkien to take the story forward
B. was more interesting to Tolkien than writing the story
C. was sometimes rather frustrating for Tolkien
D. resulted in lengthy interruptions to Tolkien’s writing
40. According to the writer of the article, the details in Tolkien’s work .
A. are sometimes rather difficult to follow B. make the story seem more realistic
C. include some modern elements D. can be interpreted in many different ways
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Part 5. The passage below consists of four paragraphs marked A, B, C and D. For questions 41-50, read the
passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
THE BRAIN GAIN
With New Zealand becoming renowned as a great place to live, it was the first-choice destination for a
new generation of talented migrants looking for a better life. Sharon Stephenson talks to four of them.
A. Nicky Meiring, Architect
Listen to Nicky Meiring talk about South Africa and it soon becomes evident that she’s mourning for a country
she once called home. ‘The current economic situation has made South Africa quite a hard place to live in,’ she
says, ‘but I do miss it.’ Nicky first arrived in Auckland in 1994 and got a job in an architectural practice in
Auckland where she soon settled in. She says ‘New Zealand often feels like utopia. I just love the tranquility
and the fact you can lead a safe and ordinary life.’ She lives and works from a renovated factory where her
mantelpiece is littered with awards for the design of her summer house on Great Barrier Island. ‘Although the
design of buildings is fairly universal, houses here are generally constructed of timber as opposed to brick and
when it comes to the engineering of buildings, I have to take great heed of earthquakes which isn’t an issue in
South Africa,’ she says. ‘But the very fact that my training and points of reference are different means I have
something to offer. And I’m so glad I have the opportunity to leave my stamp on my new country.’
B. Jenny Orr, Art Director
American Jenny Orr’s southern accent seems more at home in the movies than in New Zealand’s capital,
Wellington. ‘I’m from Alabama, but no, we didn’t run around barefoot and my father didn’t play the banjo!’ she
jokes, in anticipation of my preconceptions. Having worked in corporate design for ten years in the USA, she
was after a change and thought of relocating to New Zealand. It didn’t take long for her to land a job with an
Auckland
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design firm, where she was able to gain experience in an unfamiliar but challenging area of design - packaging -
and before long, she was headhunted to a direct marketing agency which recently transferred her to Wellington.
While she admits she could have the same salary and level of responsibility at home, ‘it would probably have
been harder to break into this kind of field. I’m not saying I couldn’t have done it, but it may have taken longer
in the US because of the sheer number of people paying their dues ahead of me.’ Ask Jenny how she’s
contributing to this country’s ‘brain gain’ and she laughs. ‘I don’t see myself as being more talented or
intelligent but opposing views are what make strategies, concepts and designs better and I hope that’s what I
bring.’
C. Sarah Hodgett, Creative Planner
What happens when all your dreams come true? Just ask Sarah Hodgett. Sarah says that she had always
dreamed of a career in advertising. ‘But I was from the wrong class and went to the wrong university. In the
UK, if you’re working class you grow up not expecting greatness in your life. You resign yourself to working at
the local factory and knowing your place.’ New Zealand, on the other hand, allowed her to break free of those
shackles. ‘It’s a land of opportunity. I quickly learned that if you want to do something here, you just go for it,
which is an attitude I admire beyond belief.’ Within a month of arriving, she’d landed a job in customer
servicing with an advertising agency. Then, when an opening in research came up, she jumped at the chance.
‘My job is to conduct research with New Zealanders,’ she explains. ‘So I get to meet people from across the
social spectrum which is incredibly rewarding.’ Being a foreigner certainly works in her favour, says Sarah.
‘Because a lot of my research is quite personal, respondents tend to see me as impartial and open-minded and
are therefore more willing to share their lives with me.’ She certainly sees New Zealand in a good light. ‘I wish
New Zealanders could see their country as I do. That’s why it saddens me that they don’t think they’re good
enough on the global stage.’
D. Lucy Kramer, School Director
Born in Sydney, Australia, Lucy Kramer left for London when she was 23 to further her career as a stockbroker.
‘London certainly lived up to my expectations and I had a very exciting, very hectic lifestyle,’ Lucy explains.
But after four years she felt burnt out and was becoming increasingly disillusioned with her job. ‘People at work
were far too competitive for my liking,’ she says. It was at this time she made two life-changing decisions. ‘I
signed up for a teacher-training course and shortly after that met my partner, Graeme. He asked me to come
back to New Zealand with him and I didn’t hesitate.’ It wasn’t long before she found work in a large Auckland
school and, since then, she has rapidly worked her way up to a management position. ‘It’s fair to say I’m not
earning what I used to but my New Zealand colleagues are much more easy- going. A good atmosphere more
than makes up for the drop in salary. Another thing that impresses me is that you can leave your stuff on a seat
in a cafe and it’ll still be there half an hour later. People are pretty trustworthy here. Sometimes it bothers me
that we’re so remote - you can feel a bit cut off from what’s going on in the rest of the world, but on the whole,
I’d say it’s one of the best moves I ever made.’
According to the writer, which woman… Your answers

mentions a negative point about a job she has had? 41. ……………
explains an advantage of choosing to pursue her career in New Zealand? 42. ……………
appreciates the approach to achieving goals in New Zealand? 43. ……………
expresses a sense of regret about leaving her country? 44. ……………
appreciates the honesty she feels exists in New Zealand? 45. ……………
denies conforming to a certain stereotype? 46. ……………
appreciates New Zealand for its sense of calm and normality? 47. ……………
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mentions her move to a different area in the same field? 48. ……………
states that her original nationality puts her in an advantageous position? 49. ……………
recommends that New Zealanders take more pride in their country? 50. ……………
PRACTICE TEST 2
Cressida Cowell is the author of the widely-praised How to Train your Dragon series of children’s books. She
spent her own childhood holidays on a remote island, where she has left very much to her own (1) . As a
result, she became an avid reader, entertaining (2) with books and developing a fervent imagination. She
even (3) up her own secret languages.
Cowell believes that today’s children still have a real (4) for language, even though their attention
(5) may not be as great as in her day, (6) them less tolerant of descriptive passages in stories. Her
books are outlandish and exciting, with vivid imagery, cliffhangers and eye-catching illustrations. Dragons
seem to (7) to children of all nationalities, who also seem to (8)
with her protagonist, Hiccup, quite easily. Hiccup is a boy who battles his way through life problems, often
against the (9) .
Cowell is currently planning an illustrated book for teenagers. In her own words, she enjoys breaking the
(10) and finds that kids are open-minded enough to accept this.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
COMPUTER PROVIDES MORE QUESTIONS THAN ANSWERS
A. The island of Antikythera lies 18 miles north of Crete, where the Aegean Sea meets the Mediterranean.
Currents there can make shipping treacherous – and one ship bound for ancient Rome never made it. The ship
that sank there was a giant cargo vessel measuring nearly 500 feet long. It came to rest about 200 feet below the
surface, where it stayed for more than 2,000 years until divers looking for sponges discovered the wreck a little
more than a century ago.
B. Inside the hull were a number of bronze and marble statues. From the look of things, the ship seemed to be
carrying luxury items, probably made in various Greek islands and bound for wealthy patrons in the growing
Roman Empire. The statues were retrieved, along with a lot of other unimportant stuff, and stored. Nine months
later, an enterprising archaeologist cleared off a layer of organic material from one of the pieces of junk and
found that it looked like a gearwheel. It had inscriptions in Greek characters and seemed to have something to
do with astronomy.
C. That piece of “junk” went on to become the most celebrated find from the shipwreck; it is displayed at the
National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Research has shown that the wheel was part of a device so
sophisticated that its complexity would not be matched for a thousand years - it was also the world’s first known
analogue computer. The device is so famous that an international conference organized in Athens a couple of
weeks ago had only one subject: the Antikythera Mechanism.
D. Every discovery about the device has raised new questions. Who built the device, and for what purpose?
Why did the technology behind it disappear for the next thousand years? What does the device tell us about
ancient
9
Greek culture? And does the marvelous construction, and the precise knowledge of the movement of the sun
and moon and Earth that it implies, tell us how the ancients grappled with ideas about determinism and human
destiny?
E. “We have gear trains from the 9th century in Baghdad used for simpler displays of the solar and lunar
motions relative to one another - they use eight gears,” said François Charette, a historian of science in
Germany who wrote an editorial accompanying a new study of the mechanism two weeks ago in the journal
Nature. “In this case, we have more than 30 gears. To see it on a computer animation makes it mind-boggling.
There is no doubt it was a technological masterpiece.”
F. The device was probably built between 100 and 140 BC, and the understanding of astronomy it displays
seems to have been based on knowledge developed by the Babylonians around 300-700 BC, said Mike
Edmunds, a professor of astrophysics at Cardiff University in Britain. He led a research team that reconstructed
what the gear mechanism would have looked like by using advanced three-dimensional-imaging technology.
The group also decoded a number of the inscriptions. The mechanism explores the relationship between lunar
months - the time it takes for the moon to cycle through its phases, say, full moon to the full moon – and
calendar years. The gears had to be cut precisely to reflect this complex relationship; 19 calendar years equal
235 lunar months.
G. By turning the gear mechanism, which included what Edmunds called a beautiful system of epicyclic gears
that factored in the elliptical orbit of the moon, a person could check what the sky would have looked like on a
date in the past, or how it would appear in the future. The mechanism was encased in a box with doors in front
and back covered with inscriptions – a sort of instruction manual. Inside the front door were pointers indicating
the date and the position of the sun, moon and zodiac, while opening the back door revealed the relationship
between calendar years and lunar months, and a mechanism to predict eclipses.
H. “If they needed to know when eclipses would occur, and this related to the rising and setting of stars and
related them to dates and religious experiences, the mechanism would directly help,” said Yanis Bitsakis, a
physicist at the University of Athens who co-wrote the Nature paper. “It is a mechanical computer. You turn the
handle and you have a date on the front.” Building it would have been expensive and required the interaction of
astronomers, engineers, intellectuals and craftspeople. Charette said the device overturned conventional ideas
that the ancient Greeks were primarily ivory tower thinkers who did not deign to muddy their hands with
technical stuff. It is a reminder, he said, that while the study of history often focuses on written texts, they can
tell us only a fraction of what went on at a particular time.
I. Imagine a future historian encountering philosophy texts written in our time – and an aircraft engine. The
books would tell that researcher what a few scholars were thinking today, but the engine would give them a far
better window into how technology influenced our everyday lives. Charette said it was unlikely that the device
was used by practitioners of astrology, then still in its infancy. More likely, he said, it was bound for a
mantelpiece in some rich Roman’s home. Given that astronomers of the time already knew how to calculate the
positions of the sun and the moon and to predict eclipses without the device, it would have been the equivalent
of a device built for a planetarium today – something to spur popular interest or at least claim bragging rights.
J. Why was the technology that went into the device lost? “The time this was built, the jackboot of Rome was
coming through,” Edmunds said. “The Romans were good at town planning and sanitation but were not known
for their interest in science.” The fact that the device was so complex, and that it was being shipped with a
number of other luxury items, tells Edmunds that it is very unlikely to have been the only one over made. Its
sophistication “is such that it can’t have been the only one,” Edmunds said. “There must have been a tradition of
making them. We’re always hopeful a better one will surface.” Indeed, he said, he hopes that his study and the
renewed interest in the Antikythera Mechanism will prompt second looks by both amateurs and professionals
around the world. “The archaeological world may look in their cupboards and maybe say, ‘That isn’t a bit of
rusty old metal in the cupboard.’”
The Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write
the correct letter A-J. For questions 11-15, write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
10
11. The content inside the wrecked ship
11
12. Ancient astronomers and craftsman might involve

13. The location of the Antikythera Mechanism
14. Details of how it was found
15. Appearance and structure of the mechanism
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
For questions 16-19, read the following summary and fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS taken from the passage. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
An ancient huge sunk (16) was found accidentally by sponges searcher. The ship loaded
with (17) such as bronze and sculptures. However, an archaeologist found a junk similar to a (18)
which has Greek script on it. This inspiring and elaborated device was found to be the first (19) in the
world.
Your answers:
16. 17. 18. 19.
For questions 20-23, use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-C) with opinions or
deeds below. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
A. Yanis Bitsakis
B. Mike Edmunds
C. François Charette
20. More complicated than the previous device
21. Anticipate to find more Antikythera Mechanism in the future
22. Antikythera Mechanism was found related to the moon
23. Mechanism assisted ancient people to calculate the movement of stars.
Your answers:
20. 21. 22. 23.
The Rise of Silicon Valley
On January 11, 1971, an article was published in the trade newspaper Electronic News about the companies
involved in the semiconductor and computer industries in Santa Clara Valley at the southern end of San
Francisco Bay Area in California, USA. The article was entitled ‘Silicon Valley USA’, a reference to the fact
that silicon is the most important substance used in commercial semiconductors and their applications. The
name stuck, and in light of the commercial success of the companies there, 'Silicon Valley’ is now used as a
metonym for the high- tech sector.
24.
One such new business was the one founded by two graduates of the nearby Stanford University called Bill
Hewlett and David Packard. In 1938 the pair had $538, and along with Dave’s wife Lucile, decided to rent a
property at 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto. For $45 a month they got a ground floor apartment for Dave and
Lucile, a garden shed where Bill slept, and a garage from which to run the business, a garage which has more
recently been dubbed ‘The birthplace of Silicon Valley.’
25.
12
As time passed, the 200A was improved and developed, resulting in the 200B. Eight of these improved
oscillators were bought by The Walt Disney Company, for use in testing and certifying the Fantasound
surround-sound systems installed in cinemas for the 1940 movie Fantasia. Success was beginning to come.
26.
Although they are often considered to be the symbolic founders of Silicon Valley, they did not deal in
semiconductor devices until the 1960s. From then onwards, the semiconductor devices they made were mostly
intended for internal use, for such products as measuring instruments and calculators. Today, however, Hewlett-
Packard is the largest manufacturer of personal computers in the world.
27.
Terman also had a more direct influence through his role at Stanford University. The University had been
established in 1891 in the north-western part of the Santa Clara Valley, and from the start, its leaders aimed to
support the local region. The result was that the University played an important part in establishing and
developing local businesses, and indeed its alumni went on to found some major companies, not just Hewlett-
Packard, but such household names as Yahoo! and Google.
28.
Terman’s proposal was taken up by Stanford University, and in 1951 Stanford Industrial Park was created. The
first tenant in the Park was Varian Associates, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to make components
for military radars. Hewlett-Packard moved in two years later. The Park still flourishes to this day, although it is
now known as Stanford Research Park. Current tenants include Eastman Kodak, General Electric and Lockheed
Corporation.
29.
The 1950s were also a time of great development in electronics technology. Most importantly, the development
of the transistor continued. Research scientist William Shockley moved to the Santa Clara Valley region in
1956, when he formed Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory. There his research team started constructing
semiconductors from silicon, rather than germanium, as did most other researchers. The silicon transistors
proved to perform much better, and started to be used in radios and the early computers.
30.
Since the 1970s, however, the most important developments pioneered in Silicon Valley have been in software
and Internet services rather than hardware. So even though Hewlett-Packard remains the largest producers of
computers in the world, the future of Silicon Valley might well lie elsewhere.
Missing Paragraphs:
A. Throughout their early years, Hewlett and Packard were mentored by one of their university professors,
Frederick Terman. Terman was Stanford University's dean of engineering and provost during the 1940s and
1950s, and had a positive influence on many of the successful companies in Silicon Valley. Indeed, his
influence was such that he has been dubbed 'the father of Silicon Valley'. Terman encouraged his students to
form their own companies and personally invested in many of them, and in this way nurtured many highly
successful companies, including not just Hewlett-Packard, but others such as Varian Associates and Litton
Industries.
B. Hewlett-Packard was arguably the first company to offer a mass-produced personal computer, namely the
9100A. For marketing reasons, however, the 9100A was sold as a ‘desktop calculator.’ It simply did not
resemble what was then considered a 'computer', namely the large machines being sold by IBM. The 9100A
fitted comfortably on a desk, and possessed a small screen and a keyboard. In fact, it was more like an oversized
and over-expensive precursor of a pocket calculator than a modern PC, since its keyboard lacked letter keys.
13
C. Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, universities in the United States were experiencing
enormous enrolment demands from the returning military personnel. Terman proposed launching a scheme
which would kill two birds with one stone. The idea was to lease out land owned by Stanford University to
high- technology companies for their offices. This scheme would firstly finance the University’s growth
requirements and thereby facilitate a larger student intake, and secondly provide local employment
opportunities for graduating students.
D. The beginnings of Silicon Valley can be traced back to the early twentieth century. At that time, Santa Clara
Valley was known for its orchards which flourished in California’s balmy climate. There were nevertheless a
number of experimenters and innovators in such fields as radio, television and military electronics, and several
people were trying to take advantage of any business opportunities that might arise.
E. It was also in Silicon Valley that other revolutionary electronic components were developed. The silicon-
based integrated circuit, the microprocessor and the microcomputer were all invented by companies there, as
well as such electronic devices as the mouse and the ink-jet printer. Indeed, Silicon Valley has been the world’s
most important site of electronic innovation over the past 50 years.
F. In those early years, Hewlett-Packard was a company without a focused direction. They made a whole range
of electronic products, with diverse customers in industry and agriculture. In the 1940s, their principal products
were test equipment, including such devices as voltmeters, oscilloscopes and thermometers. They aimed to
provide better quality products than their competitors, and made a big effort to make their products more
sensitive and accurate than their rivals.
G. Another bond between the University and the local high-technology businesses was established in 1954, with
the creation of the Honors Cooperative Program. This programme allowed employees of the businesses to
pursue part-time graduate degrees at the University whilst continuing to work full-time in their jobs. In this way,
key workers in the electronics industry were able to hone their skills and knowledge, creating the foundation for
the development of Silicon Valley.
H. Of the many products Hewlett and Packard worked on, the first financially successful one was a precision
audio oscillator, a device for testing sound equipment. This product, the 200A, featured the innovative use of a
small light bulb as a temperature-dependent resistor in a critical section of the circuit, which allowed them to
sell it for $54.40, only a quarter of the price of their competitors' audio oscillators.
Your answers:
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
RUNNING WATER ON MARS
Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two
types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the
southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems - sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total
length - of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong
resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that
once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a
time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface
warmer, and liquid water widespread.
Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial
regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken
14
by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water
arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature
versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of
the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly
enormous - perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great
Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as
the northern volcanic plains formed.
Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early period during which rivers, lakes, and
perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists
think may be a delta - a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger
body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further,
suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A
computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient
ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across
and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian
sea.
These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced “beaches” shown in one
image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded.
But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related
to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case
they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in
2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers - layers containing
compounds of carbon and oxygen - that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their
absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to
form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact
experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.
Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no
direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the
Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the
outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water
go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the
surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.
31. The word “merge” in the passage is closest in meaning to .

A. expand B. separate C. straighten out D. combine
32. What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars?
A. The atmosphere of Mars was once thinner than it is today.
B. Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
C. The river systems of Mars were once more extensive than Earth’s.
D. The rivers of Mars began to dry up about 4 billion years ago.
33. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. remains B. sites C. requirements D. sources
34. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the
Amazon River per second?
A. To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars’ outflow
channels
B. To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars’ outflow channels were formed
C. To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form
D. To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains
15
35. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the outflow channels on Mars EXCEPT .
A. They formed at around the same time that volcanic activity was occurring on the northern plains.
B. They are found only on certain parts of the Martian surface.
C. They sometimes empty onto what appear to have once been the wet sands of tidal beaches.
D. They are thought to have carried water northward from the equatorial regions.
36. All of the following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT .
A. What are some regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?
B. Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta emptied?
C. Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled
with water?
D. During what period of Mars’ history do some scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?
37. According to paragraph 3, images of Mars’ surface have been interpreted as support for the idea that .
A. a large part of the northern lowlands may once have been under water
B. the polar regions of Mars were once more extensive than they are now
C. deltas were once a common feature of the Martian landscape
D. the shape of the Hellas Basin has changed considerably over time
38. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about liquid water on Mars?
A. If ancient oceans ever existed on Mars’ surface, it is likely that the water in them has evaporated by now.
B. If there is any liquid water at all on Mars’ surface today, its quantity is much smaller than the amount that
likely existed there in the past.
C. Small-scale gullies on Mars provide convincing evidence that liquid water existed on Mars in the recent
past.
D. The small amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere suggests that there has never been liquid
water on Mars.
39. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the sentence in bold type in the
passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. But detractors argue that geological activity may be responsible for the water associated with the terraces.
B. But detractors argue that the terraces may be related to geological forces in the Northern Hemisphere of
Mars, rather than to Martian water in the south.
C. But detractors argue that geological forces depressed the Northern Hemisphere so far below the level of
the south that the terraces could not have been formed by water.
D. But detractors argue that the terraces may have been formed by geological activity rather than by the
presence of water.
40. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?
A. Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.
B. The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.
C. Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars’ surface for long periods of time.
D. The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
MY PARIS
It’s still the perfect cultural destination. So we asked those on intimate terms with the French capital to
tell us what it means to them and to reveal their favourite places.
16
A. Gilbert Adair: writer

