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Comm

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15 views5 pages

Group 4

Comm

Uploaded by

nobara575
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERIN

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

Short range FM Transmitter Development

Group members Id

1. DIMTSE BEGIDU -------------------------- ets 0491/14


2. ELSABETH BAYE-------------------------- ets 0524/14
3. ETSUBDINK DEREJE---------------------- ets 0568/14
4. EYERUSALEM GASHAW----------------- ets 0575/14
5. EYERUSALEM FISSHA -------------------ets 0576/14
6. SELAM TAMIRAT-------------------------- ets 1156/13

Submitted to : Ins.FISIHA ABAYNEH


Submission date: 12/26/2024
1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this mini project is to design and construct a Frequency Modulation
(FM) transmitter using basic electronic components. Frequency Modulation (FM)
radio is a widely used communication technology that transmits audio signals by
varying the frequency of a carrier wave. This method provides superior audio quality
compared to Amplitude Modulation (AM) due to its greater immunity to noise and
interference.

FM transmitters are widely used in radio communication to transmit audio signals


over short distances. The transmitter is intended to broadcast audio signals, such as
music or voice, within the FM radio frequency range of 88 MHz to 108 MHz. This
project demonstrates fundamental concepts in electronics, including frequency
modulation, circuit design, and practical application of electronic components.

2. Project Scope

This project aims to design and build a simple FM transmitter using discrete
electronic components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transistors. The
transmitter should be capable of broadcasting an audio signal within the standard FM
radio broadcast band (88 MHz to 108 MHz). The transmitted signal should be
receivable on a nearby FM radio receiver, such as an FM radio app on a smartphone.

3. Significance

This project provides a valuable learning experience by:

 Hands-on experience: Students will gain practical experience in designing,


building, and testing an electronic circuit.
 Understanding RF principles: The project will help students understand the
fundamental principles of radio frequency (RF) circuits, including oscillation,
modulation, and transmission.
 Application of electronics concepts: Students will apply their knowledge of
electronic components and circuit theory to design and build a functional
system.
 Problem-solving skills: Students will encounter and overcome challenges
during the design, construction, and testing phases, developing their problem-
solving skills.

4. Design Concept

Circuit Topology

A LC oscillator was chosen as the core of the transmitter due to its relative simplicity and
stability

The following components were utilized in the construction of the FM transmitter:

 Breadboard: Used for assembling the circuit without soldering, allowing for
easy modifications and troubleshooting.

 2N3904 Transistor: A general-purpose NPN transistor used for amplifying the


audio signal and modulating it onto the carrier frequency.

 Microphone (Mic): Captures sound waves and converts them into an electrical
audio signal.

 Resistors:

• 220 ohm resistor: Used to limit current and set biasing conditions for the transistor.

• 4.7k ohm resistor: Used to provide stability in the circuit.

 Capacitors:

• 10 pF(103) capacitor: Used for bypassing and stability in the circuit.

• 2*8pF capacitor: Used for coupling the audio signal to the base of the transistor.

 Inductor: Used in conjunction with capacitors to form a tank circuit, which


determines the frequency of the transmitted signal.

 Wires: For connecting various components on the breadboard.


 9V Battery: Provides the necessary power supply for the transmitter.

Frequency Calculation

To calculate the oscillation frequency (f) of the Colpitts oscillator, we use the formula:

f = 1/(2π √(L ⋅ C))

Where:

• L = inductance in henries (H)

• C = total capacitance in farads (F)

For our design, we selected an inductor value of 10 µH and capacitors of 100 nF each,
leading to:

L=142.77
Cₜₒₜₐₗ =1/ C₁ + 1/C₂ = 1/10+1/8
=4.4pf

Calculating the frequency:

f = f = 1 / 2π √(142.77*10^-9*4.4*10^-12)

≈ 2.2 MHz

This frequency falls within the FM broadcasting range.


5. The FM transmitter circuit consists of several key stages:
Microphone Input Stage: The microphone captures sound and converts it into an
electrical signal, which is then fed into the base of the 2N3904 transistor through a
coupling capacitor (1 nF).

Amplification: The transistor amplifies the audio signal. The 10k ohm resistor is used
to set the biasing of the transistor, while the 470 ohm resistor ensures stability.

Modulation: The amplified audio signal modulates a high-frequency carrier signal


generated by the LC tank circuit (comprising the inductor and capacitors). The values
of the Inductor and capacitors determine the frequency of transmission.

Output: The modulated signal can be transmitted through an antenna connected to the
collector of the transistor.

6. Working principle

When sound waves hit the microphone, they create variations in voltage that
correspond to the sound wave’s amplitude and frequency. This audio signal is coupled
in to the base of the transistor, where it modulates a higher frequency carrier wave
produced by the LC tank circuit. As a result,the output from the collector is an FM-
signal that can be transmitted through space and received by an FM radio.

7. Conclusion
The construction of an FM transmitter using basic electronic components has
provided valuable insights into the principles of frequency modulation and radio
communication. This project demonstrates how simple circuits can be used to transmit
audio signals wirelessly, laying the groundwork for further exploration into more
complex communication systems.

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