I lived in Paris in the late 1960s and through the 1970s. Although I’ve been back in London for the past 20
years or so, I still feel more at home there than I do here. I went native, I suppose. I tend to stay in
Montparnasse, and what’s curious about it is that even though it’s 90 years since artists like Picasso and
Modigliani were around, something of their spirit survives. Paris must be the only place where you see people
on their own in a café, scribbling in a notepad. However, in a sense, in artistic terms, Paris is going through a
rather mediocre period. Maybe it has something to do with attempts by the establishment to keep French art
‘pure’; that is to say, not affected by any culture not French. Because of this, Paris has become something of a
museum.
B. Andreas Whittam Smith: editor
I first went there when I was 20. I thought that it was the most romantic city in the world and my view hasn’t
changed. I find it beauty, the architecture particularly, and the way the long streets are always finished off with
a building at the end of them. I don’t enjoy the fact that it’s a city that favours the motorist over the pedestrian,
for whom it can be a challenge just to get about, to cross the road even. One of my favourite places in Paris is an
emporium called Deyrolle on the Rue du Bac. They sell all kinds of geological specimens and butterflies. Every
time we have people staying with us we take them there and they always buy something.
C. Charles Darwent: art critic
The launderette by my flat in Belleville sums up Paris for me. You put your clothes in the machine and then.
Committing the machine’s number to memory, you walk to a different machine in a different room and feed it
coins. Someone could steel your stuff while this was going on but the beggar lady who lives there would stop
them. Though she’s barred from the café next door, she put in good word for me with the owner. She told him
the reason I had never greeted him in French on walking in wasn’t because I was rude, but English. So he took
to crossing the bar whenever I entered, shaking my hand and roaring ‘Bojour, Anglais’ until I gave in and began
to pre-empt him. Now we get on famously. Paris is all about following ritual. Everything - from how you feed a
washing machine, to the way you greet someone, or the way you enter a bar. There’s a café near here where the
customers spend hours discussing the food. They are pompous and ridiculous and I long to be one of them, and
never will.
D. Philippe Starck: interior designer
Despite being born in Paris, it was only a few years ago that I took a proper look at the city and truly saw its
beauty. But it’s not about the stone or the architecture; it’s the people, the Parisians. The people are highly
critical. No matter whether you make something good or bad, it will always be bad - they are very negative,
which makes it the hardest place to create something. At the same time, it’s their wonderful vigilance that
creates some of the best quality in the world. For this I am grateful, although it took me six years to discover
this secret. Parisians are also incredibly snobbish people - they create tribes and stick to them. There’s one for
music, one for art, one for journalists, and they like to fight each other. We could never just follow a leader –
people are too independent- minded and aren’t afraid to be frank.
Of which men are the following true? Your answers
He explains an established routine with guests. 41. ……………
He admits that he only recently appreciated a certain aspect of Paris. 42. ……………
He expresses regret that Paris is producing art work which is of average standard. 43. ……………
He mentions a misunderstanding that was eventually resolved. 44. ……………
He states that he has always maintained the same opinion of Paris. 45. ……………
He comments on the importance of maintaining social customs. 46. ……………
17
He believes that Parisians have strong opinions which they like to express. 47. ……………
He feels that it is difficult for people to walk around Paris. 48. ……………
He states that he feels more comfortable living in Paris than in his current city. 49. ……………
He comments that it is almost impossible to gain the approval of Parisians for your 50. ……………
work.
PRACTICE TEST 3
Recent research carried out in Ireland amongst chefs and consumers found that 48% of people (1)
to regularly over-ordering in restaurants. A campaign has been launched as a result calling for the food-service
industry to join (2) with chefs and consumers to address the issue of food waste.
To bring the research findings to (3) , the owner of a restaurant in Dublin is creating a “Great Irish
Waste” menu, reconsidering food ingredients that have been thrown away, rejected or (4)
inedible and turning them into imaginative dishes that are both
appetising and of a suitable (5) to serve his customers. He says that while there will always be some
(6) of waste in the kitchen due to elements such as bones or fat
trimmings, there’s an opportunity to minimize wastage in the restaurant (7) through better communication.
“Even though so much food comes back on customers’ plates and goes in the bin, the majority of diners aren’t
aware of the environmental or cost (8) of that waste.” Without consumers shifting their (9) ,
restaurants will struggle to reduce food waste significantly.
Tackling this problem as a consumer is straightforward. Ultimately, it (10) down to smart shopping,
clever cooking and shrewd storage.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
WHAT IS PERSONALITY?
A. We are all familiar with the idea that different people have different personalities, but what does this actually
mean? It implies that different people behave in different ways, but it must be more than that. After all, different
people find themselves in different circumstances, and much of their behaviour follows from this fact. However,
our common experience reveals that different people respond in quite remarkably different ways even when
faced with roughly the same circumstances. Alan might be happy to live alone in a quiet and orderly cottage, go
out once a week, and stay in the same job for thirty years, whilst Beth likes nothing better than exotic travel and
being surrounded by vivacious friends and loud music.
B. In cases like these, we feel that it cannot be just the situation which is producing the differences in behaviour.
Something about the way the person is „wired up‟ seems to be at work, determining how they react to
situations, and, more than that, the kind of situations they get themselves into in the first place. This is why
personality seems to become stronger as we get older; when we are young, our situation reflects external factors
such as the social and family environment we were born into. As we grow older, we are more and more affected
by the consequences of our own choices (doing jobs that we were drawn to, surrounded by people like us whom
we have sought out). Thus, personality differences that might have been very slight at birth become dramatic in
later adulthood.
18
C. Personality, then, seems to be the set of enduring and stable dispositions that characterise a person. These
dispositions come partly from the expression of inherent features of the nervous system, and partly from
learning. Researchers sometimes distinguish between temperament, which refers exclusively to characteristics
that are inborn or directly caused by biological factors, and personality, which also includes social and cultural
learning. Nervousness, for example, might be a factor of temperament, but religious piety is an aspect of
personality.
D. The discovery that temperamental differences are real is one of the major findings of contemporary
psychology. It could easily have been the case that there were no intrinsic differences between people in
temperament, so that given the same learning history, the same dilemmas, they would all respond in much the
same way. Yet we now know that this is not the case.
E. Personality measures turn out to be good predictors of your health, how happy you typically are – even your
taste in paintings. Personality is a much better predictor of these things than social class or age. The origin of
these differences is in part innate. That is to say, when people are adopted at birth and brought up by new
families, their personalities are more similar to those of their blood relatives than to the ones they grew up with.
F. Personality differences tend to manifest themselves through the quick, gut-feeling, intuitive and emotional
systems of the human mind. The slower, rational, deliberate systems show less variation in output from person
to person. Deliberate rational strategies can be used to over-ride intuitive patterns of response, and this is how
people wishing to change their personalities or feelings have to go about it. As human beings, we have the
unique ability to look in at our personality from the outside and decide what we want to do with it.
G. So what are the major ways personalities can differ? The dominant approach is to think of the space of
possible personalities as being defined by a number of dimensions. Each person can be given a location in the
space by their scores on all the different dimensions. Virtually all theories agree on two of the main dimensions,
neuroticism (or negative emotionality) and extroversion (or positive emotionality). However, they differ on how
many additional ones they recognise. Among the most influential proposals are openness, conscientiousness and
agreeableness. In the next section I shall examine these five dimensions.
Questions 11-17: There are seven paragraphs marked A-G in the passage. Choose the correct heading for
each paragraph from the list below. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes provided.
List of Headings
i A degree of control
ii Where research has been carried out into the effects of family on personality
iii Categorising personality features according to their origin
iv A variety of reactions in similar situations
v A link between personality and aspects of our lives that aren’t chosen
vi A possible theory that cannot be true
vii Measuring personality
viii Potentially harmful effects of emotions
ix How our lives can reinforce our personalities
x Differences between men’s and women’s personalities
11. Paragraph A
12. Paragraph B
13. Paragraph C
14. Paragraph D
15. Paragraph E
16. Paragraph F
17. Paragraph G
Your answers:
19
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Questions 18-23: Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer? Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered box provided.
Write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
18. Alan and Berth illustrate contrasting behaviour in similar situations.
19. As we grow older, we become more able to analyse our personalities.
20. Nervousness is an example of a learned characteristic.
21. The discovery of differences in temperament has changed the course of psychological research.
22. Adopted children provide evidence that we inherit more of our personality than we acquire.
23. The rational behaviour of different people shows greater similarity than their emotional behaviour.
Your answers:
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
MERGING ART & SCIENCE: A FALSE PREMISE
The current vogue is for believing that art and science should be brought together. This obsession for showing
that art - particularly the visual arts - is similar to science in content and the creative processes is bemusing. I
detect in it an element of social snobbery - artists are envious of scientists and scientists want to be thought of as
artists.
24.
If Watson and Crick had not got the structure of DNA we know that Franklin and Klug would soon have had it.
Indeed, simultaneous discovery is a common feature of science. If one could rerun the history of science and
start again it would have a different history but the end results would be the same: water would be H 2O and
genes would code for proteins but the names would be different.
25.
Whatever the feelings of the scientist these are absent from the final understanding of a process. while art is a
personal creation and contains the personal views of the artist. And since science is a communal process a
scientist has to be very aware of what is known about the problem being investigated. There are strict criteria
about lack of contradiction and, of course, correspondence with reality. Science makes progress, we build on the
work of our current and earlier colleagues. To talk about progress in art makes no sense, there is change but not
progress.
26.
Thus, I cannot understand what is being referred to when there is reference to critical thinking in art. In what
sense can a painting be right or wrong? Anyone can have views about a painting and engage in art discussions.
Non-scientists can thrill to scientific ideas but to make meaningful comments about them, and I exclude their
application to technology, one actually has to have detailed knowledge; science needs a much greater, and quite
different, intellectual effort.
27.
20
It is very rare for referees to recommend acceptance without changes. This can be a complex procedure but in
general authors are grateful for the careful reading and criticism of their paper. Even so we reject about half of
all papers we receive. Paintings, however, are neither revised nor can be shown to be wrong.
28.
The idea of creativity makes scientists want to be thought of as artists and vice versa and there may well be
something similar in all human creativity, but that it is particularly similar in scientists and artists is without
foundation. The similarity between art and science is even less than that between billiards and rugby, both of
which at least use a ball.
29.
It seems just poetic licence to suggest that this picture did much to convince European scientists that the great
mystery of life might be explained in terms of electrochemical forces. (Although it may be that Jan Vermeer did
indeed discover that more compelling illusions can be achieved through a kind of optical illusion that makes
special use of the perceptual system inside our brains, rather than through the details that reach our eyes).
30.
Art does not explain, but it broadens our experience in ways that are not clearly understood. I value it in its own
terms, but it has nothing to do with understanding how the world works. To pretend that it does is to trivialise
science and do nothing for art. We should stop pretending that the two disciplines are similar, and instead
rejoice in the very different ways that they enrich our culture.
Missing paragraphs:
A. What are the criteria used by the director of a gallery and his or her advisers when selecting for exhibition? Is
he or she like the editor of a science journal? No, for there is nothing in art like the peer review so fundamental
to science; there are no art critics, just art writers. As the editor of a scientific journal, it is extremely rare that
my personal view determines whether or not a paper gets published. My role is to choose a good editorial board
and to know to whom the papers to be reviewed should be sent.
B. Bringing visual artists and scientists together merely makes them feel elevated: it is not a scientific
experience. Although it must be said that science has had a strong influence on certain artists - in the efforts to
imitate nature and thus to develop perspective or in the area of new technologies - art has contributed virtually
nothing to science.
C. Then of the hundreds of thousands of papers published each year, few have a lifetime of more than a few
years. Most disappear with little if any trace. The original papers, with very rare exceptions, like those of
Einstein, are never part of scientific culture and they are not for sale. Science, unlike art, is not entertainment.
D. What intrigued me at the opening was how the exhibits were chosen. There is less of a problem with well
established artists such as Lucian Freud, Francis Bacon or Matisse. It is the very modern works that present the
problem.
E. How different from this are all the arts. No Shakespeare - no Hamlet; no Picasso - no Guernica. Moreover, a
work of art is capable of many interpretations and has moral content. There is but one correct scientific
explanation for any set of observations and reliable scientific understanding has no moral or ethical content; that
is to say that the scientist does not allow his own reactions to come into play.
F. The Oxford University art historian Martin Kemp takes a very different view from mine here. He claims that
during the 'Scientific Revolution' some artists were able to play an active role in the dialogue between seeing
and knowing. He gives the fiery emissions of Joseph Wright's volcanoes painted in the late eighteenth century
as an example. Wright's painting of Vesuvius erupting may be dramatic but it owes nothing to geology.
G. Art is not constrained by reality. It cannot be shown to be wrong. And of all the arts, painting is the one least
related to science as it does not deal with complex ideas or explanations, is the easiest to appreciate, and the
21
response is often an emotional one. Ideas in the visual arts come from art critics and historians, not the works
themselves.
H. Science is about understanding how the world works, there being only one right description of any observed
phenomenon. Unlike the arts it is a collective endeavour in which the individual is ultimately irrelevant -
geniuses merely speed up discovery.
Your answers:
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
SUPER HUMANS
Sit down with an anthropologist to talk about the nature of humans, and you are likely to hear this pearl of
wisdom: ‘Well, you have to remember that 99 percent of human history was spent on the open savanna in small
bands of hunter-gatherers.’ It’s a classic scientific cliché, and it’s true. Indeed, those millions of ancestral years
produced many of our hallmark traits - upright walking and big brains, for instance. Of course, those useful
evolutionary innovations come at a price: aching backs from our bipedal stance and existential despair from our
large, self- contemplative cerebral cortex.
Compounding the challenges of those trade-offs, the world we have invented is dramatically different from the
one to which our bodies and minds are adapted. Have your dinner delivered to you instead of chasing it down
on foot; log in to Facebook to interact with your nearest and dearest instead of spending most of the day with
them. But this is where the utility of the anthropologist’s cliché for explaining the human condition ends.
The reason for this mismatch between the setting we evolved to live in and the situations we encounter in our
modern era derives from another defining characteristic of our kind, arguably the most important one: our
impulse to push beyond the limitations evolution imposed on us by developing tools to make us faster, smarter
and longer- lived. Science is one such tool - an invention that requires us to break out of our Stone Age seeing-
is-believing mindset so that we can clearly see the next hurdle we have to overcome, be it a pandemic flu or
climate change. You could call it the ultimate expression of humanity’s singular drive to aspire to be better than
we are.
To understand how natural selection moulded us into the unique primates we have become, let us return to the
ancestral savanna. There the sun was hotter and nutritious plant foods were scarcer. In response, our
predecessors lost their hair and their molars dwindled as they abandoned a tough vegetarian diet for one focused
in part on meat from grassland grazers. Meanwhile, the selective demands of food scarcities sculpted our distant
forebears into having a body that was extremely thrifty and good at storing calories. Now, having inherited that
same metabolism, we hunt and gather burgers as diabetes becomes a worldwide scourge. Or consider how our
immune systems evolved in a world where one hardly ever encountered someone carrying a novel pathogen.
Today, if you sneeze near someone in an airport, your rhinovirus could be set free 12 time zones away by the
next day.
As regards behavior, our abilities abound. We can follow extraordinarily complex scenarios of social interaction
and figure out if a social contract has been violated. And we are peerless when it comes to facial recognition:
we even have an area of the cortex in the fusiform gyrus that specializes in this activity.
The selective advantages of evolving a highly social brain are obvious. It paved the way for us to finetune our
capabilities for reading one another’s mental states, to excel at social manipulation and to deceive and attract
mates and supporters. Among Americans, the extent of social intelligence in youth is a better predictor of adult
success in the occupational world than are academic scores. Indeed, when it comes to social intelligence in
primates, humans reign supreme. The social brain hypothesis of primate evolution is built on the fact that across
22
primate species the percentage of the brain devoted to the neocortex correlates with the average size of the
social group of that species. This correlation is more dramatic in humans than in any other primate species.
[A] The fact that we have created this world proves a point - namely, that it is in our nature to be unconstrained
by our nature. [B] Science is one of the strangest, newest domains where we challenge our hominid limits. It
also tests our sense of what is the norm, what counts as better than well and it challenges our sense of who we
are. [C] Thanks to science, human life expectancy keeps extending, our average height increases, our
intelligence test scores improve and we eventually break every world record. [D] But when it comes to humans
becoming, on average smarter, taller and better at athletics, there is a problem: Who cares about the average? As
individuals, we want to be better than other individuals. Our brain is invidious, comparative and more interested
in contrasts, a state that begins with sensory systems that do not normally tell us about the quality of a stimulus
but instead about the quality relative to the stimuli around it.
31. According to the writer, the anthropological cliché to explain the nature of mankind .
A. needs some slight modifications B. requires little analysis
C. should be considered paradoxical D. is limited in scope
32. Humankind will only be able to use science to progress if .
A. ethical considerations are ignored
B. we discard an outdated approach to acquiring knowledge
C. our drive to eliminate barriers continues
D. the philosophy we adopt can be widely understood
33. Our ancient ancestors lived in a world where .
A. the necessity to hunt for food led to good health
B. it was vitally important to have a balanced diet
C. isolation allowed them to develop immunity from disease
D. their restricted movement protected them from illness
34. The word “peerless” in the passage is closest in meaning to .
A. friendless B. unsurpassed C. uncompetitive D. flawless
35. Having a highly social brain .
A. allows us to create groups with more members B. prevents us from being misunderstood
C. causes us to be more devious D. helps us to read other people’s minds
36. The way we tend to think .
A. forces us to overlook our shortcomings
B. has enhanced our understanding of sense perception
C. distorts our perception of the notion of average
D. makes us less likely to be concerned with absolutes
37. The word “invidious” in the passage mostly means .
A. prejudiced B. preordained C. unfathomable D. attitudinal
38. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the paragraph the
sentence
“We are no strangers to going out of bounds.” can be inserted?
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
39. It can be inferred from the passage that .
A. there are no limits to human capabilities
B. we will be able to adapt to harsh environments
C. humankind’s evolutionary path will not be smooth
D. our knowledge of the past is crucial to our future
40. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
A. Social intelligence enables Americans to be both academically and professionally successful.
B. Science helps prolong human life and improve human intelligence to break all world records.
C. Our evolutionary limits can be exceeded and that's what sets us apart from other species.
D. A highly evolved social brain paved the way for humans to be able to read and distort others’ thinking.
23
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
FACILITIES THAT FACILITATE
Four young professionals give their views on the exciting new frontiers of working life.
A. Scott
They say it’s a brave new world; well in my experience, with all the new initiatives that have presented
themselves throughout my career, that’s certainly the case. Technology is coming on by leaps and bounds and
some of the things that are happening in my office are unbelievable! We’ve all heard of ‘hot desking’ - taking
turns sharing a desk with others. Well, in my office all desks quite literally are ‘hot’ desks! My firm installed
infrared heat sensors that detect when someone is sitting at the spaces. This data is then collated and analysed to
produce reports about how the areas are being used and can be best allocated to workers. This system is
interconnected with an app that sends reminders or notifications about usage. So, for example, if I leave the
desk for longer than an hour, the app asks me if I’d like to offer it to a colleague! Innovations like this not only
make business sense, they also allow workers new levels of freedom to maximise their efficiency and reassess
how they use their working environment.
B. Mary
People tend to throw words like ‘flexitime’ and ‘working from home’ around as if they are huge luxuries.
However, for millennials such as myself, these notions are not revolutionary; rather they’ve become the norm.
For me personally I expect more than just that, or the tired cliché of having a bean bag or a snooker table in the
corner of the office. With new methods like working in the cloud and the freedom that wireless connectivity
brings, people are starting to realise that we don’t even need physical offices at all anymore. Desks, cubicles
and even a permanent building really have become antiquated relics of a bygone era. With cloud computing I
can store, share and deliver all my work online via a tablet or smartphone. Then, with the touch of a finger, I
can scroll through jobs and liaise with clients and recruiters on a freelance basis anywhere or anyplace in the
world; as a result, I can let my hair down, be productive, effective and, most of all, happy!
C. Paul
I know that some people might scoff at my generation with thinly veiled disdain, but we have to acknowledge
and accept that the world is changing and so too are our working needs. Expecting more from a work
environment isn’t about some ungrateful millennial sense of entitlement. It’s about empowerment, and not just
for young people but for everyone. I’m glad that my office doesn’t have cubicles and instead features open
collaborative environments, sofas and cafés. It’s great that if I want to discuss something I can just grab a
colleague, sit on a soft carpet and brainstorm with them. My company realises that offices need to have a
diverse array of these facilities in order to create environments that people actually want to be in. Interaction
and communicative exchange are vital in the modern world, and the work spaces at my firm facilitate that and
reflect the aspirations of our employees.
D. Jessica
As with all other aspects of our contemporary lives, the concept of the office is rapidly becoming a fantastic
synergy between physical and digital elements. With the blistering pace of technological advancements in
recent years, both workers and employers have a myriad of choices, and unfettered scope to innovate. In my
office however, the focus is now on well-being more than anything else and how to attain that. Ambient mood
lighting linked to external sensors, sleep pods, massage therapy and even green spaces and rooftop gardens are
all part of the equation and all feature in my workplace. This blend of cutting-edge tech with traditional
forms of rest is
24
really boosting our worker contentment and satisfaction. I love having the opportunity to work on my netbook
while sipping a latte and gazing out at panoramic views of the city skyline. You see, in my company the
emphasis is on developing pride in the workplace and boosting staff retention. After all, with such exquisite
facilities, why would anyone want to work from home anyway?
Which person gives each of these opinions about office environments? Your answers
The benefits of mobile working at different locations are overstated. 41. ……………
The correct setup can be conducive to cooperation. 42. ……………
They represent an outdated way of working. 43. ……………
Perceptions about the needs of modern employees are unjustly condescending. 44. ……………
Classic approaches and new methods both play an important role in well-being. 45. ……………
New advancements allow workers to share resources in exciting new ways. 46. ……………
Modernisation offers benefits in terms of both efficiency and satisfaction. 47. ……………
Understanding workers’ needs is essential to creating a positive office habitat. 48. ……………
New approaches can give office jargon an incredible new meaning. 49. ……………
Fashionable gimmicks are not enough anymore. 50. ……………
PRACTICE TEST 4
One of the strongest influences on teenagers today is that of their peers. What their friends think, how they dress
and how they act in class and out of it (1) the behaviour of nearly every teenager. In their (2) not
to be different, some children go so (3) as to hide their intelligence and ability in case they are made fun
of. Generally, teenagers do not want to stand out from the (4) . They want to fit in, to be accepted. In
psychological terms the importance of peer pressure can not be overemphasized. There is a lot of evidence that
it has great (5) on all aspects of their lives, from the clothes they wear, the music they listen to and their
(6) to studies, to their ambitions in life, their relationships and their (7) of self-worth. However, as
adolescents grow up into young adults, individuality becomes more acceptable and in their (8) for their
personal style, the teenager and young adult will begin to experiment and be more willing to (9) the risk
of rejection by the group. Concern about intellectual ability and achieving good exam results can dominate as
the atmosphere of competition develops and worries about the future (10) any fears of appearing too brainy.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
THE BIRTH OF SUBURBIA
A. There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the
suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in
25
their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It
is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modern suburbia. During World War II,
Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military
housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer
used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned
community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production,
the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day.
B. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes
from returning Gls after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out
in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt & Sons
Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass-produced housing, spurring the construction of
similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a
new way of life and a new ideal for the American family.
C. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With
properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the
emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban
settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the foremost way of life for some people), activities such as
childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This
insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building
cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear
family units resulting in an increase in antisocial behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy
suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban
peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety.
D. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of
leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is
actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay
away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low
population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or
apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per
family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water
to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban
and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to “build more sky towers - especially in
California”. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon
dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest.
Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than
their suburban peers.
E. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It
was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon
street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to people’s
hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the “strip mall”, a retail establishment that is typically
composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous
array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of
television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely
limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city.
Meanwhile, much of the inner-city “public sphere” has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the
area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this
has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on.
Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points
in the suburbs tend to be based
26
exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social
interaction.
F. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a
way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-
together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and
demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop
sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can
reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate?
How can people maintain their sought-after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use
new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of
tomorrow will have to find answers in case the dream of suburbia becomes the nightmare of disturbia.
Questions 11-15: There are six paragraphs marked A-F in the passage. In which paragraph is the following
mentioned? Write your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
11. A motive in constructing taller buildings
12. Where people might discuss issues of societal concern in urban locations
13. The founder of what is broadly understood as contemporary ‘suburbs’
14. Examples of problems suffered by the youth that suburban lifestyle can make worse
15. A model for suburban development in the latter half of the 20th century
Your answers
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Questions 16-21: Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer? Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered box provided.
Write: YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
16. A good principle for ecological preservation is to avoid human interference.
17. In some countries, suburbs are more environmentally friendly than in the USA.
18. Suburban development fosters the use of both public and private forms of transport.
19. People cannot relate to each other in suburbs because their lives are too different.
20. There is not much variety amongst the goods at a strip mall.
21. Television has not tended to offer the same diversity as urban cultural outlets.
Your answers
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Questions 22-23: Which TWO of the following does the author conclude? Choose TWO letters A-E. Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered box provided.
A. The very concept of a healthy suburban lifestyle is problematic.
B. The speed of suburban growth has contributed to its imperfections.
C. By thinking about human and ecological needs, suburbs can become better places to live.
D. Developers will have to think about ways of living that do not require suburbs.
E. Suburbs have their downsides, but they are the best way for parents to raise children.
Your answers:
22. 23.
27
Born to be together
"It was just so unfair. Being criticised for being the same, when we shared the same genetic make-up and the
same upbringing." You can still hear the bitterness in the voice of Amrit Kaur Singh, an artist, many years after
she was ridiculed at university for producing work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of her identical
twin, Rabindra.
24.
Nowadays, at the age of 35, the Singh twins make a point of being the same. They dress alike, often work
together on the same paintings, and collect joint awards for their internationally acclaimed work. They are
inseparable, living together in an extended Indian family near Liverpool, professional twins par excellence.
Their art creates a delightful dual world that straddles two cultures.
25.
This is the challenge facing every twin, and every parent of twins: how to find a natural identity and
independence in a society that is both fascinated and repelled by the idea of replica human beings. Should
individuals with a common gene pool be steered along divergent paths, or should they be encouraged to accept,
even celebrate, their sameness?
26.
Liz has fought to treat her boys as individuals, fighting off attempts by others to lump them together as "the
twins". They dress differently and sleep in different rooms. On their birthday, they will have two cakes and
separate parties with different guests. When young, they attended playgroup on separate days. At school, Liz
requested different classes.
27.
Her philosophy is not shared by Gina Prince. Her six-year-old twins, Amy and Karina, have spent their
childhood in matching outfits. They ride around on identical bikes. Presents must always be the same. They
sleep in bunks, top to toe in the same one. When school decided to separate them, the twins were unhappy and
so was their mother.
28.
But treating the girls alike has brought problems as well as benefits. "I do enjoy the attention when I take them
out dressed the same. I also prevent jealousy by always being fair. However, I worry that they won't grow up to
lead their own lives. I want them to be more independent, but often they still want to be the same. It's very
difficult. They are twins after all. Who am I to force them apart?"
29.
But according to Gina Siddons, mother of 16-year-old twins and manager of the Twins and Multiple Birth
Association , problems often crop up when parents treat twins as a "unit"."The answer is to separate them
early," she says. "Send them to playgroup on different days, put them in different classes at school. If you dress
them the same, it gives other people the message that they are a unit. And there is nothing more disappointing
for a child than opening exactly the same present as his or her twin."
30.
It is difficult, however, to feel sad about the Singh twins. The world of their paintings is bright, humorous,
intelligent and warm. They are successful. They seem happy. They are doing what they want to do. If the fact
that they are doing it together is a problem, then it is our problem, and not theirs.
Missing paragraphs:
28
A. "People are not sure how to deal with twins. There is a weirdness about the idea that makes people treat them
like freaks," says Liz Traynor, mother of identical seven-year-old twins, John and Angus. "I didn't want any of
that for my two. I hated it. I wanted them to be like any other child."
B. "You must treat your twins as individuals and make special time for each twin separately. Be relaxed about
about their shared interests, but don’t let them gang up on you. If you have problems, join a twin club for
information and support, " she says, "But what I really cannot approve of is giving joint birthday cakes or
presents.”
C. "They were quite upset. They are very close. I wanted them to have their own beds, but they always end up
in the same one. My mum bought them different coats, but Amy just wanted Karina's. I buy them the same all
the time just to save arguments," she says.
D. The twins themselves appear frequently in their own work, always dressed the same, often in mirrored
poses, occasionally with one twin standing apart, perhaps with a camcorder to emphasise her detachment. The
same but different, together but apart. It is a fascinating theme, one that has brought them professional
recognition and an annoying, but commercially useful, media obsession with their twin status. It is, as they both
admit, "a double- edged sword".
E. As for Amrit and Rabindra, Gina says: "It is very common for twins to follow the same career path, even
when they are comfortable with their own individuality. The Singh twins' experience just shows how we have
failed to educate the public on the subject of twins. People think they are copying each other when they are just
the same by nature. They end up being forced to make a statement about it. It's sad."
F. "I admit I was paranoid about it when they were little," Liz confesses. "They are extremely alike, even losing
teeth at the same times, and many people can't tell them apart, but because of our efforts, they have emerged as
individuals, with different personalities, different interests and different friends.
G. They exchange glances, two tiny and beautiful mirror images, dressed in traditional Sikh costumes that are
duplicated down to the last elaborate detail. They both remember the sneering words of the examiners: "Haven't
you ever tried to be different?" "As if," Amrit says contemptuously, "we had ever actually tried to be the same."
H. Barney Allcock, father of two-year-old twins Alec and Max, agrees. His wife Jane founded their local twin
club. "You've got to treat twins exactly the same, otherwise they fight," says Barney. "We dress ours differently
because I for one can't tell them apart, but everything else they get is the same. They are rarely split up; they get
on well, so what's the point? The more obstacles you put in their way,
the more they will break them down. They were born together, and you can't take that closeness away from
them."
Your answers:
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Language diversity has always been part of the national demographic landscape of the United States. At the
time of the first census in 1790, about 25% of the population spoke languages other than English (Lepore,
2002). Thus, there was a diverse pool of native speakers of other languages at the time of the founding of the
republic. Today, nationwide, school districts have reported more than 400 languages spoken by language-
minority students classified as limited English proficient (LEP) students (Kindler, 2002). Between 1991 and
2002, total K-12 student enrollment rose only 12%, whereas LEP student enrollment increased 95% during this
same time period (National Clearinghouse for English Language
Acquisition, 2002b). This rapid increase and changing demographics has intensified the long debate over the
best way to educate language-minority students.
29
Historically, many groups attempted to maintain their native languages even as they learned English, and for a
time, some were able to do so with relatively little resistance until a wave of xenophobia swept the country
during World War 1 (Kloss, 1977/1998). Other groups, Africans, and Native Americans encountered repressive
politics much earlier. During the 1960s, a more tolerant policy climate emerged. However, for the past two
decades there has been a steady undertow of resistance to bilingualism and bilingual education. This article
provides historical background and analyzes contemporary trends in language-minority education within the
context of the recent national push for accountability, which typically takes the form of high-stakes testing.
The origins of persistent themes regarding the popular antagonisms toward bilingual education and the
prescribed panaceas of "English immersion" and high-stakes testing in English need to be scrutinized. As
background to the contemporary context, we briefly discuss the history of language politics in the United States
and the ideological underpinnings of the dominant monolingual English ideology. We analyze the recent attacks
on bilingual education for what this attack represents for educational policy within a multilingual society such
as the United States. We emphasize multilingualism because most discussions of language policy are framed as
if monolingualism were part of our heritage from which we are now drifting. Framing the language policy
issues in this way masks both the historical and contemporary reality and positions non-English language
diversity as an abnormality that must be cured. Contrary to the steady flow of disinformation, we begin with the
premise that even as English has historically been the dominant language in the United States since the colonial
era, language diversity has always been a fact of life. Thus, efforts to deny that reality represent a "malady of
mind" (Blaut, 1993) that has resulted in either restrictionist or repressive language policies for minorities.
As more states ponder imposing restrictions on languages of instruction other than English-as California,
Arizona, and Massachusetts have recently done-it is useful to highlight several questions related to the history
of language politics and language planning in the United States. Educational language planning is frequently
portrayed as an attempt to solve the language problems of the minority. Nevertheless, the historical record
indicates that schools have generally failed to meet the needs of language-minority students (Deschenes, Cuban,
& Tyack, 2001) and that the endeavour to plan language behaviour by forcing a rapid shift to English has often
been a source of language problems that has resulted in the denial of language rights and hindered linguistic
access to educational, social, economic, and political benefits even as the promoters of English immersion claim
the opposite.
The dominance of English was established under the British during the colonial period, not by official decree
but through language status achievement, that is, through "the legitimization of a government's decisions
regarding acceptable language for those who are to carry out the political, economic, and social affairs of the
political process" (Heath, 1976, p.51). English achieved dominance as a result of the political and
socioeconomic trade between England and colonial administrators, colonists, and traders.
Other languages coexisted with English in the colonies with notable exceptions. Enslaved Africans were
prohibited from using their native tongues for fear that it would facilitate resistance or rebellion. From the 1740s
forward, southern colonies simultaneously institutionalized "compulsory ignorance" laws that prohibited those
enslaved from acquiring English literacy for similar reasons. These restrictive slave codes were carried forward
as the former southern colonies became states of the newly United States and remained in force until the end of
the Civil War in 1865 (Weinberg, 1977/1995). Thus, the very first formal language policies were restrictive
with the explicit purpose of promoting social control.
31. What is the primary purpose of including the statistic from the 1790 census in the introductory paragraph?
A. To explain how colonizing the US eradicated language diversity
B. To show concrete evidence that language diversity in the US is not a new phenomenon
C. To note that before that time, there was no measure of language diversity in the US
D. To demonstrate that census data can be inaccurate
30
32. The article compares two sets of statistics from the years 1991-2002, increases in K-12 enrollment and
increases in LEP students, to highlight .
A. That the two numbers, while often cited in research, are insignificant
B. That while many people with school-age children immigrated to the US during this time, an equal amount
left the country as well
C. That language diversity had no impact on US student enrollment during this time
D. That while the total amount of students enrolled in US schools may have grown slowly, the amount of
those students who were LEP increased dramatically
33. According to the second paragraph, many groups maintained their native languages
without resistance into the 20th-century EXCEPT .
A. Native Americans and African Americans B. Irish Americans and African Americans
C. Mexican Americans and Native Americans D. Native Americans and Dutch Americans
34. Why is the word "undertow" emphasized in the second paragraph?
A. To explain how certain groups continued to carry their native languages with them despite the opposition
from those against language diversity.
B. To show the secretive and sneaky nature of those opposed to language diversity.
C. To call attention to the ebb and flow of language resistance during the 20th century, experiencing periods
of both rest and extremism.
D. To explain that, while many groups tried to maintain their native languages, many gave in to social and
political pressure to use only English.
35. What is the best way to describe the function of the third paragraph in this excerpt?
A. The paragraph provides its primary thesis as well an outline of the article's main points.
B. The paragraph is an unnecessary and irrelevant inclusion.
C. The paragraph serves to reveal the conclusions of the article before detailing the data.
D. The paragraph firmly establishes the article's stance against language diversity.
36. What is the best summary of why the phrase "multilingualism" is emphasized in the third paragraph?
A. Language repression stems from the US's unwillingness to recognize the languages of its foreign allies.
B. Because language is constantly changing and often goes through multiple phases over time.
C. The authors firmly believe that speaking more than one language gives students a substantial benefit in
higher education.
D. Language policy discussions often assume that the US has a monolinguistic history, which is untrue and
poses language diversity as threatening.
37. Phrases such as "prescribed panaceas" and "malady of the mind" are used in the third paragraph to .
A. Defend the point that the US must standardize its language education or there will be severe results
B. Point out that language is as much a physical process as an intellectual one
C. Illustrate how certain opponents of language diversity equate multilingual education with a kind of
national disease
D. Demonstrate how the stress of learning multiple languages can make students ill
38. According to the fourth paragraph, all of the following are potential negatives of rapid
English immersion EXCEPT .
A. it can lead to a denial of language rights for particular groups
B. students become more familiar with conversational expressions and dialect
C. it can prevent access to certain benefits that are always available to fluent speakers
D. it can promote feelings of alienation among groups that are already in a minority status
39. The best alternate definition of "language status achievement" is .
A. When enough scholarly work has been produced in a language, it is officially recognized
B. Those who are in power socially and economically determine the status of a language
C. Languages fall into a hierarchy depending upon the numbers of populations that speak them
D. The position of a language in which no others may coexist with it
31
40. From the context of the final paragraph, what does "compulsory ignorance" mean?
A. Populations at the time were required only to obtain a certain low level of education.
B. Slave populations were compelled to only speak in their native languages and not learn English.
C. That slaves were forcibly prevented from developing their native language skills out of fear that they
would gain power.
D. Slave owners would not punish slaves who did not wish to learn and speak only English.
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
LIFTING HIGHER EDUCATION TO LOFTIER HEIGHTS?
Academic John Brennan asks whether universities should leave on-the-job training to employers.
A. There is a lot of emphasis nowadays placed on the need for universities and business groups to get graduates
“work ready” through vocational workplace training. This is to be welcomed but it is also to be questioned -
about what it should mean in practice and how it should be applied. The concept is nothing new. I remember
some years back being at a meeting about higher education and employment, attended by a number of employer
representatives. I recall one employer remarking that of the many thousands of graduates that he had hired what
he really wanted and expected was for each of them to have changed the nature of the job by the time they had
left the role.
B. Rather than being concerned with how recruits would fit into existing organisational arrangements and
master existing ways of doing things, here was an employer who expected graduates to change existing
arrangements and ways of working. Who, rather than focusing on whether graduates had the right kinds of skills
and competencies, acknowledged that he didn’t know what skills and competencies his workers would need in a
few years’ time. The very point of hiring graduates was that he hoped to get people who would themselves be
able to work out what was required and be capable of delivering it and a bold new future.
C. Of course, starting any job requires some work-specific knowledge and capability and when recruiting staff,
graduate or non-graduate, employers have a responsibility to provide suitable induction
and training. The responsibilities of higher education are different. They are about preparing for work in the
long term, in different jobs and, quite possibly, in different sectors. This is preparation for work in a different
world, for work that is going to require learning over a lifetime, not just the first few weeks of that first job
after graduation. Current initiatives set out a perfectly reasonable set of objectives for the ways in which
higher education can help prepare students for their working lives. But much will depend on the
interpretation and on recognising who - higher education or employer - is best equipped to contribute what.
D. In the rush to focus on “vocational training to improve graduate employability” academics need to
remember that all higher education is vocational in the sense that it can help shape a graduate’s capacity to
succeed in the workplace. In this way higher education is about life skills, not just job skills. Many years ago,
Harold Silver and I wrote a book entitled A Liberal Vocationalism. It was based on a project we had just
completed on the aims of degree courses in vocational areas such as accountancy, business and engineering.
The book’s title intentionally conveyed the message that even vocational degree courses were about more
than training for a job. There were assumptions about criticality, transferability of skills, creating and
adapting to change and, above all, an academic credibility.
E. Degree courses in subjects such as history and sociology are preparations for employment as much as
vocational degrees such as business and engineering. But the job details will not be known at the time of
study.
32
Indeed, they may not be known until several years later. Thus, the relevance of higher education to later
working life for many graduates will lie in the realm of generic and transferable skills rather than specific
competencies needed for a first job after graduation. The latter competences are not unimportant but the
graduate’s employer is generally much better equipped than a university to ensure that the graduate acquires
them. Work experience alongside or as part of study can also help a lot. Higher education is for the long
term. Universities, employers and students should realise that.
In which paragraph is it stated that Your answers:

new proposals require an appropriate level of scrutiny? 41.
academic subjects have benefits beyond their syllabuses? 42.
business is investing in an unknown quantity in the pursuit of an uncertain goal? 43.
responsibility for service provision needs to be correctly allocated? 44.
educators need to make sure that they don’t lose sight of an important point? 45.
the issues discussed are a recurring theme that is yet to be agreed upon? 46.
beliefs about the key topics of a study were alluded to in the heading of a publication? 47.
industry is better suited to cover some issues than educational institutions? 48.
original thinking is key in finding solutions to future challenges? 49.
while obligations vary, they are still present for both parties? 50.
PRACTICE TEST 5
There are techniques that exist which can improve memory, the most popular of which must be mnemonics, or
ways to (1) information into a form that aids retention in the brain. Those who have difficulty
memorising facts, for example, can (2) the information by using a memorable phrase. A famous
example is “Richard of York gave battle in vain”, (3) each word
replaces a colour of the rainbow starting with the same colour. Mnemonics (4) because our brains
find it easier to retain information that is surprising, personal or humorous, than that (5) is abstract and
impersonal. Association also plays an important part in helping us recall information. This technique involves
creating something memorable to (6) the information you want. For instance, by (7) a
picture or word in your language to a word in the foreign language that you are trying to learn, the visual or
verbal (8) can help you remember the word. Recollection of facts is obviously easier if you know your
particular learning style so that you can (9) your clues. As anyone who has had to create a password
knows, easily-remembered information is information that is personally meaningful. The best passwords are
those that have a (10) significance for their users, but whose meaning would baffle anyone else. There
are lots of tricks to try; the most important thing is to remember to use them.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
33
The Science of Imagination
Are creative people's brains different from other people's? Professor John Stein explains what creativity
looks like from a neuroscientific perspective.
How do you quantify creativity? Is it different from intelligence? Among academics, there is no agreement
about what intelligence is, yet IQ measures of aptitude in memory, logic and comprehension seem to capture
something useful about the brain's processing ability that is a good predictor of both academic and other types
of achievement. The speed of this explains why different intelligence subtests, such as verbal and nonverbal
reasoning, correlate with each other fairly well. Thus “g”, the general intelligence factor believed by Charles
Spearman in the 1920s to underlie all other intellectual attributes, is most likely explained by the speed and
effective exchange of data between the front and back, and left and right hemispheres of an individual's brain.
The efficiency of this interchange, which is mediated by synchronisation of the rhythms of the brain, is a
product of both genetic and environmental aspects. Temporal processing seems to be even more heritable than
intelligence itself but environmental factors play just as important a role in intelligence. For example, the
specialised neurons which mediate the synchronising rhythms are especially vulnerable to dietary deficiencies,
particularly during childhood. General improvement in diet is one explanation for the "Flynn effect": the
increase in the average IQ in all developed countries by 30 points over the past century.
It is widely agreed that intelligence tests only capture verbal and spatial reasoning and other 'left- hemisphere’
traits, such as linear and 'convergent' thinking. In order to include other attributes, such as emotional, holistic,
lateral and imaginative thinking, generally deemed to be characteristic of right- hemisphere processing,
Spearman used a factor "s". This assumed difference is, however, misleading as in reality both hemispheres work
collectively in dealing with any one task. Whilst differing kinds of thinking do involve activity in diverging
parts of the brain, they do not do so in the clearly compartmentalised way envisaged by early phrenologists.
Even simple thought processes tend to involve several parts of the brain and the intricate nature of the systems
involved in creative thought range widely over both hemispheres. Creative people are those who have the ability
to think unexpected new thoughts and produce innovative concepts. They are highly likely to be the fortunate
ones and to have both inherited and developed methods which enable their brains' two hemispheres to work
optimally together.
Where highly creative people are concerned, four different stages in their pattern of work can be discerned. For
which preparation, namely immersion in the problem, can take many years. Often, preparation involves
deliberately instigating crazy ideas so as to provide the raw material for the mind to then work on. This is why
creative people tend to be highly impulsive and possess a more easily activated right prefrontal cortex: the part
of the brain involved in divergent open-ended thinking. Incubation, when a problem is deliberately set aside to
allow for imaginings and ideas to interweave subconsciously, with luck will naturally lead to the third stage,
whereby insight and illumination will burst forth in your mind with wonderful clarity, In the case of Mendeleev,
sleep gave rise to his imagination, logically ordering all the chemical elements into what we now refer to as the
periodic table. The fourth and final stage, that of recording ideas on paper, requires the left hemisphere's
strengths. Mozart said 'It rarely differs on paper from what it was in my imagination." Others are not so lucky;
Einstein spent huge amounts of time attempting to capture in symbolic form the visuo-spatial intuitions that had
come to him in a flash.
We can all profit from our perception of the creative process by consciously facilitating each of these stages:
deliberately giving our imagination free rein, brain-storming, allowing lateral thinking by free association and
then sleeping on the new ideas or changing task completely. It is surprising how often ideas will arrange
themselves into coherent plans and how a flash of insight will make clear how to convey the information so
others can understand it. A widely believed urban myth claims only 10% of our brain is generally in use and
suggests that if we used more, we could all aspire to be a Leonardo da Vincy. However, Nature would not allow
us to expend 20% of all the energy generated by the body on the brain (which is 2% of our body weight) if 90%
of it is likely to be wasted. But this conjecture has a grain of truth: if we could learn - as we can through
34
practice - to
35
optimise the connections between the different parts of our brains to increase its efficiency, we can only
speculate how much more creativity would be released.
Meanwhile, ensuring that our educational systems foster rather than stifle creativity is vital. Modern education
quite properly stresses the importance of developing reasoning, verbal and literacy skills, which are of supreme
importance in this technological age. However, the non-verbal, holistic, emotional right hemisphere is necessary
if we are to generate any new concepts or innovative ideas, as will be required if we are to cope with the rapid
pace of change in the 21st century. It has been found that creative people are quite often deficient in logical,
literate left-brain skills, but superior in holistic, visuo-spatial right-brain ones. A disproportionate number of
creative artists, engineers and architects fall into this category. The implication of this is that we must create
space for arts, fantasy and imagination - our future may well depend on it.
Questions 11-18
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? For questions 56-63, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
11. A typical indication of a high IQ is the speed at which someone can handle information.
12. The proven link between better food intake and higher intelligence demonstrates that genetic factors are not
the proper consideration.
13. The complexity involved in the creative process involves different parts of the brain interacting together
perfectly.
14. It is often the case that the process experienced by creative people leads to a form of mental illness.
15. Creative people unfailingly struggle to transfer ideas from the brain to the written word.
16. The urban myth that the writer mentions is scientifically improbable.
17. Students whose right and left-brain thinking is imbalanced fail to achieve academic success.
18. It is essential for the modern age that creativity is nurtured at school.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.
Questions 19-23: Complete the summary, using the list of words, A-O, below. Write the correct letter, A-O in
the corresponding numbered box provided.
The Creative Process
Visualising the brain as a division into 'rational' and 'emotional' halves is now recognised as a(n) (19)
interpretation. It turns out that more than two parts are at work in the creative brain, and that we develop creative
ideas by a more (20) process. The creative process can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, your
brain is gathering information, which is quite time-consuming. In the second stage, you let your mind (21)
and stretch ideas. In the third stage, you make connections between ideas. In the fourth stage, you (22)
these ideas by critical thinking so that they can persuasively reach their audience. By studying how to become
more creative we learn that it is important to be (23) in the way you approach ideas.
A. reinforce B. methodical C. complicated D. unsubstantiated E. polish
F. neutral G. reel H. wander I. organised J. independent
K. develop L. risky M. race N. over-simplistic O. boggle
Your answers
19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
36
SUMMER
The small, bright lawn stretched away smoothly to the big, bright sea. The turf was hemmed with an edge of
scarlet geranium and coleus, and cast-iron vases painted in a chocolate colour, standing at intervals along the
winding path that led to the sea, looped their garlands of petunia and ivy geranium above the neatly raked
gravel.
24.
A number of ladies in summer dresses and gentlemen in grey frock-coats and tall hats stood on the lawn or sat
upon the benches. Every now and then, a slender girl in starched muslin would step from the tent, bow in hand,
and speed her shaft at one of the targets, while the spectators interrupted their talk to watch the result.
25.
The Newbury Archery Club always held its August meeting at the Beauforts'. The sport, which had hitherto
known no rival but croquet, was beginning to be discarded in favour of lawn-tennis. However, the latter game
was still considered too rough and inelegant for social occasions, and as an opportunity to show off pretty
dresses and graceful attitudes, the bow and arrow held their own.
26.
In New York, during the previous winter, after he and May had settled down in the new, greenish- yellow house
with the bow-window and the Pompeian vestibule, he had dropped back with relief into the old routine of the
office. The renewal of his daily activities had served as a link with his former self.
27.
At the Century, he had found Winsett again, and at the Knickerbocker, the fashionable young men of his own
set. And what with hours dedicated to the law and those given to dining out or entertaining friends at home,
with an occasional evening at the opera or the theatre, the life he was living had still seemed a fairly real and
inevitable sort of business.
28.
But the Wellands always went to Newport, where they owned one of the square boxes on the cliffs, and their
son- in-law could adduce no good reason why he and May should not join them there. As Mrs. Welland rather
tartly pointed out, it was hardly worthwhile for May to have worn herself out trying on summer clothes in Paris,
if she was not to be allowed to wear them; and this argument was of a kind to which Archer had as yet found no
answer.
29.
It was not May's fault, poor dear. If, now and then, during their travels, they had fallen slightly out of step,
harmony had been restored by their return to conditions she was used to. He had always foreseen that she would
not disappoint him; and he had been right. No, the time and place had been perfect for his marriage.
30.
He could not say that he had been mistaken in his choice, for she fulfilled all that he had expected. It was
undoubtedly gratifying to be the husband of one of the handsomest and most popular young married women in
New York, especially when she was also one of the sweetest-tempered and most reasonable of wives; and
Archer had not been insensible to such advantages.
Missing paragraphs:
A. May herself could not understand his obscure reluctance to fall in with so reasonable and pleasant a way of
spending the summer. She reminded him that he had always liked Newport in his bachelor days, and as this was
indisputable, he could only profess that he was sure he was going to like it better than ever now that they were
to
37
be there together. But as he stood on the Beaufort verandah and looked out on the brightly peopled lawn, it
came home to him with a shiver that he was not going to like it at all.
B. In addition, there had been the pleasurable excitement of choosing a showy grey horse for May's brougham
(the Wellands had given the carriage). Then, there was the abiding occupation and interest of arranging his new
library, which, in spite of family doubts and disapproval, had been carried out as he had dreamed, with a dark-
embossed paper, an Eastlake book-case and “sincere” armchairs and tables.
C. The next morning Archer scoured the town in vain for more yellow roses. In consequence of this search, he
arrived late at the office, perceived that his doing so made no difference whatever to any one, and was filled
with sudden exasperation at the elaborate futility of his life. Why should he not be, at that moment, on the sands
of St. Augustine with May Welland?
D. Newland Archer, standing on the verandah of the Beaufort house, looked curiously down upon this scene.
On each side of the shiny painted steps, was a large, blue china flowerpot on a bright yellow china stand. A
spiky, green plant filled each pot, and below the verandah ran a wide border of blue hydrangeas edged with
more red geraniums. Behind him, the French windows of the drawing rooms through which he had passed gave
glimpses, between swaying lace curtains, of glassy parquet floors islanded with chintz pouffes, dwarf armchairs,
and velvet tables covered with trifles of silver.
E. Archer looked down with wonder at the familiar spectacle. It surprised him that life should be going on in
the old way when his own reactions to it had so completely changed. It was Newport that had first brought
home to him the extent of the change.
F. Archer had married (as most young men did) because he had met a perfectly charming girl at the moment
when a series of rather aimless sentimental adventures were ending in premature disgust; and she had
represented peace, stability, comradeship, and the steadying sense of an inescapable duty.
G. Half-way between the edge of the cliff and the square wooden house (which was also chocolate- coloured,
but with the tin roof of the verandah striped in yellow and brown to represent an awning), two large targets had
been placed against a background of shrubbery. On the other side of the lawn, facing the targets, was pitched a
real tent, with benches and garden-seats about it.
H. Newport, on the other hand, represented the escape from duty into an atmosphere of unmitigated holiday-
making. Archer had tried to persuade May to spend the summer on a remote island off the coast of Maine
(called, appropriately enough, Mount Desert) where a few hardy Bostonians and Philadelphians were camping
in native cottages, and whence came reports of enchanting scenery and a wild, almost trapper-like existence
amid woods and waters.
Your answers:
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
In orbit high above Earth, a multi-billion-dollar formation of communications satellites stands ready to instantly
connect pilots, seamen and navigators of all kinds to every available aid when they find themselves in an
emergency. But what if the communication computers on board these ships and aircraft started acting up or
even broke down? The world could go silent, and leave travellers groping around for directions. Not to worry.
There is a backup plan, using technology that was invented in 1835. It's Morse code, the language of dots and
dashes that has survived the assault of higher technology for a century and a half.
Named after its inventor, Samuel F B Morse, the code is a series of combinations of short and long tones (dots
and dashes) representing letters of the alphabet that can be transmitted manually by a key operator. A
telegrapher combines the dots and dashes to form letters and words. It is a seemingly tedious procedure, but
skilled operators
38
can transmit and receive faster than most secretaries can type. The fastest Morse transmission ever recorded is
an amazing 84 words per minute, sent by an operator named T L McElroy in 1951.
Morse telegraphy may seem like a quaint anachronism, with its brass sounder and key operated by the world's
most basic tool, the human finger. However, it is sometimes vital to worldwide communications. When the
Mexico City earthquake occurred in 1985 and all the power went off, calls for help were transmitted in Morse
by an amateur radio operator. "We see the Morse code as a dying art, but we refuse to let it die completely,"
says Major General Leo M Childs, the US Army's Chief Signal Officer. "Newer is not always better. Even
though it is old and slow, Morse is still the most reliable in difficult conditions. "
Every merchant vessel bearing the US flag must carry a radio officer who can both transmit and receive Morse
code. Under US law, the officer must spend eight hours at sea every day monitoring the radio for Morse distress
signals. Should you ever find yourself adrift at sea in a lifeboat launch from a sink passenger cruise ship, it will
be equipped with a single communications device: a Morse transmitter that automatically signals a distress call,
but is also equipped with a keyboard in case you happen to know Morse code. Perhaps the best-known bit of
Morse code is the call for help - SOS. In the code, these letters form a distinctive pattern (dot dot dot, dash dash
dash, dot dot dot) easily recognised in an emergency.
The enduring use of Morse telegraphy is the legacy of a burst of industrialisation in 19th-Century America,
when the railway and telegraph developed side by side. Most of those railway telegraph lines were used well
into the mid-20th century, well after radio, television and computers became commonplace. Until 1985, the
Milwaukee Road had a Morse telegraph line between Milwaukee and La Crosse that was routinely used to relay
orders to train crews. This Milwaukee operation was shut down quietly in the late Eighties. In many other
countries, however, Morse railway is still used.
The military services continue to be the most serious users of Morse telegraphy. While billion-dollar satellites
and sophisticated ground networks are good in theory, such communication systems can break down on the
battlefield. As a matter of prudence, the Army keeps a functional Morse capability. Morse code signals require
much less power to transmit broadcasting than voice messages. In addition, even an unclear Morse signal can be
interpreted, whereas a distorted voice transmission is virtually useless. The Army annually trains about 2,800
men and women in Morse code for a variety of signal jobs in infantry, artillery, intelligence and even Special
Forces. A Morse transmission will get through when all else fails, and especially in military conflicts, "he who
communicates first, no matter how primitively, will come out on top," says Major General Childs.
In that case, retired railway telegraph operators will Probably take over the world. Each evening, the amateur
radio waves come alive with the Morse transmissions of the retired operators known among themselves as 'old
heads'. "I get on the air and use the code every night to chat to other old heads," says Craig Becker, the retired
Milwaukee telegraph operator who received the railway's final telegraph message in 1985. "There are a lot of
telegraphers around. Every night you hear them pecking. "Experienced Operators say the Morse code is not so
much a clatter of sounds as a language, because operators do not hear dots and dashes. "You can sit back and
hear a conversation," says Becker.
When Morse inaugurated the telegraph service in 1844, he wired from Baltimore to Washington the now-famed
message: "What hath God wrought!" Ever since, the death of Morse code has been regularly predicted.
However, although the surface has receded from public view, experts say that they cannot envision an end to its
use any time soon. "I can carry a very small Morse key in my pocket and transmit around the world," says
Burke Stinson, a public relations man for American Telephone & Telegraph Co. "I do not think you will ever
see Morse code die. It is going to be difficult to find another method that is as flexible and reliable. "
31. The reason the writer mentions the possibility of satellite-based communication systems failing is to .
A. underline the importance of a reliable alternative
B. suggest that satellite communications are unreliable
C. emphasise the drawbacks of satellite communications
D. compare Morse to communication satellites
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32. The process of communicating using Morse code .

A. involves more than transmitting tones B. is tedious even for experienced users
C. is not as laborious as people think D. is simple enough for anyone who can type
33. In the third paragraph, the writer implies that the use of Morse code is .
A. old-fashioned, but attracts many enthusiasts
B. only useful to the armed forces and some hobbyists
C. being revived by amateur radio operators
D. often the only way to communicate during a crisis
34. In the fifth paragraph, the writer .
A. implies that Morse telegraphy developed faster than the railway
B. implies that Morse has survived for so long because of the railway
C. suggests that the railway developed because of Morse telegraphy
D. explains why Morse telegraphy eventually became redundant
35. The American military .
A. needs simple communication methods B. has recently neglected its Morse capability
C. allows its forces some Morse equipment D. offers training for recognising distorted Morse
36. The first message to be transmitted in Morse code .
A. symbolised the code’s flexibility. B. was used for commercial purposes.
C. took a long time to reach its destination. D. was sent by Samuel Morse himself.
37. What does the writer mean by saying that Morse code “has survived the assault of higher technology for a
century and a half” in the first paragraph?
A. Even though in the last 150 years newer and more sophisticated ways of doing things have been invented,
Morse is still used.
B. As modern communication systems have progressed rapidly, it is surprising that Morse telegraphy could
survive for 150 years.
C. Thanks to the backup plan, Morse telegraphy has survived for 150 years in the face of technology.
D. Morse code could not have survived for 150 years without the support of modern technology.
38. What does the word “It” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. a series of combinations B. sending a message in Morse code
C. representing letters of the alphabet D. the transmission sent by McElroy
39. The phrase “quaint anachronism” in paragraph 3 refers to .
A. unimportant thing B. monotonous cycle
C. old-fashioned tool D. irrelevant invention
40. Which is the best title for the passage?
A. Morse Code - a Revolutionary Invention B. Dots and Dashes Still Alive
C. The Comeback of a Forgotten Name D. The Applications of Morse Telegraphy
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Unleashing Your Inner Genius
Creative people reveal how they find inspiration
A. Sally Jones, playwright
I'm a very aural person; as soon as I hear a lyric or phrase, I'm transported to a particular time and place. When I
was writing my play Body Parts, I listened to Love Her Madly by the American rock band The Doors, which
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seemed to suggest a lot about the characters' relationship with each other. A line from one of their songs even
made it into the play's plotline. I'm also very fidgety and seem to work best when my hands are occupied with
something other than what I'm thinking about. During rehearsals, for example, I find myself drawing little
pictures or symbols that are somehow connected to the play. Then I'll look back at my doodles, and random
snatches of dialogue for another play will occur to me. Another thing I do is to go to the forest near my house to
think through a character or situation. It works every time.
B. Rachael Carter, ballet dancer
Ideas sit inside me for a while, before they emerge. When I'm preparing for a particular character, I keep
looking for ideas about her wherever I can – in film, theatre, music, and in watching other ballet companies.
When I first danced the French ballet Giselle, I found the Danish director Lars von Trier's film Dancer in the
Dark incredibly inspiring. It was so dark, and it felt just like a modern-day version of the ballet – it brought the
part alive for me. I believe that to be truly inspired, you must learn to trust your instinct. In my profession, I feel
that you shouldn’t over-rehearse a part, or you'll find you get bored with it. Of course, hard work is important,
but a good, technically correct performance without instinct will never be magical.
C. Sarah Kent, musician
For me, the image of the tortured artist is a myth – you don't need to be miserable to write songs. In fact, if I am
feeling down, the last thing I want to do is write; although it's important sometimes just to sit down and get on
with it, however you're feeling. Your creativity is like a tap: if you don't use it, it gets clogged up.
One of the most difficult things about writing music is the sheer number of distractions. When you're writing,
you have to be very disciplined, to the point of being impolite: turn off your phone and avoid seeing other
people. Another thing you have to deal with is that small voice that tells us we're rubbish. We need to know
how to silence it. I try to avoid listening to records of other musicians while I’m writing something – comparing
myself to others often makes me think, “Why do I bother?”
D. Margaret McCall, singer-songwriter
I definitely don't have rules – I'm pretty disorganised. In fact, I often have to guilt-trip myself into sitting down
to write. It is so easy to let your life get filled up with other stuff – going to the bank, looking after the baby.
These things do come through in my songwriting, though. Most of my songs are defined by a sense of
loneliness, of isolation, that I get from spending a lot of time on my own. When I first moved to New York, I
used to go to concerts every night. Now that I'm a songwriter myself, I find watching other musicians can be
frustrating – I want to be the one up there performing. But every so often I see someone who inspires me to try
something different. I go home thinking: "I should really try something like that."
E. Judith Keane, artist
I ‘ve learned not to wait for a good idea to come to me. It’s best to start by realising an average idea –
remember, no one has to see it. If I hadn't made the works I'm ashamed of, the ones I'm proud of probably
wouldn't exist. Also remember that hard work isn't always productive. I think of the brain as a field lying
fallow; keep harvesting and the crops won't mature. Not restricting yourself to your own medium is also
important. It is just as possible to be inspired by a film-maker, fashion designer, writer or friend as by another
artist. Cross-pollination makes for an interesting outcome. Finally, don't be afraid to scrap all your hard work
and planning and do it differently at the last minute.
Which person Your answers:
says that creative people need periods of mental inactivity? 41.
says a commonly held belief about creativity is mistaken? 42.
encourages creative people to make spontaneous decisions where necessary? 43.
41
says that finding inspiration is a gradual process? 44.

says creative people need to contain their sense of insecurity? 45.
mentions making direct use of part of someone else’s work? 46.
mentions the need to persevere regardless of one’s mood? 47.
says some of the themes in her work reflect the situation she finds herself in? 48.
finds value in creating what she regards as substandard pieces of work? 49.
discusses the benefits of limiting the preparation time for a piece of work? 50.
PRACTICE TEST 6
Part 1. For questions 1-10, read the passage and fill in each of the following numbered blanks with ONE
suitable word. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Environmental conservation has become a critical issue in recent decades. The need to protect natural habitats
and wildlife has never been more (1) . One of the most effective ways to achieve this is through the
establishment of protected areas, such (2) national parks and wildlife reserves. These areas provide a safe
haven for endangered species and help preserve biodiversity.
However, creating protected areas alone is not (3) ; active management is required to ensure their
effectiveness. This involves monitoring wildlife populations, controlling invasive species, and (4) with
local communities to promote sustainable practices. Education also plays a vital (5) in conservation efforts,
raising awareness about the importance of preserving our natural world.
In addition to protected areas, other conservation strategies (6) habitat restoration and the implementation
of wildlife corridors. Habitat restoration aims to (7) degraded ecosystems, while wildlife corridors allow
animals to move between fragmented habitats, increasing their chances of survival.
Despite these efforts, conservationists face numerous challenges, including limited funding and political
(8) . To overcome these obstacles, international cooperation and increased public support are essential. By
working together, we can (9) a sustainable future for both people and wildlife.
In conclusion, environmental conservation requires a multifaceted approach, including the establishment of
protected areas, active management, education, and international collaboration. Only (10) these efforts can
we hope to preserve our planet's biodiversity for future generations.
Your Answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
The rapid advancement of technology has profoundly impacted societies worldwide, altering the way
individuals live, work, and interact. Over the past century, innovations such as the internet, mobile devices, and
artificial intelligence have revolutionized communication, transportation, and healthcare. While these
technological advances offer numerous benefits, they also present significant challenges that must be addressed
to ensure a balanced and equitable future.
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One of the most notable benefits of technology is the enhancement of communication. The advent of the
internet and social media platforms has made it possible for people to connect instantly across vast distances,
fostering global relationships and facilitating the exchange of information. This has proven invaluable in areas
such as education and business, where real-time communication and collaboration are essential. Moreover,
mobile technology has made it easier than ever to stay in touch, with smartphones providing constant access to
email, social media, and other communication tools. These advances have also played a critical role in
emergency situations, enabling rapid coordination and response.
In the realm of healthcare, technological advancements have led to significant improvements in diagnosis,
treatment, and patient care. Medical imaging technologies, such as MRI and CT scans, allow for early detection
of diseases, while robotic surgery and telemedicine enable precision and access to medical care even in remote
areas. Additionally, the development of wearable health devices helps individuals monitor their health in real-
time, promoting preventive care and healthier lifestyles. These devices can track vital signs, detect irregularities,
and even provide alerts to medical professionals, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and reducing healthcare
costs.
Transportation has also seen remarkable changes due to technology. Innovations like electric vehicles,
autonomous cars, and high-speed trains have not only improved efficiency but also reduced the environmental
impact of travel. Electric vehicles, for instance, produce fewer emissions compared to traditional gasoline-
powered cars, contributing to cleaner air and a reduction in greenhouse gases. Autonomous vehicles promise to
increase road safety by reducing human error, which is a leading cause of accidents. High-speed trains and other
forms of advanced public transportation make commuting faster and more efficient, connecting cities and
regions like never before.
However, the benefits of technology are accompanied by challenges. One major issue is the digital divide,
which refers to the gap between those who have access to modern technology and those who do not. This
disparity can exacerbate social inequalities, as individuals without access to the internet or digital devices are at
a disadvantage in education, employment, and access to services. Bridging this gap requires concerted efforts
from governments, private sectors, and non-profit organizations to provide affordable and accessible technology
to all. Programs aimed at increasing digital literacy and providing low-cost devices can help mitigate this issue.
Privacy and security are also significant concerns in the digital age. The widespread use of online platforms and
the collection of vast amounts of personal data have raised questions about data privacy and the potential for
misuse. Cybersecurity threats, such as hacking and identity theft, pose risks to individuals and organizations
alike. Ensuring robust security measures and transparent data practices is crucial to protecting privacy and
maintaining trust in technological systems. This includes implementing strong encryption, regular security
audits, and educating users about safe online practices.
Moreover, the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation presents both opportunities and challenges for
the workforce. While these technologies can increase efficiency and productivity, they also threaten to displace
jobs, particularly in industries reliant on manual labor. Preparing the workforce for these changes involves
investing in education and training programs that equip individuals with the skills needed for the evolving job
market. Governments and businesses must work together to create pathways for workers to transition into new
roles, ensuring that the benefits of technological advancements are broadly shared.
Environmental sustainability is another area where technology plays a dual role. On one hand, technological
innovations have led to the development of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, which are
critical in combating climate change. These technologies offer cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels and have the
potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions. On the other hand, the production and disposal of electronic
devices contribute to environmental pollution and electronic waste. Addressing this issue requires sustainable
practices in the design, manufacturing, and recycling of technology products.
The impact of technology on education has been transformative, offering new ways to learn and teach. Online
education platforms, virtual classrooms, and digital resources have made education more accessible, especially
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for those in remote or underserved areas. These tools provide opportunities for lifelong learning and
professional development, allowing individuals to acquire new skills at their own pace. However, the reliance
on technology in education also highlights the digital divide, as students without reliable internet access or
devices are at a disadvantage. Ensuring equitable access to digital learning resources is essential for promoting
educational equity.
As technology continues to evolve, it is imperative to address these challenges proactively. Policymakers,
industry leaders, and communities must work together to create frameworks that maximize the benefits of
technology while mitigating its drawbacks. This includes developing regulations that protect privacy, promoting
digital inclusion, and supporting sustainable practices. By fostering an inclusive and secure technological
environment, society can harness the potential of innovation to improve the quality of life for all.
In conclusion, technology has the power to transform society in profound ways, offering numerous benefits in
communication, healthcare, transportation, and education. However, it also presents significant challenges,
including the digital divide, privacy concerns, and job displacement due to automation. Addressing these
challenges requires a collaborative effort to ensure that the advantages of technology are accessible to everyone
and that its negative impacts are minimized. By doing so, we can create a future where technology enhances
human potential and contributes to a more equitable and sustainable world.
Decide whether each of the following statements is True (T), False (F), or Not Given (NG). Write T, F, or NG
in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
11. The internet and social media platforms have primarily benefited global business and education.
12. Mobile technology has made it difficult for people to stay in touch.
13. Wearable health devices are the main reason for improvements in patient care.
14. The digital divide refers to the gap between the wealthy and the poor.
15. Governments alone can solve the issue of the digital divide.
16. Artificial intelligence and automation are expected to create more jobs than they displace.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Read the summary and fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the passage.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Technological advancements have significantly transformed communication, healthcare, and the workforce.
The internet and social media have improved (17) and collaboration, while mobile devices offer
constant
(18) . In healthcare, technologies like (19) and wearable devices have enhanced diagnosis and patient
care. Despite these benefits, challenges such as the (20) , privacy concerns, and cybersecurity threats persist.
The rise of (21) and automation also poses risks to employment, necessitating investment in (22) .
Addressing these issues requires (23) among policymakers, industry leaders, and communities to ensure
technology benefits everyone.
Your answers:
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
not need to use. Write the letters A-H in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
THE RISE OF URBAN GARDENING
Urban gardening has become a popular trend in recent years, with city dwellers transforming rooftops,
balconies, and even abandoned lots into thriving green spaces. This movement has not only changed the urban
landscape but has also provided a host of benefits to those involved.
44
24.
Community gardens, in particular, have seen a surge in popularity. These shared spaces allow residents to grow
their own fruits and vegetables, fostering a sense of community and providing access to fresh, healthy produce.
Many people have found joy and satisfaction in reconnecting with nature, even in the midst of a bustling city.
25.
Urban gardening is not just about individual benefits; it also has a positive impact on the environment. Plants
help to improve air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen. Green spaces can also reduce the
urban heat island effect, where cities become significantly warmer than their rural surroundings due to human
activities.
26.
Moreover, urban gardens can play a role in addressing food insecurity. In areas known as "food deserts," where
access to fresh produce is limited, community gardens can provide a vital source of nutrition. This is
particularly important in low-income neighborhoods, where residents might otherwise have to rely on
unhealthy, processed foods.
27.
In addition to these practical benefits, urban gardening offers numerous psychological advantages. Studies have
shown that spending time in green spaces can reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance overall mental health.
For city residents who often face high levels of stress and fast-paced lifestyles, the chance to unwind in a garden
can be incredibly valuable.
28.
Despite the many benefits, urban gardening does come with its challenges. Space is often limited in cities, and
finding suitable areas for gardens can be difficult. Soil contamination is another concern, as many urban areas
have a history of industrial use that has left behind harmful pollutants.
29.
Fortunately, there are solutions to these challenges. Raised beds and container gardening can help mitigate soil
contamination issues, while vertical gardens and hydroponic systems allow for efficient use of space. Innovative
approaches like these are making it easier for city dwellers to cultivate their own green spaces.
30.
The future of urban gardening looks promising as more people recognize its value and embrace the movement.
With continued support from local governments and communities, urban gardens can flourish, providing
environmental, social, and health benefits for city dwellers.
Missing Paragraphs:
A. As cities become more crowded and green spaces diminish, the need for urban gardens becomes even more
critical. Not only do these gardens offer a reprieve from the concrete jungle, but they also bring a touch of
nature to urban environments.
B. One of the most significant environmental benefits of urban gardening is its contribution to biodiversity.
Gardens can serve as habitats for pollinators like bees and butterflies, which are crucial for the ecosystem.
C. Additionally, urban gardening encourages sustainable living practices. By growing their own food,
individuals can reduce their carbon footprint and decrease the reliance on long supply chains that contribute to
greenhouse gas emissions.
D. Local governments and organizations are increasingly supporting urban gardening initiatives. Grants,
resources, and educational programs are being made available to help residents start and maintain their own
gardens.
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E. The physical act of gardening can also offer health benefits. Activities like planting, weeding, and watering
provide a form of exercise that can improve physical fitness and promote a more active lifestyle.
F. Despite these challenges, the benefits of urban gardening make it a worthwhile endeavor. With a bit of
creativity and determination, city dwellers can find ways to bring greenery into their lives and enjoy the many
advantages that come with it.
G. Another issue is the lack of knowledge and experience among new gardeners. Many city residents have
never had the opportunity to garden before and may feel intimidated by the process.
H. Urban gardening also provides an opportunity for education. Schools and community organizations can use
gardens as outdoor classrooms, teaching children and adults about biology, ecology, and sustainable practices.
Part 4. For questions 31-40, read a passage on the far North and write A, B, C or D in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided to indicate the correct answer which fits best according to what is stated or implied
in the text.
The Deep Sea: An Unexplored Frontier
(1) The deep sea remains one of the least explored regions on Earth, akin to a mysterious, alien world right
beneath our feet. Despite technological advancements, the vast depths of the oceans continue to be shrouded in
darkness and mystery. For scientists, the deep sea represents both a frontier of immense scientific potential and
a daunting challenge. Its uncharted territories hold the promise of new discoveries that could revolutionize our
understanding of marine biology, geology, and even the origins of life itself. The deep sea, often defined as
depths below 200 meters where sunlight ceases to penetrate, comprises over 95% of the world's habitable space
by volume, yet less than 5% of it has been explored.
(2) Determining what exactly constitutes the "deep sea" can be somewhat elusive. While it is generally agreed
that the deep sea begins at a depth of around 200 meters, where sunlight fades and the environment changes
dramatically, the precise boundaries are often debated among oceanographers. This ambiguity arises not only
from the depth but also from the varying conditions and ecosystems found at different depths and locations. For
instance, the characteristics of the deep sea in the Pacific Ocean can be quite different from those in the Atlantic
Ocean, making a universal definition challenging.
(3) For centuries, humans have viewed the deep sea through a lens of wonder and fear. Early mariners told tales
of monstrous creatures lurking in the depths, their imaginations fueled by the unknown. Today, while we no
longer fear sea monsters, the deep sea still evokes a sense of awe. It is a place of extremes: crushing pressures,
frigid temperatures, and complete darkness. Yet, life thrives in these harsh conditions, from bioluminescent fish
that produce their own light to giant squids and even ecosystems sustained by hydrothermal vents. These vents,
discovered only in the late 20th century, release mineral-rich water that supports unique communities of
organisms, including tube worms and clams, which are not found anywhere else on Earth.
(4) The deep sea has also been seen as a potential resource trove, with industries eyeing its mineral riches and
biological treasures. The seabed contains vast deposits of minerals such as manganese nodules, cobalt-rich
ferromanganese crusts, and hydrothermal sulfides. These minerals are essential for various high-tech
applications, from electronics to renewable energy technologies. However, this view is fraught with ethical and
environmental concerns. The extraction of minerals from the seabed, for example, could disrupt delicate
ecosystems that are only just beginning to be understood. Conservationists argue that the rush to exploit these
resources must be tempered with caution and a commitment to preserving the deep sea's unique biodiversity.
The potential impact of deep-sea mining on the environment includes habitat destruction, sediment plumes, and
the potential release of toxic substances, which could have far-reaching effects on marine life.
(5) Popular media has often romanticized the deep sea, portraying it as a final frontier akin to space.
Documentaries and films depict its inhabitants with a mix of factual accuracy and artistic embellishment,
further capturing the public's imagination. This fascination is not without merit, as it highlights the importance
of exploring and understanding our oceans. Yet, it also underscores the need for responsible stewardship to
ensure
46
that our activities do not irreparably harm this fragile environment. The narrative of the deep sea as a realm of
mystery and adventure has inspired generations of explorers, scientists, and even storytellers, but it is essential
to balance exploration with conservation.
(6) Scientists who study the deep sea often find themselves navigating a sea of unknowns. Each expedition
brings new discoveries, but also new questions. What drives the incredible biodiversity found in such an
inhospitable environment? How do species adapt to the high pressures and low temperatures? And what can
these adaptations teach us about life on Earth and potentially other planets? These are just a few of the questions
that drive deep- sea research forward. Advances in technology, such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and
autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), have made it possible to explore the deep sea more extensively and
collect valuable data. These technologies have revealed stunning images and video footage of deep-sea life,
providing insights into behaviors and interactions that were previously unknown.
(7) The necessity of the deep sea mythos is evident in its enduring presence in human culture. Even as we strive
to conquer the depths with technology, we continue to fabricate stories and dreams about what lies beneath. The
deep sea represents not only a physical frontier but also a psychological one, challenging our perceptions and
inspiring our imaginations. Myths and legends about sea monsters, sunken cities, and lost treasures persist in
popular culture, reflecting our deep-seated fascination with the unknown. This cultural significance underscores
the importance of the deep sea in our collective consciousness, as a symbol of mystery, danger, and discovery.
(8) As we continue to explore the deep sea, it is crucial to balance our curiosity with responsibility. The deep
sea's ecosystems are fragile and often slow to recover from disturbances. Ensuring their protection requires
international cooperation and a shared commitment to sustainable exploration. Organizations such as the
International Seabed Authority (ISA) play a crucial role in regulating activities in international waters, ensuring
that deep-sea mining and other extractive activities are conducted responsibly. In doing so, we can unlock the
secrets of the deep sea while safeguarding its future for generations to come. By promoting research,
conservation, and sustainable practices, we can ensure that the deep sea remains a source of wonder and
discovery for the future.
31. What can be inferred from paragraph 2?

A. The concept of the "deep sea" varies among different scientists.
B. Oceanographers agree on the precise boundaries of the deep sea.
C. The deep sea is uniformly defined by its depth.
D. Different conditions and ecosystems make the deep sea unique.
32. The word "daunting" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .
A. fascinating B. intimidating C. intriguing D. enlightening
33. In paragraph 3, the writer .
A. dismisses the myths about sea monsters B. highlights the life forms that thrive in the deep sea
C. criticizes the early mariners' tales D. questions the existence of bioluminescent fish
34. The word "fraught" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .
A. filled B. devoid C. cautious D. plagued
35. The writer implies that .
A. deep-sea mining is justified despite environmental concerns
B. scientists should stop exploring the deep sea due to its dangers
C. industries should proceed with caution in exploiting deep-sea resources
D. the deep sea's mineral wealth is exaggerated
36. What is NOT mentioned about the popular media's view of the deep sea?
A. It romanticizes the deep sea as a final frontier. B. It accurately depicts deep-sea inhabitants.
C. It captures the public's imagination. D. It emphasizes the need for responsible exploration.
37. The writer mentions "artistic embellishment" in paragraph 5 to imply that popular media .
A. often distorts the reality of the deep sea
B. enhances the factual accuracy of documentaries
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C. focuses solely on the scientific aspects of the deep sea

D. portrays the deep sea in a negative light
38. What does the phrase "psychological one" in paragraph 7 mostly mean?
A. A new technological challenge B. An unknown physical territory
C. A boundary in human perception D. A source of fear and anxiety
39. Which of the following statements can be made about the writer?
A. The writer advocates for balancing exploration with conservation.
B. The writer supports unchecked exploitation of deep-sea resources.
C. The writer believes that deep-sea exploration is unnecessary.
D. The writer doubts the scientific value of deep-sea research.
40. With which of the following conclusions does the writer most likely agree?
A. The deep sea should be left untouched by humans.
B. The deep sea exploration is a waste of resources.
C. Deep-sea ecosystems must be protected through sustainable practices.
D. Popular media should stop romanticizing the deep sea.
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Part 5. The passage below consists of five paragraphs marked A, B, C, D, and E. For questions 41-50, read
the passage and do the task that follows. Write the letter A, B, C, D, or E in the corresponding numbered
spaces provided.
PERSONAL FINANCE TIPS
Five people share their approaches to managing personal finances effectively.
A. As a dedicated practitioner of the "cash envelope" system, I have found a practical way to control my
spending. Each month, I allocate a specific amount of cash to different categories such as groceries,
entertainment, and transportation. This method ensures that I do not overspend, as once the cash for a category
is gone, I cannot spend more in that area. By physically seeing the cash diminish, I become more mindful of my
expenditures and make more conscious financial decisions. This system has helped me live within my means
and avoid debt, fostering a sense of financial discipline and awareness. Additionally, using cash instead of
credit cards helps me avoid the temptation of spending money I don't have, thereby keeping my finances in
check. Over time, I have noticed significant savings and a reduction in financial stress. The tactile nature of cash
makes spending more real and helps me prioritize essential expenses over impulsive buys.
B. I employ a meticulous approach to budgeting known as "zero-based budgeting." Every dollar I earn is
assigned a specific purpose before the month begins, ensuring that my income equals my expenses and savings.
This method requires thorough planning and tracking of all financial activities. By categorizing my expenses
and adjusting my budget monthly, I can identify unnecessary costs and allocate funds more effectively. This
approach not only helps in maintaining financial stability but also in achieving long-term financial goals by
prioritizing savings and investments. The discipline of tracking every expense encourages me to be more
intentional with my money, making me less likely to indulge in impulsive purchases. Over time, this detailed
approach has provided me with a clearer picture of my financial habits and areas where I can improve.
Furthermore, zero-based budgeting has allowed me to allocate funds towards unexpected expenses, ensuring
that I am prepared for financial emergencies without disrupting my overall financial plan.
C. One of my preferred strategies for managing personal finances is the "pay-yourself-first" principle. Every
month, as soon as I receive my paycheck, I immediately set aside a predetermined portion for savings and
investments before addressing any other expenses. This habit ensures that saving is a priority rather than an
afterthought. Over time, this strategy has allowed me to build a substantial financial cushion and invest in
opportunities that contribute to my long-term financial growth. By prioritizing my financial future, I can spend
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what remains without guilt or financial anxiety. This approach not only safeguards my future but also gives me
peace of mind, knowing that I am consistently working towards my financial goals. By automating my savings,
I ensure that my financial priorities are always met, regardless of other expenses that may arise. Additionally,
this method has helped me develop a disciplined approach to spending, as I have to manage my daily expenses
within the remaining budget after my savings have been secured.
D. I advocate for a minimalist lifestyle to keep my finances in check. By focusing on simplicity and
essentialism, I eliminate unnecessary expenses and reduce financial stress. This involves decluttering my life
and cutting down on non-essential purchases, such as excessive clothing, gadgets, or luxury items. Living
minimally has not only improved my financial health but also provided a greater sense of contentment and
freedom from the pressures of consumerism. This approach allows me to direct my resources towards
meaningful experiences and investments. By reducing my reliance on material possessions, I find that I can live
a more fulfilling life with less financial burden. Additionally, the minimalist lifestyle promotes environmental
sustainability by reducing waste and consumption, aligning with my values of simplicity and responsibility. I
also find that by owning fewer items, I am able to better appreciate the things I do have and focus on the quality
rather than the quantity of my possessions.
E. The "50/30/20 rule" has been instrumental in managing my personal finances. According to this rule, 50% of
my income goes towards necessities, 30% towards discretionary spending, and 20% towards savings and debt
repayment. This balanced approach helps me maintain a healthy financial lifestyle without feeling deprived. By
adhering to these proportions, I can cover my essential expenses, enjoy life, and steadily build my financial
security. This method provides a structured yet flexible framework for financial planning that adapts to changes
in income and lifestyle. The clear division of income helps me avoid overspending in any one category and
ensures that I am consistently saving and reducing debt. This rule has been particularly useful during times of
financial fluctuation, as it allows me to adjust my spending habits while still prioritizing my financial goals.
Additionally, the 50/30/20 rule helps me maintain a balanced lifestyle by allowing room for leisure and
discretionary spending, which is important for overall well-being. It also encourages me to regularly review and
adjust my budget, ensuring that my financial planning evolves with my changing needs and circumstances.
In which section are the following mentioned? Your answers:

41. Forming a habit that ensures financial priorities are addressed first.
42. Achieving financial stability by eliminating unnecessary expenditures.
43. Using a structured framework to balance different types of spending.
44. A technique that helps in avoiding overspending by making expenditures tangible.
45. Ensuring financial goals are met by assigning every dollar a purpose.
46. A lifestyle change that reduces financial stress and promotes essentialism.
47. Dividing income into specific categories to manage expenses better.
48. Adjusting monthly plans to better allocate financial resources.
49. Living within one's means to avoid debt and financial difficulties.
50. Prioritizing savings and investments before other expenses.
PRACTICE TEST 7
49
Advances in technology have dramatically transformed the way we live and work. One of the most significant
changes has been the rise of remote work, which has become increasingly (1) in recent years. With the
help of the internet and various digital tools, employees can now work from anywhere in the world, providing
greater flexibility and work-life (2) .
However, remote work also presents certain challenges. Communication can be (3) difficult when team
members are not physically present in the same location. To address this issue, companies have turned to video
conferencing, instant messaging, and collaboration platforms to keep everyone (4) and ensure smooth
workflows.
Another challenge is maintaining productivity and motivation when working from home. Employees may
(5) it hard to focus due to various distractions or the lack of a structured environment. To combat this, some
companies have implemented regular check-ins and virtual team-building activities to keep their staff (6)
and engaged.
Despite these challenges, the benefits of remote work are undeniable. It can lead to increased job satisfaction,
reduced commuting time, and (7) access to a global talent pool. Employers who embrace remote work often
find it easier to attract and retain top talent, as they offer more flexible working (8) .
In conclusion, while remote work requires adjustments and new strategies to overcome its challenges, its
advantages make it a valuable option for both employers and employees. By leveraging technology and
fostering a supportive remote work culture, companies can (9) the potential of their workforce and adapt to
the changing landscape of work.
The key to successful remote work lies in finding the right balance between flexibility and structure, ensuring
that employees remain productive and (10) connected.
Your Answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GLOBAL AGRICULTURE
Climate change is increasingly recognized as one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. Its
effects are being felt worldwide, with profound implications for the global agricultural sector. Agriculture is
highly sensitive to climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, and the frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events. As the planet warms, these variables are changing in ways that pose significant risks to
food production, security, and livelihoods, particularly in the developing world.
One of the most immediate impacts of climate change on agriculture is the alteration of growing seasons. Rising
temperatures can extend the growing season in some regions, potentially increasing agricultural output.
However, in many parts of the world, the opposite is true. Higher temperatures can shorten the growing season
and reduce crop yields. For example, staple crops such as wheat, maize, and rice are highly susceptible to
temperature changes. Studies have shown that for every degree Celsius increase in temperature, yields of these
crops can decrease by up to 10%. This poses a serious threat to food security, especially in regions that are
already vulnerable to hunger and malnutrition.
Precipitation patterns are also being disrupted by climate change. Many regions are experiencing more frequent
and intense droughts, while others are seeing an increase in heavy rainfall and flooding. Both extremes can be
detrimental to agriculture. Droughts can lead to water scarcity, affecting the ability of farmers to irrigate their
crops and maintain livestock. On the other hand, excessive rainfall can cause soil erosion, nutrient loss, and
damage to crops. For instance, the Horn of Africa has faced severe droughts in recent years, devastating crops
50
and livestock and exacerbating food insecurity in the region. Conversely, South Asia has experienced intense
monsoon rains and flooding, which have caused widespread damage to crops and infrastructure.
Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons, and heatwaves are becoming more frequent and severe
due to climate change. These events can have immediate and devastating impacts on agriculture. Hurricanes and
typhoons can destroy crops, livestock, and infrastructure, leading to significant economic losses for farmers.
Heatwaves can cause heat stress in both crops and animals, reducing agricultural productivity. For example, the
heatwave that swept across Europe in 2019 led to substantial crop losses, with wheat yields in France and
Germany particularly affected. Such events highlight the vulnerability of agricultural systems to climate
variability and the urgent need for adaptation strategies.
Climate change is also contributing to the spread of pests and diseases that affect crops and livestock. Warmer
temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can create favorable conditions for the proliferation of pests
and pathogens. For example, the desert locust outbreak in East Africa in 2020 was partly attributed to unusual
weather patterns linked to climate change. These locust swarms devastated crops and pasturelands, exacerbating
food insecurity in the region. Similarly, livestock diseases such as Rift Valley fever are becoming more
prevalent as climate change alters the habitats of disease-carrying vectors like mosquitoes.
Adaptation to climate change is crucial for the agricultural sector to maintain and improve food production and
security. Farmers and policymakers are employing various strategies to cope with the impacts of climate
change. One approach is the development and adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties. These are crops that
can withstand extreme weather conditions, pests, and diseases. For example, drought-tolerant maize and flood-
resistant rice are being cultivated in parts of Africa and Asia, respectively. These crops are designed to provide
stable yields even under adverse climate conditions.
Improving water management is another key adaptation strategy. Efficient irrigation systems, rainwater
harvesting, and the restoration of degraded watersheds can help ensure that water resources are available for
agriculture even during periods of drought. For instance, drip irrigation systems, which deliver water directly to
the roots of plants, are being increasingly adopted in arid regions to conserve water and improve crop yields.
Climate-smart agricultural practices are also gaining traction. These practices aim to increase productivity and
resilience while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Examples include conservation tillage, which minimizes
soil disturbance and helps retain soil moisture; agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural
landscapes to enhance biodiversity and provide shade; and integrated pest management, which uses a
combination of biological, cultural, and chemical methods to control pests sustainably.
Policy support is essential to facilitate the widespread adoption of these adaptation strategies. Governments and
international organizations are playing a crucial role in providing financial and technical assistance to farmers.
For example, the Green Climate Fund, established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, is financing projects that promote climate-resilient agriculture in developing countries. National
policies that support research and development, extension services, and infrastructure improvements are also
vital.
While adaptation is necessary, it is not sufficient on its own. Mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions are equally important to limit the extent of climate change and its impacts on agriculture. The
agricultural sector itself is a significant source of emissions, primarily through methane from livestock, nitrous
oxide from fertilizers, and carbon dioxide from deforestation and land-use changes. Therefore, sustainable
agricultural practices that reduce emissions, such as improved livestock management, efficient fertilizer use,
and agroforestry, are critical.
In conclusion, climate change presents significant challenges to global agriculture, with profound implications
for food security and livelihoods. Adaptation and mitigation strategies are essential to address these challenges.
By developing climate-resilient crops, improving water management, adopting climate-smart agricultural
practices, and supporting policy initiatives, the agricultural sector can better cope with the impacts of climate
change and contribute to a sustainable future.
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For questions 11-16, decide whether each of the following statements is True (T), False (F), or Not Given
(NG). Write T, F, or NG in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
11. Climate change is causing longer growing seasons in all parts of the world.
12. The Horn of Africa has experienced severe droughts that have devastated agriculture.
13. Extreme weather events like hurricanes have no impact on livestock.
14. The spread of pests and diseases is unaffected by climate change.
15. Governments are not involved in supporting climate-resilient agricultural practices.
16. Technological advancements in agriculture are reducing the impacts of climate change.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
For questions 17-23, read the summary and fill in each blank with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
taken from the passage. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Climate change is significantly affecting the (17) , altering growing seasons and reducing crop yields.
Precipitation patterns are changing, with some areas facing droughts and others experiencing (18) , both of
which harm agriculture. Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent, leading to immediate damage to
(19) and livestock. The spread of pests and diseases is also linked to (20) , exacerbating food
insecurity. Adaptation strategies include developing (21) crop varieties and improving water management.
Support from (22) is essential to implement these strategies. Additionally, sustainable agricultural practices
are needed to (23) emissions from the sector.
Your answers:
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
THE FUTURE OF WORK
The nature of work is changing rapidly due to advancements in technology, globalization, and shifting societal
values. These changes are affecting how, where, and why we work.
24.
Remote work, once a rarity, has become a standard practice for many companies. This shift has been
accelerated by the global pandemic, which forced businesses to adapt quickly to new ways of operating.
Employees have found that working from home offers numerous benefits, including increased flexibility and
reduced commuting time.
25.
However, remote work also comes with its own set of challenges. One major issue is the lack of separation
between work and personal life. Many people find it difficult to switch off from work when their home becomes
their office. This can lead to burnout and decreased productivity over time.
26.
Another significant change in the workplace is the rise of the gig economy. More and more people are choosing
to work as freelancers or independent contractors rather than in traditional full-time roles. This trend offers
greater freedom and the ability to work on a variety of projects, but it also means less job security and benefits.
27.
Moreover, technological advancements are automating many tasks that were once performed by humans. While
this can increase efficiency and reduce costs for businesses, it also raises concerns about job displacement and
52
the future of certain professions. Workers must adapt by acquiring new skills and staying current with
technological developments.
28.
Despite these challenges, there are many opportunities for growth and innovation in the future of work.
Companies are increasingly investing in employee development programs to help their staff stay competitive in
a rapidly changing job market. Lifelong learning is becoming a necessity rather than a choice.
29.
In addition to professional development, there is a growing emphasis on work-life balance and employee well-
being. Businesses are recognizing that a happy, healthy workforce is more productive and engaged. This has led
to the implementation of policies such as flexible working hours, wellness programs, and mental health support.
30.
As we look ahead, it's clear that the future of work will continue to evolve. By embracing change and focusing
on continuous improvement, both employees and employers can thrive in this new landscape.
Missing Paragraphs:
A. At the same time, globalization has expanded the talent pool, allowing companies to hire the best candidates
regardless of location. This can lead to more diverse and innovative teams, but it also increases competition for
jobs.
B. For instance, automation is already transforming industries such as manufacturing, logistics, and customer
service. Robots and AI systems are capable of performing repetitive tasks with greater accuracy and speed than
humans.
C. The gig economy also allows businesses to be more agile and scale their workforce up or down based on
demand. This can be particularly beneficial for startups and small businesses that need to manage costs
carefully.
D. Furthermore, remote work can lead to feelings of isolation and disconnect from colleagues. Companies are
experimenting with virtual team-building activities and regular check-ins to maintain a sense of community.
E. In response to these trends, educational institutions are partnering with businesses to offer tailored training
programs. These initiatives aim to equip students with the skills needed to succeed in the modern workforce.
F. Telecommuting, for example, has shown that employees can be just as productive, if not more so, when
given the flexibility to work outside the traditional office environment.
G. Additionally, the concept of a traditional career path is becoming obsolete. People are now more likely to
change jobs or even careers multiple times throughout their lives.
H. On the other hand, this shift has also led to the blurring of boundaries between different time zones, which
can make collaboration across global teams challenging.
in the text.
The Evolution of Urban Green Spaces
(1) Urban green spaces, which include parks, gardens, and other vegetated areas within cities, have long been
recognized for their aesthetic and recreational benefits. However, recent research has highlighted their critical
role in enhancing urban environments and promoting public health. The evolution of urban green spaces reflects
changing societal values and a growing awareness of the importance of sustainable urban planning. These green
spaces not only provide beauty and leisure but also serve as vital components of urban ecosystems, contributing
to the overall well-being of city inhabitants.
53
(2) The concept of urban green spaces dates back to ancient civilizations, where gardens and public parks were
integral parts of city design. In ancient Greece and Rome, for instance, public gardens were central to civic life,
serving as places for relaxation, social interaction, and cultural activities. These early green spaces were often
designed with a focus on beauty and leisure, emphasizing ornamental plants, sculptures, and water features. The
Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, exemplifies the early
integration of nature into urban settings, illustrating the long-standing human desire to incorporate greenery into
built environments.
(3) The industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries brought significant changes to urban landscapes.
Rapid urbanization and industrial growth led to overcrowded cities with limited access to natural areas.
Recognizing the need for public health interventions, urban planners began to advocate for the creation of parks
and green spaces. Notable examples from this era include Central Park in New York City, designed by
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, and the green spaces of London, such as Hyde Park and Regent's
Park. These parks were intended to provide urban dwellers with a respite from the pollution and chaos of city
life, offering opportunities for recreation and relaxation. The emergence of such large-scale urban parks marked
a shift in urban planning, emphasizing the need to integrate nature into the urban fabric for the benefit of public
health.
(4) In the 20th century, the role of urban green spaces continued to evolve. The environmental movement of the
1960s and 1970s brought increased attention to the ecological functions of green spaces. Researchers began to
explore how parks and green areas contribute to biodiversity, support wildlife habitats, and mitigate urban heat
islands. Studies demonstrated that urban green spaces could help reduce air and noise pollution, improve water
quality, and provide ecosystem services that are crucial for maintaining healthy urban environments. This
period also saw the rise of ecological urbanism, which integrates principles of ecology into urban design and
planning, promoting the creation of sustainable, livable cities.
(5) Today, urban green spaces are recognized not only for their ecological benefits but also for their social and
psychological impacts. Access to green spaces has been linked to improved mental health, reduced stress levels,
and enhanced well-being. Parks and gardens offer spaces for physical activity, social interaction, and
community building. They also provide educational opportunities, allowing urban residents to learn about
nature and sustainability. As cities continue to grow, the integration of green spaces into urban planning is seen
as essential for creating livable, resilient communities. The recognition of these benefits has led to the
development of innovative green space projects, such as urban farms, community gardens, and green corridors,
which enhance urban biodiversity and connect people with nature.
(6) The design and management of urban green spaces have also adapted to contemporary needs and challenges.
Sustainable design principles emphasize the use of native plants, water conservation techniques, and the
creation of multifunctional spaces that can serve diverse populations. Community involvement in the planning
and maintenance of green spaces has become increasingly important, fostering a sense of ownership and
stewardship among residents. Urban green spaces are now seen as dynamic systems that must be managed
adaptively to respond to changing environmental and social conditions. For instance, cities are incorporating
green infrastructure, such as rain gardens and bioswales, to manage stormwater and reduce flooding,
demonstrating the multifunctional role of urban green spaces.
(7) Looking forward, the future of urban green spaces will likely be shaped by emerging trends and
technologies. Innovations such as green roofs, vertical gardens, and smart park management systems are
transforming how green spaces are integrated into urban infrastructure. Climate change and increasing
urbanization present challenges that will require creative solutions to ensure that green spaces continue to
provide their vital benefits. Collaborative efforts between urban planners, landscape architects, ecologists, and
communities will be crucial in designing green spaces that are sustainable, accessible, and beneficial for all city
residents. The integration of technology, such as sensors and data analytics, can enhance the management and
monitoring of green spaces, ensuring they meet the needs of urban populations effectively.
54
(8) Ultimately, the evolution of urban green spaces reflects a broader recognition of the need to balance
development with the preservation of natural environments. As cities become more densely populated and
resources more constrained, the importance of green spaces in promoting urban sustainability and quality of life
cannot be overstated. By investing in green infrastructure, cities can create healthier, more resilient
environments that support both people and the planet. This balance is crucial in addressing the challenges of
urbanization and climate change, ensuring that future generations can enjoy the benefits of urban green spaces.
The legacy of urban green spaces will depend on our ability to integrate nature into our cities thoughtfully and
sustainably, creating urban environments that are vibrant, healthy, and equitable for all.
A. Urban green spaces are a recent development in city planning.
B. The role of urban green spaces has expanded over time.
C. Societal values have always prioritized urban green spaces.
D. Urban green spaces have remained unchanged in their purpose.
32. The word "respite" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .
A. shelter B. break C. pleasure D. retreat
A. highlights the recreational benefits of urban green spaces
B. discusses the historical significance of urban green spaces
C. emphasizes the ecological benefits of urban green spaces
D. critiques the environmental movement's impact on urban planning
34. The word "mitigate" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .
A. worsen B. alleviate C. intensify D. monitor
A. urban green spaces are primarily valued for their aesthetic appeal
B. access to green spaces can improve public health outcomes
C. the social benefits of green spaces are less important than the ecological ones
D. urban green spaces have no significant impact on community well-being
36. What is NOT mentioned about the 20th-century environmental movement?
A. It highlighted the ecological functions of urban green spaces.
B. It led to the creation of major urban parks.
C. It increased awareness of biodiversity in urban areas.
D. It influenced research on urban environmental benefits.
37. The writer mentions "community involvement" in paragraph 6 to imply that .
A. residents play a crucial role in the success of urban green spaces
B. urban planners should solely manage green spaces
C. community involvement often leads to conflicts in green space management
D. green spaces are less effective without professional maintenance
38. What does the phrase "dynamic systems" in paragraph 6 mostly mean?
A. Static and unchanging areas B. Constantly evolving environments
C. Predictable and controllable spaces D. Declining and deteriorating regions
A. The writer supports the use of emerging technologies in green space design.
B. The writer is skeptical about the benefits of urban green spaces.
C. The writer believes that urban green spaces are a temporary trend.
D. The writer advocates for reducing urban green spaces to save costs.
A. Urban green spaces should prioritize aesthetic design over ecological function.
B. The future of urban green spaces depends solely on technological advancements.
C. Collaborative efforts are essential for the sustainable development of urban green spaces.
D. Urban green spaces are less important than other urban infrastructure.
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Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
spaces provided.
HEALTH AND WELLNESS STRATEGIES
Five people share their approaches to maintaining health and wellness effectively.
A. As a staunch believer in the power of holistic wellness, I integrate various natural and alternative therapies
into my daily routine. I practice yoga and meditation to maintain mental clarity and reduce stress. My diet
consists largely of organic, plant-based foods that nourish my body without the harmful effects of pesticides and
chemicals. Additionally, I use essential oils and herbal remedies to support my health and well-being. This
holistic approach has not only improved my physical health but also enhanced my mental and emotional well-
being. By focusing on the mind-body connection, I am able to maintain a balanced and harmonious lifestyle,
free from the side effects of conventional medications. Furthermore, I regularly engage in activities such as
acupuncture, aromatherapy, and reflexology, which help me stay in tune with my body’s needs. This
comprehensive approach to wellness ensures that I address all aspects of my health, from the physical to the
emotional and spiritual.
B. My strategy for staying healthy revolves around consistent physical activity. As a fitness enthusiast, I
dedicate a significant portion of my day to exercising. Whether it’s running, weightlifting, or attending group
fitness classes, staying active helps me maintain my physical health and boosts my mood. I set specific fitness
goals and track my progress to stay motivated. Regular exercise has not only helped me manage my weight but
also improved my cardiovascular health, increased my strength and endurance, and enhanced my overall quality
of life. By making physical activity a non-negotiable part of my daily routine, I ensure that I am always working
towards optimal health. In addition to traditional workouts, I also incorporate activities like hiking, swimming,
and dancing into my routine to keep things interesting and enjoyable. This variety keeps me engaged and helps
me to continue challenging my body in new ways, leading to continuous improvement in my physical fitness.
C. Nutrition plays a crucial role in my approach to health and wellness. I follow a balanced diet that includes a
variety of nutrients to support my body’s needs. I make sure to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins,
and whole grains, and I avoid processed foods and excessive sugar. Meal prepping is an essential part of my
routine, as it helps me control portions and ensures that I always have healthy meals available. This approach
not only supports my physical health but also improves my mental clarity and energy levels. By prioritizing
nutrition, I am able to maintain a healthy weight, boost my immune system, and reduce the risk of chronic
diseases. Additionally, I pay attention to hydration, making sure to drink enough water throughout the day to
keep my body functioning optimally. I also educate myself about the nutritional content of the foods I eat,
allowing me to make informed choices that align with my health goals.
D. Sleep is a fundamental component of my wellness strategy. I prioritize getting seven to eight hours of quality
sleep each night to support my overall health. To ensure restful sleep, I maintain a consistent sleep schedule,
create a relaxing bedtime routine, and make my bedroom a comfortable and tranquil environment. Good sleep
hygiene has significantly improved my mood, cognitive function, and energy levels. Additionally, adequate
sleep supports my immune system and helps my body recover from daily stresses and physical activities. By
valuing sleep as much as diet and exercise, I am able to maintain a balanced and healthy lifestyle. I also practice
relaxation techniques such as reading a book or taking a warm bath before bed to help signal to my body that it
is time to unwind. By creating a calm and peaceful nighttime environment, I can fall asleep more easily and
enjoy deeper, more restorative rest.
E. Stress management is central to my approach to wellness. I incorporate various techniques to keep stress
levels in check, such as mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, and regular breaks throughout the
day. I also
56
make time for hobbies and activities that bring me joy, whether it’s reading, gardening, or spending time with
loved ones. By actively managing stress, I can prevent its negative impact on my health, such as high blood
pressure, anxiety, and weakened immunity. This proactive approach to stress management not only enhances
my physical health but also improves my emotional and mental well-being, allowing me to navigate life’s
challenges with greater resilience. Additionally, I practice gratitude by keeping a journal where I write down
things I am thankful for each day. This habit helps me maintain a positive outlook on life and reduces the
effects of stress. By regularly assessing my stress levels and taking steps to mitigate them, I can maintain a
balanced and healthy lifestyle.

41. A lifestyle choice that emphasizes the mind-body connection.
42. Prioritizing a good night’s rest to enhance overall well-being.
43. Making dietary choices that boost mental clarity and energy levels.
44. Techniques that help manage stress and improve emotional health.
45. Setting and tracking specific goals to stay motivated.
46. Using natural and alternative therapies for health support.
47. Ensuring healthy meals are always available through planning.
48. Creating a tranquil environment to support a healthy habit.
49. Engaging in various physical activities to maintain fitness.
50. Reducing the intake of processed foods and excessive sugar.
PRACTICE TEST 8
In the field of second language acquisition, defining what is (1) by the term "fluency" can be quite complex.
Scholars have debated over its precise meaning and (2) to come to a consensus.
"Fluency" can be understood in various ways. Some researchers differentiate between "fluency" and "accuracy".
The (3) pertains to the smoothness and speed of speech, while the latter concerns the (4) of grammar
and vocabulary. This distinction suggests that learners may develop fluency and accuracy at different rates.
While this differentiation is (5) useful for language instructors, it is not without its challenges. One issue is
the difficulty in measuring whether a learner's speech is fluent or accurate.
Researchers also (6) on what constitutes evidence of fluency. Some analyze spontaneous speech samples,
others look at learners' self-reports or evaluations. Moreover, the (7) of criteria used to assess fluency varies
widely. Some scholars consider a learner fluent when they can speak without undue pauses or hesitations, while
others set specific benchmarks for speech rate and complexity. Thus, a clear (8) between fluency as
smoothness of speech and fluency as linguistic complexity can be made.
The problem is further compounded by differing (9) on the role of practice and exposure in developing
fluency. Some believe that extensive practice leads to automaticity and thus greater fluency, while others
emphasize the importance of meaningful communication. Ultimately, defining fluency requires a
comprehensive approach that (10) both the linguistic and cognitive aspects of language use.
57
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 2: Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
THE RISE OF TELECOMMUTING
In recent years, telecommuting has transformed from a niche concept into a mainstream mode of working for
millions of people worldwide. Advances in technology, particularly in communication and collaboration tools,
have enabled employees to perform their duties from virtually any location. This shift has had profound
implications for the workforce, businesses, and society at large.
Telecommuting offers numerous benefits to both employees and employers. For employees, the most
significant advantage is the flexibility it provides. Working from home or other remote locations allows
individuals to better balance their professional and personal lives. This flexibility can lead to increased job
satisfaction and productivity, as employees can tailor their work environment to their needs. For instance, a
parent might find it easier to manage childcare responsibilities while working from home, thereby reducing
stress and improving focus.
Employers also stand to gain from embracing telecommuting. Companies can reduce overhead costs associated
with maintaining large office spaces. Additionally, telecommuting can lead to a more diverse workforce, as
geographical barriers are eliminated. This means businesses can hire talent from anywhere in the world, thus
accessing a broader pool of skills and perspectives. Moreover, studies have shown that telecommuting can
reduce employee turnover rates, as workers who enjoy greater flexibility are more likely to remain with their
employers.
Despite these advantages, telecommuting is not without its challenges. One of the most significant issues is the
potential for feelings of isolation among remote workers. Without the daily social interactions that occur in a
traditional office setting, employees may feel disconnected from their colleagues and the company culture. This
isolation can negatively impact mental health and overall job satisfaction. To combat this, companies are
increasingly investing in virtual team-building activities and regular video meetings to foster a sense of
community.
Another challenge is the difficulty in managing and monitoring remote employees. Managers may struggle to
ensure that telecommuters are staying productive and meeting deadlines. This concern can lead to a lack of trust
and potentially micromanagement, which can be counterproductive. To address this, businesses are turning to
project management software and performance metrics that focus on outcomes rather than hours worked. By
emphasizing results, companies can create a more trusting and effective remote work environment.
Moreover, telecommuting can exacerbate the digital divide. Not all employees have access to high-speed
internet or a dedicated home office space, which can hinder their ability to work effectively. This disparity can
lead to inequalities within the workforce, as those with better resources are able to perform at higher levels than
those without. Employers can help mitigate this issue by providing necessary equipment and offering stipends
for home office setups.
Security is another critical concern associated with telecommuting. Remote work can expose companies to
increased cybersecurity risks, as employees may use personal devices and unsecured networks. To mitigate
these risks, businesses must implement robust cybersecurity protocols and provide training to ensure that
employees are aware of best practices for protecting sensitive information. This includes the use of virtual
private networks (VPNs), regular software updates, and secure password practices.
The rise of telecommuting also has broader implications for society. One positive impact is the potential
reduction in traffic congestion and pollution, as fewer people commute to work daily. This shift can
contribute to lower
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greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality, benefiting the environment. Additionally, telecommuting
can revitalize rural and suburban areas, as employees are no longer tied to urban centers for employment. This
trend can lead to economic growth and increased demand for local services in these regions.
However, there are also potential downsides to consider. The decrease in daily commutes could negatively
affect businesses that rely on office workers, such as public transportation systems, cafes, and restaurants
located in business districts. These industries may need to adapt to changing patterns of work and find new
ways to attract customers. For instance, cafes could pivot to offer more remote work-friendly environments,
with strong Wi-Fi and comfortable seating, to attract telecommuters who prefer working outside their homes.
The impact of telecommuting on commercial real estate is another area of concern. With fewer employees
needing to work from centralized offices, the demand for office space is declining. This trend is prompting real
estate companies to rethink the design and utilization of commercial properties. Some are converting traditional
office spaces into flexible workspaces or co-working hubs that cater to the needs of remote workers and
freelancers. Others are repurposing office buildings for residential use, creating mixed-use developments that
combine living and working spaces.
Telecommuting is also reshaping corporate culture. Companies are finding that maintaining a strong
organizational culture requires intentional effort in a remote work environment. Traditional methods of building
company culture, such as in-person meetings, social events, and casual interactions, are less effective when
employees are dispersed. To address this, businesses are experimenting with virtual reality (VR) and augmented
reality (AR) technologies to create immersive and interactive experiences that foster team cohesion and
engagement. Additionally, companies are placing greater emphasis on clear communication, goal setting, and
employee recognition to reinforce their values and mission.
Education and training are critical components of successful telecommuting. Employees need to be equipped
with the skills and knowledge to thrive in a remote work environment. This includes not only technical skills
related to the use of communication and collaboration tools but also soft skills such as time management, self-
discipline, and effective communication. Employers are increasingly offering online training programs and
workshops to help their staff develop these competencies.
The shift to telecommuting is also influencing employee expectations and preferences. Many workers who have
experienced the benefits of remote work are reluctant to return to traditional office settings. Surveys indicate
that a significant number of employees prefer a hybrid model that combines remote work with occasional in-
office days. This preference is driving companies to adopt more flexible work policies and rethink their
approach to employee engagement and retention.
While telecommuting offers numerous advantages, it is essential to recognize that it may not be suitable for all
types of work or all employees. Certain roles, particularly those that require hands-on work, face-to-face
interactions, or access to specialized equipment, cannot be performed remotely. Additionally, some employees
may struggle with the lack of structure and social interaction that comes with telecommuting. It is important for
companies to assess the suitability of remote work on a case-by-case basis and provide options that meet the
diverse needs of their workforce.
As telecommuting continues to evolve, it is clear that it is here to stay. Businesses and society must adapt to
fully realize its potential while addressing its challenges. By embracing flexibility, investing in technology, and
prioritizing employee well-being, organizations can create a resilient and productive remote work environment
that benefits everyone involved.
11. Telecommuting has completely replaced traditional office work in most industries.
12. Working from home can help employees balance work and family responsibilities.
13. All remote workers have access to high-speed internet and a dedicated home office space.
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14. Companies are providing virtual team-building activities to combat feelings of isolation among
telecommuters.
15. The rise of telecommuting has reduced the need for office spaces in urban centers.
16. Public transportation systems are unaffected by the increase in telecommuting.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Telecommuting has become a mainstream working mode, enabled by advances in (17) . It offers
flexibility to employees and cost savings to employers, leading to increased (18) and reduced
turnover rates. However, remote workers may experience (19) , affecting their mental health. Managing
remote employees can be challenging, but focusing on (20) rather than hours worked can help. The
digital divide remains an issue, as not all employees have access to (21) . Security
concerns also arise from the use of personal devices and (22) . On a societal level, telecommuting can
reduce (23) and pollution, benefiting the environment.
Your answers:
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
THE DIGITAL NOMAD LIFESTYLE
In recent years, the concept of the digital nomad lifestyle has gained significant traction. With advancements in
technology and the growing acceptance of remote work, more people are choosing to live a location-
independent life, traveling the world while maintaining their careers. This lifestyle offers numerous benefits but
also presents unique challenges that must be addressed.
24.
The primary allure of the digital nomad lifestyle is the freedom it offers. Without the need to be physically
present in an office, individuals can explore new cultures, meet diverse groups of people, and experience
different ways of life. This level of freedom is unprecedented in the traditional working world and is highly
appealing to those with a strong sense of wanderlust.
25.
However, the digital nomad lifestyle is not without its difficulties. One of the biggest challenges is maintaining
a stable and reliable internet connection. In many parts of the world, especially in remote or developing areas,
internet access can be slow, unreliable, or nonexistent. This can make it difficult to complete work tasks and
stay connected with clients and colleagues.
26.
Another significant challenge is managing time zones. Digital nomads often find themselves working with
clients and teams spread across different parts of the world. Coordinating meetings and deadlines can be tricky
when time zones vary widely. It requires excellent time management skills and a flexible approach to working
hours to ensure effective communication and collaboration.
27.
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Despite these challenges, the digital nomad lifestyle offers several benefits that traditional office jobs cannot
match. One of the most significant advantages is the ability to achieve a better work-life balance. By setting
their own schedules and choosing their work environments, digital nomads can tailor their days to fit their
personal needs and preferences. This flexibility can lead to higher levels of job satisfaction and overall well-
being.
28.
Moreover, the digital nomad lifestyle can be financially advantageous. Living in countries with a lower cost of
living allows digital nomads to save money while maintaining a high standard of living. They can enjoy the
benefits of a more affordable lifestyle while earning salaries based on the economies of higher-cost countries.
This financial flexibility can lead to greater economic security and freedom.
29.
In addition to financial benefits, the digital nomad lifestyle fosters personal growth and development.
Constantly moving to new places and adapting to different cultures challenges individuals to step out of their
comfort zones. This can enhance problem-solving skills, increase cultural awareness, and build resilience. The
experiences gained from living and working in diverse environments can be invaluable in both personal and
professional contexts.
30.
Looking ahead, the trend of the digital nomad lifestyle is expected to continue growing. As technology
advances and more companies embrace remote work, the barriers to becoming a digital nomad will diminish.
With the right mindset and preparation, more people will be able to take advantage of the opportunities this
lifestyle presents, enjoying the freedom to work from anywhere in the world.
Missing Paragraphs:
A. One of the most common misconceptions about the digital nomad lifestyle is that it is a permanent vacation.
While it is true that digital nomads have the freedom to travel and explore, they still need to work hard to
sustain their lifestyle. Balancing work and leisure requires discipline and careful planning to ensure that work
responsibilities are met without compromising the travel experience.
B. For digital nomads, staying connected with family and friends can also be a challenge. Frequent travel and
time zone differences can make it difficult to maintain close relationships. Digital nomads often rely on
technology, such as video calls and social media, to stay in touch, but the lack of physical presence can still
create feelings of loneliness and isolation.
C. Health insurance and access to medical care are other important considerations for digital nomads. Traveling
frequently means that they might not always have access to the same quality of healthcare they are used to.
Many digital nomads opt for international health insurance plans that provide coverage in multiple countries,
but navigating healthcare systems in foreign countries can still be daunting.
D. On the flip side, the digital nomad lifestyle can also lead to professional growth. Working from different
locations exposes individuals to various industries and markets, broadening their professional network and
creating new business opportunities. The diverse experiences can enhance creativity and innovation, making
digital nomads valuable assets to their employers or clients.
E. However, the lifestyle also demands a certain level of technical proficiency. Digital nomads must be
comfortable using various online tools and platforms to communicate, collaborate, and manage their work.
Being tech-savvy is essential for overcoming the logistical challenges that come with remote work, such as
troubleshooting technical issues and ensuring data security.
F. Environmental sustainability is another factor that digital nomads must consider. Frequent travel, especially
by air, contributes to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. Some digital nomads address this by
choosing more sustainable modes of transport, such as trains or buses, and by supporting eco-friendly
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accommodations and practices. Balancing a nomadic lifestyle with environmental responsibility is an ongoing
challenge.
G. Community is an important aspect of the digital nomad lifestyle. Many digital nomads seek out co-working
spaces and digital nomad hubs where they can meet like-minded individuals. These spaces provide not only a
reliable place to work but also opportunities for networking and socializing. Building a community can help
mitigate the feelings of isolation and provide support and resources for navigating the challenges of the lifestyle.
H. Furthermore, the digital nomad lifestyle can offer significant tax benefits. Depending on their country of
residence and the countries they travel to, digital nomads might be able to take advantage of favorable tax laws
and treaties. Understanding the tax implications and regulations of multiple countries is crucial for digital
nomads to optimize their financial situation and avoid legal issues.
in the text.
The Cultural and Historical Significance of Tea
(1) Tea, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, has a rich cultural and historical significance
that transcends continents and civilizations. Originating in ancient China, tea has evolved from a medicinal herb
to a global commodity, influencing social customs, economic activities, and even political events. The journey
of tea from its origins to its present status is a fascinating narrative of cultural exchange and adaptation. Today,
it remains an integral part of daily life for billions of people, with rituals and traditions varying widely across
cultures.
(2) The legend of the discovery of tea dates back to 2737 BCE, when Emperor Shen Nong of China was boiling
water under a tree. According to the story, leaves from the tree blew into the pot, creating a fragrant infusion
that the emperor found both refreshing and invigorating. This serendipitous event is often cited as the beginning
of tea drinking in China, where it initially served as a medicinal tonic before becoming a daily beverage.
Ancient texts praise tea for its health benefits, attributing to it properties that can cure various ailments and
improve overall well-being.
(3) During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE), tea drinking became an integral part of Chinese culture. The
cultivation and processing of tea leaves were refined, leading to the development of various tea types, such as
green, black, and oolong. The Tang period also saw the publication of "The Classic of Tea" by Lu Yu, the first
comprehensive book on tea, which detailed its cultivation, preparation, and cultural significance. This era
marked the beginning of the formal tea ceremony, emphasizing the aesthetic and spiritual aspects of tea
drinking. The tea ceremony became a way to appreciate the subtle flavors of tea and to practice mindfulness and
reflection.
(4) The cultural significance of tea spread beyond China, reaching Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, where it was
integrated into local traditions and practices. In Japan, tea was introduced by Buddhist monks and became
central to Zen practices. The Japanese tea ceremony, or "chanoyu," reflects principles of simplicity, harmony,
and respect, and is considered an art form that embodies the spiritual and philosophical aspects of Japanese
culture. The meticulous preparation and presentation of tea in Japan illustrate the deep reverence for this ancient
practice.
(5) The introduction of tea to Europe in the 16th century brought about significant social and economic changes.
Initially a luxury item, tea quickly gained popularity among the upper classes. The British East India Company
played a crucial role in establishing the tea trade, importing vast quantities of tea from China and later from
India. Tea became a symbol of British identity, leading to the establishment of tea gardens and the tradition of
afternoon tea. The demand for tea also had far-reaching economic impacts, influencing global trade routes and
contributing to the expansion of the British Empire. The social rituals surrounding tea, such as the British
"afternoon tea," became emblematic of British culture.
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(6) The political ramifications of tea are perhaps best exemplified by the Boston Tea Party of 1773, a pivotal
event in American history. In response to the British government's taxation of tea, American colonists,
disguised as Native Americans, boarded British ships and dumped an entire shipment of tea into Boston Harbor.
This act of defiance against British rule galvanized the American Revolution, highlighting the intersection of tea
and politics. The slogan "No taxation without representation" became a rallying cry for the colonists,
emphasizing their demand for political and economic autonomy.
(7) In modern times, tea continues to be a significant cultural and economic commodity. It is grown in over 60
countries, with China, India, Sri Lanka, and Kenya being the largest producers. The global tea industry is a
major economic force, employing millions of people and generating substantial revenue. Tea is also a symbol of
hospitality and social interaction, with customs such as the British afternoon tea, the Chinese gongfu tea
ceremony, and the Moroccan mint tea ritual continuing to thrive. The diverse methods of preparing and
consuming tea reflect its adaptability and the various cultural contexts in which it is enjoyed.
(8) Beyond its economic and social importance, tea has been the subject of extensive scientific research. Studies
have shown that tea contains antioxidants and other compounds that may offer health benefits, such as reducing
the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving mental alertness. The potential health benefits of tea have
contributed to its sustained popularity and have made it a subject of interest in the fields of nutrition and
medicine. Researchers continue to explore the various ways in which tea can contribute to a healthy lifestyle.
(9) The cultural narratives surrounding tea underscore its role as more than just a beverage. It is a connector of
people, a bearer of tradition, and a catalyst for historical change. The rituals associated with tea, whether in a
Japanese tea house or a British drawing room, offer moments of reflection, connection, and tranquility. As
societies continue to evolve, the story of tea will undoubtedly continue to be written, reflecting the changing
values and dynamics of the world. The enduring appeal of tea lies in its ability to adapt to new cultural contexts
while preserving its historical roots.
(10) The future of tea seems promising as it continues to adapt to modern tastes and preferences. Innovations in
tea production, such as organic farming and sustainable practices, are gaining traction. Specialty teas, including
herbal blends and flavored varieties, are attracting a new generation of tea drinkers. Moreover, tea's cultural
significance remains strong, with new ceremonies and traditions emerging alongside ancient practices. The
resilience of tea culture demonstrates its enduring relevance in a rapidly changing world.
A. Tea's significance is limited to its medicinal properties.
B. Tea has had a profound impact on various aspects of human life.
C. Tea consumption is a recent phenomenon.
D. The history of tea is confined to China.
32. The word "serendipitous" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. planned B. fortunate C. disastrous D. insignificant
A. describes the industrialization of tea production
B. discusses the origins of the Japanese tea ceremony
C. highlights the cultural development of tea in China
D. explains the medicinal uses of tea
34. The phrase "formal tea ceremony" in paragraph 3 refers to .
A. an informal gathering of friends over tea B. a structured ritual with cultural significance
C. the commercial selling of tea leaves D. a casual tea-drinking habit
A. tea was only popular among the lower classes in Europe
B. the introduction of tea to Europe had no significant impact
C. the British played a minor role in the global tea trade
D. tea influenced both European society and global economics
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36. What is NOT mentioned as a factor in the spread of tea beyond China?
A. Trade routes established by the British East India Company
B. The role of Buddhist monks in Japan
C. The development of various tea types during the Tang Dynasty
D. The use of tea in traditional Korean medicine
37. The writer mentions the "Boston Tea Party" in paragraph 6 to illustrate .
A. a historical event influenced by tea B. a modern tea-drinking custom
C. the health benefits of tea D. the economic value of tea
38. What does the phrase "intersection of tea and politics" in paragraph 6 mostly mean?
A. The role of tea in everyday life B. The political consequences associated with tea
C. The economic impact of tea trade D. The cultural traditions related to tea
A. The writer views tea purely as an economic commodity.
B. The writer emphasizes the cultural and historical importance of tea.
C. The writer believes tea has minimal influence on society.
D. The writer focuses solely on the health benefits of tea.
A. Tea's significance is purely historical.
B. Tea has no real impact on modern society.
C. Tea continues to be a vital cultural and economic force.
D. The cultural practices surrounding tea are outdated.
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
spaces provided.
EFFECTIVE TIME MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Five people share their approaches to managing time effectively.
A. As a proponent of the “Time Blocking” method, I allocate specific blocks of time to different tasks
throughout my day. This involves dividing my day into segments, each dedicated to a particular activity or
category of tasks. For example, I might set aside two hours in the morning for deep work, an hour for meetings,
and another hour for exercise. By assigning time slots to tasks, I can focus on one thing at a time without getting
distracted. This method helps me maintain a structured and efficient schedule, ensuring that all important tasks
are completed. Additionally, I use color-coded calendars to visually distinguish between different types of
activities, making it easier to manage my time at a glance. This approach not only boosts my productivity but
also reduces stress by providing a clear plan for the day. I also make sure to include buffer times between tasks
to account for any unexpected interruptions or delays, which helps me stay on track without feeling
overwhelmed. Regularly reviewing and adjusting my time blocks ensures that I remain flexible and adaptable to
changes in my schedule.
B. I rely on the “Pomodoro Technique” to manage my time effectively. This method involves working in short,
focused bursts followed by brief breaks. Specifically, I work for 25 minutes, known as a “Pomodoro,” and then
take a 5-minute break. After completing four Pomodoros, I take a longer break of 15-30 minutes. This technique
helps me stay focused and avoid burnout by balancing work and rest. By breaking my work into manageable
intervals, I can maintain high levels of concentration and productivity throughout the day. I also use a timer to
track my Pomodoros and ensure that I stick to the schedule. This approach helps me tackle large projects by
breaking them down into smaller, more manageable tasks, making it easier to make consistent progress without
feeling overwhelmed. To enhance my productivity, I also reflect on my work sessions and adjust my approach
as
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needed. This continuous improvement cycle allows me to optimize my workflow and maintain a steady pace
throughout the day.
C. The “Eisenhower Matrix” is a crucial tool in my time management arsenal. This method involves
categorizing tasks into four quadrants based on their urgency and importance: urgent and important, important
but not urgent, urgent but not important, and neither urgent nor important. By prioritizing tasks in this way, I
can focus on what truly matters and avoid getting sidetracked by less important activities. This matrix helps me
identify tasks that need immediate attention and those that can be scheduled for later or delegated to others. By
regularly reviewing and updating my task list, I ensure that I am always working on the most important
activities. This approach not only enhances my productivity but also helps me achieve my long-term goals by
keeping my priorities in check. Additionally, I set aside time each week to review my progress and adjust my
priorities as needed. This regular reflection helps me stay aligned with my overall objectives and make informed
decisions about how to allocate my time effectively.
D. To manage my time effectively, I practice the “Two-Minute Rule.” This simple strategy involves
immediately addressing any task that can be completed in two minutes or less. By taking care of these small
tasks right away, I prevent them from piling up and becoming overwhelming. This rule applies to various
activities, such as replying to emails, making quick phone calls, or tidying up my workspace. By handling these
tasks promptly, I can maintain a clean and organized environment, which further boosts my productivity.
Additionally, this approach helps me build momentum and stay motivated, as completing quick tasks provides a
sense of accomplishment and progress. This strategy is particularly useful during busy days when I have a lot on
my plate, as it helps me manage my workload more efficiently. Furthermore, I combine this rule with regular
decluttering sessions to keep my workspace tidy and ensure that I am always working in a conducive
environment.
E. The “Pareto Principle,” also known as the 80/20 Rule, is a key component of my time management strategy.
This principle states that 80% of the results come from 20% of the efforts. By identifying and focusing on the
tasks that have the most significant impact, I can maximize my productivity and achieve better results with less
effort. I regularly review my tasks and projects to determine which ones contribute the most to my goals and
prioritize them accordingly. This approach helps me eliminate or delegate less impactful tasks, allowing me to
concentrate on what truly matters. By applying the Pareto Principle, I can work more efficiently and effectively,
making the most of my limited time and resources. This strategy also helps me avoid spreading myself too thin
and ensures that I am always working towards my most important objectives. Additionally, I use this principle
to guide my decision-making process, helping me to focus on high-value activities that drive significant
progress towards my goals.
41. Using a visual tool to prioritize tasks based on urgency and importance.
42. Addressing tasks immediately if they can be completed quickly.
43. Working in short, focused intervals to maintain concentration.
44. Allocating specific time slots to different activities throughout the day.
45. Focusing on tasks that provide the most significant results.
46. Building momentum by quickly completing small tasks.
47. Reducing stress by having a clear plan for the day.
48. Using a timer to ensure adherence to the schedule.
49. Avoiding burnout by balancing work and rest.
50. Reviewing tasks regularly to ensure alignment with long-term goals.
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PRACTICE TEST 9
The concept of "intelligence" in the field of psychology is widely debated and difficult to (1) . Researchers
have different theories and approaches, making it hard to agree on a single definition.
Intelligence can be viewed in multiple ways. Some theories emphasize "general intelligence" while others focus
on "multiple intelligences". The (2) emphasizes a single overarching cognitive ability that influences all
aspects of mental performance, while the latter posits that there are distinct types of intelligences, such as
linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial. This (3) shows that intelligence is not a straightforward
concept and can be understood differently depending on the perspective taken. Although categorizing
intelligence into different types can be (4) useful for educational purposes, it also presents challenges in
terms of assessment and measurement.
Researchers also (5) on the best methods to measure intelligence. Some rely on standardized tests, such as
IQ tests, while others advocate for more holistic approaches that include practical problem-solving and creative
thinking. The (6) of tools and methods used to assess intelligence can lead to varied results and
interpretations. Some assessments might focus on verbal and mathematical skills, whereas others might evaluate
social and emotional intelligence.
Another issue is the role of genetics (7) environment in determining intelligence. While some researchers
argue that intelligence is largely inherited, others believe that environmental factors, such as education and
socioeconomic status, play a significant role. This ongoing debate further complicates the (8) of
intelligence and how it should be nurtured in educational settings.
Ultimately, understanding and defining intelligence requires a comprehensive approach that (9) different
theories and considers both innate and external factors. The challenge lies in developing assessments and
educational strategies that accurately reflect this (10) and support the diverse needs of learners.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The Evolution of Renewable Energy
The world is undergoing a significant transformation in its energy systems, driven by the urgent need to address
climate change and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro,
and geothermal power, are at the forefront of this transition. These energy sources are not only sustainable but
also increasingly cost-competitive with traditional fossil fuels. The shift towards renewable energy is reshaping
economies, creating new industries, and offering the potential for a cleaner, more sustainable future.
One of the primary drivers of the renewable energy revolution is technological advancement. Over the past few
decades, the efficiency and affordability of renewable energy technologies have improved dramatically. For
instance, the cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels has plummeted, making solar power one of the cheapest
sources of electricity in many parts of the world. Similarly, advancements in wind turbine technology have led
to larger, more efficient turbines that can generate more power at lower costs. In some regions, offshore wind
farms are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to harness stronger and more consistent wind
patterns.
Governments around the globe are also playing a crucial role in promoting renewable energy. Many countries
have implemented policies and incentives to encourage the development and adoption of renewable energy
technologies. These measures include tax credits, subsidies, feed-in tariffs, and renewable energy mandates.
Such
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policies have been instrumental in driving investment in renewable energy projects and accelerating their
deployment. In some cases, governments have also set ambitious targets for the share of energy that must come
from renewable sources, helping to create a stable market environment for investors and developers.
In addition to environmental benefits, renewable energy offers significant economic advantages. The renewable
energy sector is a major source of job creation. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA), the renewable energy industry employed over 11 million people worldwide in 2018, and this number
is expected to grow as the sector expands. Jobs in renewable energy range from manufacturing and installation
to maintenance and research, providing diverse opportunities for employment. For example, the solar industry
alone employs a substantial workforce in panel manufacturing, system installation, and ongoing maintenance
services.
Renewable energy also enhances energy security by reducing reliance on imported fuels. Countries that invest
in domestic renewable energy resources can decrease their vulnerability to geopolitical tensions and price
volatility associated with fossil fuel markets. This energy independence is particularly important for regions that
currently depend heavily on energy imports. By harnessing local renewable resources, these regions can create a
more resilient and self-sufficient energy system.
However, the transition to renewable energy is not without its challenges. One of the main obstacles is the
intermittent nature of some renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind. These sources do not produce
electricity continuously, as their output depends on weather conditions. To address this issue, advancements in
energy storage technologies, such as batteries, are crucial. Energy storage systems can store excess electricity
generated during periods of high renewable output and release it when demand is high or when renewable
generation is low. In addition, smart grid technologies are being developed to improve the integration of
renewable energy into the existing power grid, enhancing the reliability and stability of electricity supply.
Another challenge is the need for significant investment in infrastructure. The integration of renewable energy
into the existing grid requires upgrades to transmission and distribution networks. Additionally, there is a need
for smart grid technologies that can manage the variable output from renewable sources and ensure a reliable
supply of electricity. This requires substantial financial resources and coordinated planning at national and
regional levels. Governments and private sector entities must collaborate to secure the necessary funding and
implement these infrastructure projects.
Public acceptance and support are also vital for the success of renewable energy projects. While renewable
energy is generally viewed positively, some projects, particularly large-scale wind farms and solar parks, face
opposition from local communities. Concerns about visual impact, noise, and land use can lead to resistance
against the development of renewable energy infrastructure. Engaging with communities and addressing their
concerns through transparent and inclusive planning processes are essential for gaining public support. Effective
communication and community involvement can help build trust and foster positive relationships between
project developers and local residents.
Despite these challenges, the momentum behind renewable energy continues to grow. Many countries and
regions have set ambitious targets for increasing the share of renewables in their energy mix. For example, the
European Union aims to achieve at least 32% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. Similarly, several
U.S. states, including California and New York, have established goals for 100% renewable electricity in the
coming decades. These targets reflect a strong commitment to transitioning to a more sustainable energy system
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Corporate investment in renewable energy is also on the rise. Major companies are increasingly committing to
renewable energy as part of their sustainability strategies. For instance, tech giants like Google, Apple, and
Amazon have invested heavily in renewable energy projects to power their operations. These corporate
initiatives not only help reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also demonstrate the economic viability and
business potential of renewable energy. By investing in renewable energy, companies can enhance their brand
reputation, meet regulatory requirements, and achieve cost savings over the long term.
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The rise of renewable energy is also fostering innovation in related fields. Advances in energy storage, smart
grids, and electric vehicles are closely linked to the growth of renewables. Electric vehicles, in particular,
represent a significant opportunity for integrating renewable energy into the transportation sector. As the
adoption of electric vehicles increases, they can be charged using renewable electricity, further reducing carbon
emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Furthermore, the development of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology
allows electric vehicles to act as mobile energy storage units, contributing to grid stability and resilience.
Renewable energy is transforming the global energy landscape. The shift towards cleaner, more sustainable
energy sources is driven by technological advancements, supportive policies, and growing recognition of the
economic and environmental benefits of renewables. While challenges remain, the continued expansion of
renewable energy offers a pathway to a more sustainable and resilient future. As technology continues to evolve
and more countries commit to ambitious renewable energy targets, the vision of a world powered predominantly
by renewable energy is becoming increasingly attainable.
11. The cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels has increased in recent years.
12. Governments worldwide have implemented identical policies to promote renewable energy.
13. Renewable energy jobs are limited to manufacturing and installation.
14. The European Union aims to achieve at least 32% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.
15. Vehicle-to-grid technology allows electric vehicles to contribute to grid stability.
16. Major tech companies have announced plans to stop using renewable energy.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
The global shift towards renewable energy is driven by the need to address (17) and reduce reliance on
fossil fuels. Technological advancements have made renewable energy sources more (18) . Governments
are supporting this shift through various (19) and incentives. The renewable energy sector is a major
source of (20) and enhances energy security by reducing reliance on imported fuels. Challenges
include the (21) nature of some renewable sources and the need for significant investment in (22) .
Public support is crucial, and many countries have set ambitious (23) for increasing renewable energy use.
Your answers:
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON MENTAL HEALTH
The rise of social media has dramatically changed the way we communicate, share information, and perceive
the world around us. While these platforms offer numerous benefits, they also have significant implications for
mental health.
24.
One of the most obvious impacts of social media is the way it can alter our self-esteem and body image.
Platforms like Instagram and Facebook are filled with images of people presenting idealized versions of
themselves, often
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edited and filtered to perfection. This constant exposure to seemingly perfect lives can lead individuals to feel
inadequate and dissatisfied with their own appearances and achievements.
25.
Moreover, the nature of social media fosters a culture of comparison. People tend to compare their behind-the-
scenes with others' highlight reels, leading to feelings of envy and low self-worth. This phenomenon, known as
"social comparison," can be detrimental to mental well-being, particularly for young people who are still
developing their identities.
26.
In addition to these psychological effects, social media can also impact sleep patterns. Many users report
spending late hours scrolling through their feeds, which can interfere with their sleep schedules. The blue light
emitted by screens is known to disrupt the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. Poor sleep
quality is closely linked to various mental health issues, including anxiety and depression.
27.
Despite these negative effects, social media is not all bad. It can also be a powerful tool for connection and
support. For many people, especially those in marginalized communities, social media provides a sense of
belonging and a platform to voice their experiences and find solidarity. Online support groups and mental health
communities can offer invaluable resources and comfort to those struggling with mental health issues.
28.
Furthermore, social media has played a crucial role in raising awareness about mental health. Campaigns and
movements such as #MentalHealthAwareness and #BellLetsTalk have reached millions of people, encouraging
open conversations about mental health and reducing stigma. These initiatives can help individuals feel less
isolated and more willing to seek help.
29.
However, it is essential to approach social media use with caution and mindfulness. Setting boundaries, such as
limiting screen time and curating a positive feed, can help mitigate some of the negative impacts. Being aware
of the potential risks and actively working to maintain a healthy balance is crucial for protecting mental health.
30.
As social media continues to evolve, its impact on mental health will likely become an increasingly important
area of study. By understanding both the positive and negative effects, individuals and society as a whole can
better navigate the digital landscape and promote mental well-being.
Missing Paragraphs:
A. Another significant concern is the prevalence of cyberbullying on social media platforms. Unlike traditional
forms of bullying, cyberbullying can happen at any time and can be more pervasive, as it follows the victim
everywhere through their devices. The anonymity provided by the internet can embolden bullies, leading to
severe emotional distress for the victims.
B. On the other hand, social media can be used to spread positivity and inspire others. Influencers and public
figures often share motivational content, success stories, and wellness tips, which can uplift their followers.
Positive interactions and supportive comments can also contribute to a sense of community and belonging.
C. Additionally, social media algorithms can create echo chambers, where users are predominantly exposed to
content that aligns with their existing beliefs and opinions. This can limit exposure to diverse perspectives and
reinforce negative thought patterns. Engaging with a variety of viewpoints and critically evaluating content can
help mitigate this effect.
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D. The rise of social media influencers has also contributed to this issue. These influencers often portray an
idealized version of life, filled with luxury, beauty, and success. While they can be aspirational figures, the
pressure to emulate their lifestyles can lead to unrealistic expectations and increased stress for their followers.
E. To combat the adverse effects of social media on mental health, some experts recommend digital detoxes.
Taking regular breaks from social media can help individuals reconnect with the real world, reduce stress, and
improve their overall mental well-being. Simple strategies, such as turning off notifications or setting specific
times for social media use, can make a significant difference.
F. Additionally, the constant need for validation through likes and comments can exacerbate feelings of anxiety
and insecurity. When posts do not receive the anticipated level of engagement, individuals may question their
worth and feel rejected. This can create a vicious cycle of seeking approval and feeling disappointed.
G. It's also worth noting that social media can serve as a valuable tool for education and advocacy. Many
mental health professionals and organizations use these platforms to share information, resources, and advice.
By following credible accounts, users can gain access to helpful content that supports their mental health
journey.
H. Another important aspect to consider is the role of parental guidance. Parents and guardians should educate
their children about the responsible use of social media, helping them understand the potential risks and
encouraging healthy online habits. Open communication about online experiences can help children navigate
the digital world safely.
in the text.
The Complex Dynamics of Coral Reefs
(1) Coral reefs, often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea," are among the most diverse and productive
ecosystems on Earth. These vibrant underwater structures are formed by colonies of tiny animals called coral
polyps, which secrete calcium carbonate to build the reef. Coral reefs provide habitat and shelter for
approximately 25% of all marine species, despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. They offer
numerous ecological, economic, and social benefits, but their survival is increasingly threatened by human
activities and climate change.
(2) The intricate structure of coral reefs supports a vast array of marine life, from fish and mollusks to sponges
and crustaceans. This biodiversity is crucial for maintaining the health and stability of marine ecosystems. The
symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae, microscopic algae that live within their tissues,
is fundamental to the reef's productivity. Zooxanthellae perform photosynthesis, providing essential nutrients to
the coral polyps, which in return offer a protected environment and the compounds necessary for
photosynthesis.
(3) Coral reefs also play a vital role in protecting coastal areas from erosion and storm surges. Their complex
structures dissipate wave energy, reducing the impact of storms on shorelines. This natural barrier helps to
prevent loss of life and property during extreme weather events. Additionally, reefs contribute to local
economies through tourism and fisheries. Snorkeling and diving on coral reefs attract millions of visitors each
year, while reef- associated fish species are a significant source of food and income for many coastal
communities.
(4) Despite their importance, coral reefs are facing unprecedented threats from a combination of local and
global stressors. Overfishing, pollution, coastal development, and destructive fishing practices directly damage
coral reefs and reduce their resilience. Moreover, climate change exacerbates these threats through ocean
acidification and rising sea temperatures. Ocean acidification, resulting from increased carbon dioxide
absorption, weakens coral skeletons by reducing the availability of carbonate ions needed for calcium carbonate
production. Elevated sea temperatures cause coral bleaching, a phenomenon where corals expel their symbiotic
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zooxanthellae, leading to a loss of color and essential nutrients. Prolonged bleaching can result in coral death
and the collapse of reef ecosystems.
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(5) The decline of coral reefs has significant implications for global biodiversity and human livelihoods. As reef
structures degrade, the rich communities of organisms that depend on them also diminish. This loss of
biodiversity can disrupt ecological balance and reduce the availability of resources such as food and medicinal
compounds derived from marine organisms. For many coastal populations, the decline of reefs translates to
economic hardship due to decreased fish stocks and reduced tourism revenue. The cultural significance of reefs,
often integral to the identity and traditions of indigenous and local communities, is also at risk.
(6) Efforts to protect and restore coral reefs are critical and multifaceted. Conservation strategies include
establishing marine protected areas (MPAs), regulating fishing practices, and reducing land-based pollution.
MPAs can help replenish fish populations and protect critical habitats, while sustainable fishing practices and
pollution controls mitigate local stressors. Restoration techniques, such as coral gardening and artificial reefs,
aim to rebuild damaged areas and enhance reef resilience. Coral gardening involves cultivating coral fragments
in nurseries and transplanting them to degraded reefs, promoting recovery and growth.
(7) Scientific research and technological advancements are essential in addressing the challenges facing coral
reefs. Monitoring programs using remote sensing and underwater robotics provide valuable data on reef health
and dynamics. Genetic research offers insights into coral adaptation and resilience, potentially leading to the
development of more robust coral strains. Additionally, public awareness and community engagement are vital
for the success of conservation efforts. Educating the public about the importance of coral reefs and involving
local communities in stewardship initiatives foster a sense of ownership and responsibility.
(8) The future of coral reefs depends on global cooperation and a commitment to mitigating climate change.
International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to limit global warming and its impacts on marine
ecosystems. Collaborative efforts among governments, scientists, conservationists, and local communities are
necessary to implement effective strategies and share knowledge. While the challenges are immense, the
resilience and regenerative capacity of coral reefs offer hope. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting
marine habitats, and promoting sustainable practices, we can help ensure the survival of these vital ecosystems
for future generations.

A. Coral reefs occupy a significant portion of the ocean floor.
B. Coral reefs have limited ecological importance.
C. Coral reefs are exclusively formed by fish and mollusks.
D. Coral reefs are critical to marine biodiversity.
32. The word "symbiotic" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. competitive B. mutualistic C. parasitic D. independent
A. outlines the threats to coral reefs
B. describes the economic benefits of coral reefs
C. explains the chemical processes in coral formation
D. highlights the ecological irrelevance of coral reefs
34. The phrase "ocean acidification" in paragraph 4 refers to .
A. the increase in ocean salinity B. the reduction of pH levels in seawater
C. the warming of ocean waters D. the depletion of marine species
A. coral reefs are resilient to all environmental changes
B. human activities have no impact on coral reefs
C. climate change exacerbates the decline of coral reefs
D. coral reefs do not benefit coastal economies
36. What is NOT mentioned as a threat to coral reefs?
A. Overfishing B. Pollution C. Coastal development D. Marine mammals
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37. The writer mentions "coral bleaching" in paragraph 4 to illustrate .

A. a natural and harmless process B. the impact of temperature rise on corals
C. the positive effects of climate change D. the role of fish in reef ecosystems
38. What does the phrase "genetic research" in paragraph 7 mostly refer to?
A. Studies on coral behavior B. Development of pollution controls
C. Exploration of coral adaptation mechanisms D. Analysis of marine predator-prey dynamics
A. The writer believes coral reefs are unimportant.
B. The writer emphasizes the need for coral conservation.
C. The writer thinks coral reefs are immune to human impact.
D. The writer advocates for the abandonment of coral reefs.
A. Coral reefs have no future due to inevitable decline.
B. Coral reef conservation requires local, not global, efforts.
C. Coral reefs can be saved through coordinated global action.
D. Coral reefs are solely important for their aesthetic value.
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
spaces provided.
SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURIAL STRATEGIES
Five entrepreneurs share their approaches to building and managing successful businesses.
A. As an entrepreneur who believes in the power of innovation, I constantly seek new ways to improve and
expand my business. My strategy involves staying ahead of industry trends and being open to experimenting
with new ideas and technologies. This requires a commitment to continuous learning and adaptation. I invest
time and resources in research and development, and I encourage my team to think creatively and challenge the
status quo. By fostering a culture of innovation, we can develop unique products and services that differentiate
us from our competitors. This approach has led to significant growth and has positioned us as a leader in our
field. Additionally, I regularly attend industry conferences and networking events to stay informed about the
latest developments and to build valuable connections with other innovators. I also leverage these opportunities
to gain insights into emerging technologies and market shifts, allowing my business to adapt and remain
competitive.
B. My success as an entrepreneur can be attributed to my focus on customer satisfaction. I believe that
understanding and meeting the needs of my customers is the key to building a loyal customer base and a
sustainable business. To achieve this, I regularly solicit feedback from customers and use it to improve my
products and services. I also invest in excellent customer service, ensuring that every interaction with my
company is positive and memorable. By putting the customer first, I have built a strong reputation and a
business that thrives on repeat customers and referrals. Furthermore, I use data analytics to gain insights into
customer behavior and preferences, allowing me to tailor my offerings to better meet their needs. This data-
driven approach helps me identify trends and anticipate customer demands, enabling my business to stay ahead
of the competition. Additionally, I prioritize transparency and open communication with my customers, which
helps to build trust and foster long-term relationships.
C. Efficient operations are at the heart of my entrepreneurial strategy. I focus on streamlining processes and
optimizing resources to ensure that my business runs smoothly and efficiently. This involves implementing
effective project management techniques, utilizing automation tools, and continually evaluating and improving
our workflows. By reducing waste and increasing productivity, we can deliver high-quality products and
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services
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at competitive prices. Additionally, I emphasize the importance of clear communication and collaboration
within my team, which helps to prevent misunderstandings and delays. This approach not only enhances our
operational efficiency but also contributes to a positive and productive work environment. I also invest in
training and development programs to ensure that my team has the skills and knowledge needed to perform at
their best. Regular workshops and professional development opportunities keep my team up-to-date with
industry best practices and technological advancements, further enhancing our operational capabilities.
D. Strategic planning is a crucial component of my entrepreneurial approach. I believe that having a clear vision
and a well-defined plan is essential for long-term success. I start by setting specific, measurable goals for my
business and then develop detailed strategies to achieve them. This includes conducting market research,
analyzing industry trends, and identifying potential opportunities and threats. By regularly reviewing and
updating my business plan, I can stay focused on my goals and make informed decisions that drive growth and
profitability. Additionally, I use key performance indicators (KPIs) to track our progress and make adjustments
as needed. This proactive approach to planning and monitoring helps to ensure that we remain on the right path
and are able to adapt to changes in the market. I also engage in scenario planning to prepare for various
potential future events, allowing my business to remain resilient and responsive to unexpected challenges.
E. Building strong relationships is a cornerstone of my entrepreneurial strategy. I believe that success in
business is largely dependent on the quality of the relationships you build with your stakeholders, including
customers, employees, suppliers, and partners. I prioritize open and honest communication, mutual respect, and
collaboration in all my interactions. By fostering a positive and supportive work environment, I can attract and
retain top talent, which is crucial for business growth. Additionally, I actively seek out partnerships and
collaborations that can help to expand our reach and capabilities. By building a strong network of supportive
relationships, I have been able to create a resilient and successful business. I also make it a point to give back to
the community through various initiatives, which helps to strengthen our brand and build goodwill. Engaging in
corporate social responsibility not only enhances our public image but also creates a sense of purpose and
fulfillment for our team. This holistic approach to relationship-building and community engagement fosters a
sense of loyalty and pride among our stakeholders.

41. Encouraging a culture that challenges the norm and embraces new ideas.
42. Utilizing project management and automation to improve workflow.
43. Building a business plan and monitoring progress through KPIs.
44. Prioritizing stakeholder relationships to ensure business resilience.
45. Attending industry events to stay informed and build connections.
46. Using customer feedback and data analytics to tailor offerings.
47. Investing in continuous learning and adaptation.
48. Fostering clear communication to enhance team collaboration.
49. Providing excellent customer service to build a strong reputation.
50. Giving back to the community as part of the business strategy.
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PRACTICE TEST 10
The concept of "resilience" has become increasingly important in psychological research and practice. It refers
to the ability to adapt well in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant sources of stress. Understanding
what (1) resilience and how it can be developed is crucial for helping individuals thrive.
Resilience is often (2) into two main components: personal traits and external resources. Personal traits
include characteristics such as optimism, self-efficacy, and emotional regulation. These traits (3)
individuals to cope with challenges more effectively. External resources, on the other hand, involve support
systems such as family, friends, and community networks. These resources provide (4) support and help
individuals navigate difficult times.
Researchers also (5) on the most effective ways to build resilience. Some advocate for cognitive-behavioral
strategies that focus on changing negative thought patterns and developing problem-solving skills. Others
emphasize the importance of social connections and fostering a supportive environment. The (6)
approaches highlight the multifaceted nature of resilience and the need for tailored interventions.
One challenge in resilience research is measuring it accurately. While some studies rely on self-report
questionnaires, others use observational methods or physiological indicators. The (7) of measurement
tools reflects the complexity of resilience and the different aspects it encompasses.
Another important aspect is the role of culture in shaping resilience. Cultural values and norms can influence
how individuals perceive and respond to adversity. For example, collectivist cultures may emphasize
community support, while individualist cultures may focus more on personal strength. This cultural (8) can
affect both the development and expression of resilience.
Ultimately, fostering resilience requires a comprehensive approach that (9) both individual and contextual
factors. By understanding and supporting the various elements that contribute to resilience, practitioners can
better help individuals build the (10) to overcome life's challenges.
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved from a futuristic concept into a tangible reality, significantly
impacting various aspects of modern society. This transformative technology, which encompasses machine
learning, natural language processing, robotics, and computer vision, is reshaping industries, enhancing
productivity, and altering the way we live and work. As AI continues to advance, its applications and
implications are becoming increasingly profound, presenting both opportunities and challenges.
One of the most notable impacts of AI is its ability to automate tasks that were previously performed by
humans. This automation extends across multiple sectors, including manufacturing, healthcare, finance, and
customer service. In manufacturing, AI-powered robots and machines can perform repetitive tasks with high
precision and efficiency, reducing production costs and increasing output. In healthcare, AI algorithms can
analyze medical images and data to assist in diagnosing diseases, leading to more accurate and timely
treatments. For example, AI systems have been developed to detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy, a
condition that can lead to blindness if not treated promptly. In finance, AI systems are used to detect fraudulent
transactions, manage risk, and provide personalized financial advice, thereby enhancing the security and
efficiency of financial operations.
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Moreover, AI is transforming the way businesses interact with their customers. Chatbots and virtual assistants,
powered by natural language processing, can handle customer inquiries, provide support, and perform
transactions without human intervention. These AI-driven tools are available 24/7, improving customer
satisfaction and reducing operational costs. Additionally, AI can analyze customer data to offer personalized
recommendations and experiences, enhancing customer engagement and loyalty. For instance, e-commerce
platforms use AI to suggest products based on a customer’s browsing history and purchase patterns.
The integration of AI into everyday life is also evident in the proliferation of smart home devices. These
devices, such as smart speakers, thermostats, and security systems, use AI to learn user preferences and
automate household tasks. For instance, a smart thermostat can learn a household's schedule and adjust the
temperature accordingly, optimizing energy use and reducing utility bills. Similarly, AI-powered security
systems can recognize faces and detect unusual activities, enhancing home security. Voice-activated assistants
like Amazon's Alexa and Google Assistant can perform various tasks, from playing music to controlling smart
home devices, making daily life more convenient.
Despite these benefits, the rise of AI also presents significant challenges and ethical considerations. One major
concern is the potential for job displacement. As AI systems become more capable, there is a risk that many
jobs currently performed by humans could be automated. This shift could lead to significant economic and
social upheaval, particularly for workers in low-skill and routine jobs. To address this issue, there is a growing
need for policies and programs that support workforce retraining and education, enabling workers to adapt to
new roles in an AI-driven economy. Governments and educational institutions must collaborate to develop
curricula that focus on skills relevant to the evolving job market, such as data analysis, machine learning, and
digital literacy.
Another ethical concern is the potential for bias in AI systems. AI algorithms are trained on large datasets, and
if these datasets contain biases, the AI systems can perpetuate and even amplify these biases. For example, if an
AI system used for hiring decisions is trained on historical hiring data that reflects gender or racial bias, it may
continue to favor certain groups over others. To mitigate this risk, it is crucial to ensure that AI systems are
developed and trained using diverse and representative datasets, and that their decisions are transparent and
subject to scrutiny. Companies should implement fairness checks and audits to detect and correct biases in their
AI systems.
Privacy is another critical issue associated with AI. The ability of AI to analyze vast amounts of data raises
concerns about how personal information is collected, stored, and used. There is a risk that AI systems could be
used for intrusive surveillance or data mining, infringing on individuals' privacy rights. To protect privacy,
robust data protection regulations and ethical guidelines are needed to govern the use of AI technologies. Laws
such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe set standards for data protection and privacy,
ensuring that individuals have control over their personal data.
AI also has significant implications for security. While AI can enhance cybersecurity by identifying and
mitigating threats more effectively than traditional methods, it can also be used maliciously. For example, AI-
powered tools can be used to create deepfakes—realistic fake videos or audio recordings that can be used to
spread misinformation or commit fraud. Additionally, AI can be used to launch sophisticated cyberattacks that
are difficult to detect and defend against. Ensuring that AI is used responsibly and ethically in the realm of
security is a critical challenge for policymakers and industry leaders. Collaboration between governments,
technology companies, and cybersecurity experts is essential to develop standards and protocols that protect
against AI-driven threats.
In the realm of education, AI is transforming how students learn and how educational institutions operate. AI-
powered learning platforms can provide personalized instruction and feedback, adapting to each student's needs
and pace of learning. This personalized approach can improve learning outcomes and make education more
accessible. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative tasks, allowing them to focus
more on teaching and mentoring students. For instance, AI can grade assignments, track student progress, and
identify areas where students may need additional support.
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AI is also driving innovation in transportation. Autonomous vehicles, which rely on AI for navigation and
decision-making, have the potential to revolutionize the way we travel. These vehicles can reduce traffic
accidents, improve traffic flow, and provide mobility to those who are unable to drive. However, the
deployment of autonomous vehicles also raises questions about safety, liability, and the impact on employment
in the transportation sector. Regulatory frameworks must be developed to address these issues and ensure the
safe integration of autonomous vehicles into public roadways.
The influence of AI extends to scientific research and discovery as well. AI algorithms can analyze vast datasets
and identify patterns that would be impossible for humans to detect. This capability is accelerating research in
fields such as genomics, climate science, and materials science, leading to new discoveries and innovations. For
example, AI is being used to develop new materials with specific properties for use in everything from
electronics to medicine. In climate science, AI models can predict weather patterns and climate changes with
greater accuracy, helping to inform policy decisions and disaster preparedness.
As AI continues to advance, it is essential for society to navigate its complexities thoughtfully. Policymakers,
industry leaders, and researchers must collaborate to ensure that AI is developed and deployed in ways that
maximize its benefits while minimizing its risks. This includes establishing ethical guidelines, promoting
transparency, and fostering an inclusive dialogue about the future of AI. Public engagement and education are
also crucial to build trust and understanding of AI technologies among the general population.
The impact of AI on modern society is vast and multifaceted. While it offers tremendous potential to improve
efficiency, productivity, and quality of life, it also poses significant challenges that need to be addressed. By
embracing the opportunities and proactively managing the risks, society can harness the power of AI to create a
better future for all.
11. AI systems are already performing surgeries without any human assistance.
12. AI has improved the accuracy and speed of diagnosing certain medical conditions.
13. AI-powered tools have completely replaced human customer service representatives.
14. Autonomous vehicles have completely eliminated the need for human drivers.
15. AI has no role in the field of climate science.
16. The deployment of autonomous vehicles raises questions about employment in the transportation sector.
Your answers:
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is significantly affecting various aspects of society by automating tasks across
multiple (17) , improving productivity, and transforming customer interactions. Smart home devices use AI to
optimize (18) and enhance security. However, AI also presents challenges, including potential (19)
and ethical concerns. Job displacement due to AI necessitates (20) and education programs. Additionally,
AI systems must be developed with diverse and representative datasets to avoid (21) . Privacy and security
are critical issues, as AI can be used for intrusive (22) and sophisticated cyberattacks. In transportation, AI
is driving the development of (23) , raising questions about safety and employment.
Your answers:
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
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THE FUTURE OF EDUCATION
The landscape of education is undergoing significant transformation due to technological advancements,
evolving pedagogical theories, and changing societal needs. These changes are reshaping how education is
delivered and received, promising to make learning more accessible, engaging, and effective.
24.
One of the most profound shifts in education is the integration of technology in the classroom. Digital tools,
such as interactive whiteboards, tablets, and educational software, are becoming commonplace. These
technologies offer dynamic and interactive ways to present information, catering to various learning styles and
making education more engaging.
25.
However, the adoption of technology in education is not without its challenges. There is a significant digital
divide, with many students lacking access to the necessary devices or reliable internet connections. This
disparity can exacerbate existing inequalities, leaving disadvantaged students even further behind their peers.
26.
In response to these challenges, educators and policymakers are exploring innovative solutions. Some schools
are implementing one-to-one device programs, ensuring every student has access to a tablet or laptop.
Additionally, community initiatives are working to expand internet access in underserved areas, aiming to
bridge the digital divide.
27.
Beyond access to technology, the role of teachers is also evolving. Educators are no longer just providers of
knowledge but are becoming facilitators of learning. This shift encourages a more student-centered approach,
where teachers guide students in developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills rather than simply
delivering content.
28.
Moreover, personalized learning is gaining traction as a powerful educational approach. By leveraging data and
analytics, personalized learning platforms can tailor educational experiences to meet individual students' needs,
preferences, and paces. This customization helps to keep students engaged and motivated, leading to better
educational outcomes.
29.
Additionally, lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important in today's rapidly changing world. The
traditional model of education, which ends with formal schooling, is giving way to a continuous learning
paradigm. People are encouraged to keep acquiring new skills and knowledge throughout their lives, adapting to
new career demands and personal interests.
30.
Looking ahead, the future of education appears bright but complex. The integration of technology, personalized
learning, and the emphasis on lifelong education hold great promise. However, these advancements must be
accompanied by efforts to ensure equity and accessibility for all students. By addressing these challenges, we
can create an educational system that truly prepares individuals for the future.
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Missing Paragraphs:
A. The rise of online learning platforms has also revolutionized education. Platforms like Coursera, Khan
Academy, and edX offer courses from top universities and institutions to learners around the world. These
platforms make high-quality education accessible to anyone with an internet connection, democratizing learning
opportunities.
B. Collaborative learning is another trend reshaping education. Digital tools facilitate collaboration among
students, allowing them to work together on projects, share ideas, and provide peer feedback. This approach
helps students develop important social and teamwork skills that are essential in the modern workplace.
C. Additionally, there is a growing recognition of the importance of social and emotional learning (SEL). SEL
programs focus on developing students' emotional intelligence, resilience, and interpersonal skills, which are
crucial for success in both personal and professional spheres.
D. Another critical area of focus is the training and professional development of teachers. As the educational
landscape evolves, teachers must continuously update their skills and knowledge to effectively integrate new
technologies and methodologies into their classrooms.
E. To further enhance engagement, gamification is being incorporated into educational practices. By using
game- like elements such as points, badges, and leaderboards, educators can motivate students and make
learning more enjoyable. Gamification can help turn even the most challenging subjects into fun and rewarding
experiences.
F. However, there are concerns about data privacy and security in the digital learning environment. As schools
collect more data on students to personalize learning experiences, protecting this sensitive information becomes
increasingly important. Policymakers and educators must work together to establish robust data protection
measures.
G. Furthermore, experiential learning opportunities, such as internships, apprenticeships, and project-based
learning, are being integrated into educational curricula. These experiences provide students with practical skills
and real-world insights, making education more relevant and applicable to future careers.
H. Despite the many benefits of technology in education, it is essential to maintain a balance. Traditional
teaching methods and face-to-face interactions still play a vital role in the learning process. A blended approach
that combines the best of both worlds can provide a more holistic educational experience.
in the text.
The Intricacies of Climate Change and Its Global Impacts
(1) Climate change, a term that has become ubiquitous in discussions about the environment, refers to
significant changes in global temperatures and weather patterns over time. While climate change is a natural
phenomenon, scientific evidence indicates that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation, have accelerated the process. The effects of climate change are complex and multifaceted,
impacting ecosystems, economies, and societies worldwide.
(2) One of the most noticeable impacts of climate change is the increase in global temperatures, often referred
to as global warming. Since the late 19th century, the Earth's average surface temperature has risen by
approximately
1.2 degrees Celsius, with most of the warming occurring in the past four decades. This rise in temperature is
largely attributed to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, in
the atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, creating a "greenhouse effect" that warms the planet.
(3) The consequences of global warming are far-reaching. Glaciers and ice caps are melting at unprecedented
rates, contributing to rising sea levels. This poses a significant threat to coastal communities and low-lying
80
islands,
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which are at risk of flooding and erosion. The warming of oceans also leads to the bleaching of coral reefs,
which are vital marine ecosystems. Coral bleaching occurs when higher water temperatures cause corals to
expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, leading to the loss of color and essential nutrients.
(4) Changes in weather patterns are another critical aspect of climate change. Extreme weather events, such as
hurricanes, heatwaves, droughts, and heavy rainfall, are becoming more frequent and intense. These events can
devastate communities, causing loss of life, displacement, and economic hardship. For instance, the increasing
severity of hurricanes in the Atlantic has been linked to warmer sea surface temperatures, which provide more
energy for these storms. Similarly, prolonged heatwaves can lead to health crises, particularly among vulnerable
populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions.
(5) The impact of climate change on agriculture is profound. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns
affect crop yields and livestock productivity. Some regions may experience longer growing seasons, while
others face reduced agricultural output due to droughts or excessive rainfall. This variability threatens food
security, particularly in developing countries that rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods. Additionally,
the spread of pests and diseases, influenced by changing climatic conditions, poses a further challenge to food
production.
(6) Biodiversity is also at risk due to climate change. Many species are struggling to adapt to the rapid changes
in their habitats. Some may migrate to cooler areas, but this is not always possible, especially for species with
limited mobility or those living in fragmented landscapes. The loss of biodiversity has cascading effects on
ecosystems, reducing their resilience and ability to provide essential services such as pollination, water
purification, and carbon sequestration.
(7) Addressing climate change requires a concerted global effort. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and limit further warming. This includes transitioning to renewable energy sources like wind,
solar, and hydroelectric power, improving energy efficiency, and protecting forests, which act as carbon sinks.
International agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, seek to unite countries in the fight against climate
change by setting targets for emission reductions and providing frameworks for cooperation.
(8) Adaptation strategies are equally important, helping communities cope with the changes that are already
occurring. This can involve building resilient infrastructure, developing early warning systems for extreme
weather events, and implementing sustainable agricultural practices. Coastal areas may invest in sea walls and
mangrove restoration to protect against rising sea levels, while urban areas can create green spaces to reduce the
heat island effect.
(9) Public awareness and education are crucial in the battle against climate change. By understanding the
science and impacts of climate change, individuals can make informed decisions and adopt more sustainable
lifestyles. This includes reducing energy consumption, supporting environmentally-friendly policies, and
advocating for systemic changes at the governmental and corporate levels. Grassroots movements and youth
activism, exemplified by figures like Greta Thunberg, have brought significant attention to the climate crisis,
demonstrating the power of collective action.
(10) Despite the challenges, there is hope in the advancements of technology and innovation. Breakthroughs in
clean energy, carbon capture and storage, and climate modeling provide tools to combat climate change more
effectively. Furthermore, the integration of traditional ecological knowledge with modern science can offer
unique solutions tailored to local contexts. The synergy between policy, technology, and community action is
essential in creating a sustainable future for the planet.

A. Climate change has only natural causes. B. Human activities have accelerated climate change.
C. Climate change is a recent phenomenon. D. The impacts of climate change are minimal.
32. The phrase "greenhouse effect" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to .
A. a cooling process B. a natural disaster
C. heat retention in the atmosphere D. plant growth enhancement
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A. describes the positive effects of rising sea levels B. explains the causes and effects of coral bleaching
C. highlights the benefits of melting glaciers D. discusses the economic impact of flooding
34. The phrase "extreme weather events" in paragraph 4 refers to .
A. mild weather conditions B. predictable weather patterns
C. severe and unusual weather occurrences D. seasonal climate changes
A. all regions will benefit from climate change
B. climate change has uniform effects globally
C. agricultural productivity is unaffected by climate change
D. climate change can negatively impact food security
36. What is NOT mentioned as a consequence of climate change in the passage?
A. Increased agricultural productivity B. Rising sea levels
C. More frequent extreme weather events D. Loss of biodiversity
37. The writer mentions "pests and diseases" in paragraph 5 to illustrate .
A. an increase in beneficial insects
B. the challenges faced by agriculture due to climate change
C. the reduction of health risks for livestock
D. the elimination of crop diseases
38. What does the phrase "carbon sinks" in paragraph 7 mostly refer to?
A. Sources of carbon emissions B. Natural systems that absorb carbon dioxide
C. Machines that capture carbon D. Areas where carbon is produced
A. The writer believes climate change is beneficial.
B. The writer emphasizes the need for global cooperation to address climate change.
C. The writer thinks individual actions are sufficient to combat climate change.
D. The writer focuses solely on the economic impacts of climate change.
A. Climate change impacts are exaggerated and not a concern.
B. Climate change requires both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
C. The effects of climate change are limited to natural ecosystems.
D. Climate change can be ignored by developed countries.
Your answers:
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
spaces provided.
EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP STRATEGIES
Five leaders share their approaches to building and managing successful teams.
A. As a leader who values open communication, I prioritize creating an environment where my team feels
comfortable sharing ideas and feedback. I believe that open dialogue is essential for building trust and fostering
collaboration. To achieve this, I hold regular team meetings where everyone has the opportunity to voice their
opinions and contribute to discussions. I also maintain an open-door policy, encouraging team members to
come to me with any concerns or suggestions. This approach not only helps me stay informed about the team’s
needs and challenges but also empowers my team to take ownership of their work and feel valued. By fostering
a culture of transparency and inclusiveness, I can address issues promptly and make informed decisions that
benefit the
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entire team. Additionally, I use various communication tools to ensure that everyone stays connected and
informed, regardless of their location. This includes video conferencing for remote team members and instant
messaging platforms for quick updates. Regular one-on-one meetings are also crucial for addressing individual
concerns and providing personalized feedback.
B. My leadership style is centered around empowering my team members to take initiative and make decisions.
I believe that by giving people the autonomy to manage their own tasks, I can foster a sense of ownership and
accountability. This approach involves providing clear goals and expectations, as well as the necessary
resources and support. I also encourage professional development by offering training and growth opportunities,
which helps my team build the skills they need to succeed. By trusting my team and allowing them to take risks,
I can drive innovation and achieve better results. This strategy not only enhances productivity but also boosts
morale, as team members feel more confident and motivated when they have control over their work. I make it a
point to recognize and reward initiative and creativity, which further encourages a proactive mindset. Moreover,
I provide mentorship and coaching to help team members navigate challenges and develop their leadership
capabilities. This not only benefits the individuals but also strengthens the team as a whole.
C. Effective leadership, in my view, requires a strong focus on emotional intelligence. Understanding and
managing emotions – both my own and those of my team members – is crucial for building strong relationships
and fostering a positive work environment. I make an effort to be empathetic and to actively listen to my team,
which helps me understand their perspectives and address their concerns. Additionally, I strive to create a
supportive atmosphere where team members feel appreciated and recognized for their contributions. This
involves celebrating successes, providing constructive feedback, and being available for support when
challenges arise. By prioritizing emotional intelligence, I can build a cohesive and resilient team that is able to
navigate stress and maintain high performance. I also incorporate stress management techniques into our
routine, such as mindfulness sessions and wellness programs, to help the team cope with pressure. Regular
team-building activities also play a vital role in strengthening interpersonal relationships and creating a sense of
belonging within the team.
D. Strategic vision is a key element of my leadership approach. I believe that having a clear and compelling
vision is essential for guiding the team and achieving long-term success. I start by defining a strategic plan that
outlines our goals and the steps needed to achieve them. This plan is communicated to the team, ensuring that
everyone understands the vision and their role in making it a reality. I also regularly review and update the plan
to adapt to changing circumstances and market conditions. By aligning the team around a shared vision and
providing a roadmap for success, I can inspire and motivate my team to work towards common objectives. This
approach also involves setting measurable milestones and celebrating progress along the way, which keeps the
team engaged and focused on our long-term goals. I make sure to involve the team in the planning process,
encouraging their input and feedback to ensure that the plan is realistic and achievable. Regular strategy
sessions and progress reviews help us stay on track and make necessary adjustments in a timely manner.
E. Building strong relationships is fundamental to my leadership philosophy. I believe that the success of any
team depends on the quality of the relationships within it. I prioritize building trust and rapport with my team
members by being approachable, reliable, and consistent. This involves taking the time to get to know each
team member personally, understanding their strengths, weaknesses, and aspirations. I also foster a sense of
community and collaboration by organizing team-building activities and encouraging cross-functional projects.
By creating a supportive and inclusive environment, I can enhance team cohesion and ensure that everyone feels
valued and connected. Additionally, I emphasize the importance of mutual respect and open communication,
which helps to resolve conflicts quickly and maintain a positive work atmosphere. I also invest in relationship-
building outside of the workplace, through social events and informal gatherings, which helps to strengthen
bonds and create a more unified team. Encouraging peer recognition and support is another key aspect of my
strategy, as it fosters a culture of appreciation and teamwork.
84

41. Encouraging team members to manage their own tasks and take risks.
42. Creating a supportive environment where team members feel recognized.
43. Regularly reviewing and updating the strategic plan.
44. Holding regular team meetings to encourage open dialogue.
45. Building trust and rapport through personal interactions.
46. Understanding and managing both personal and team emotions.
47. Empowering team members with the resources and support they need.
48. Aligning the team around a shared vision and setting milestones.
49. Taking time to get to know each team member personally.
50. Celebrating successes and providing constructive feedback.

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1

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