Dr. Ankit Yadav, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh-160012What is an Engineering Drawing ? “An Engineering Drawing is a technical (not artistic) drawing which clearly defines and communicates a design to other interested parties. Other parties may have an interest in design collaboration, procurement / purchasing, costing, manufacturing, quality control, marketing, handling / packaging.”Drawing: + The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on the paper. + The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper. Classification: 1. AttisticDrawinalFree: ModelDrawina): The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or by keeping the object before him. e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc. 2. EnoinesrinaDrawi Drawing): The art of representation of engineering objects. e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.Artistic Drawing Ty ait Oa Ailes Pa The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination or by keeping the object before him. e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.‘Typesot Engineering Drawing: i. Geometrical Drawing; 2.9. geometrical objects - rectangle, square, cube, cone, cylinder, etc. a “Two dimensional drawing having only length and breadth. e.g. square, triangle, etc. b. Soli is ing: Three dimensional drawing having length, breadth and thickness. e.g. cube, prism, etc. ii, MechanicalEngineeringorMachine Drawing: .g. mechanical engineering objects - machines, machine parts, etc. iii. CivilEngineeringDrawing: 49. civil engineering objects — roads, buildings, bridges, dams, etc. iv. Electrical &FlectronicsEngineeringDrawing: e.g. electrical and electronics objects — transformers, wiring diagrams.Engineering Drawing (a = The art of representation of engineering objects. e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.Role of Graphics * Visualization * Communication * DocumentationApplications of Engineering Drawing ShipsApplications of Engineering Drawing Manufacturing of AutomobilesApplications of Engineering Drawing ConstructionEffectiveness of Engineering Drawing 1. Try to write a description of this object. a 2. Test your written description i. by having someone attempt ~— a to make a sketch from your description. ~~ Y You can easily understand that ... The word languages are inadequate for describing the size, shape and features completely as well as concisely.Composition of ED Language Graphic language in “engineering application” use /ines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours of objects. MM The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting’ . MM Adrawing can be done using freehand, instruments or computer methods.Freehand drawing The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and erasers. ExampleInstrument drawing Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale. ExampleComputer drawing The drawings are usually made by CAD software such as FreeCAD, AutoCAD, solid works , CATIA, PRO E, etc. ExamplesExample of CAD[a] 4 CB) = 5) & = iy} i uu)Example of CADimple CAD/CAE/CAM Pri Lif I «iiElements of Engineering Drawing Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language and word language. (TTI Describe a shape language Warne r Cp axos Describe size, location ,& Ss) oxnos language specification of the + 8 : = +) 1Basic Knowledge for Drafting Celce language Graphics languageTraditional Drawing ToolsDrawing Instruments . Drawing Board . Drawing Sheet . Drawing Sheet Holder . Set-squares — 45° and 30°— 60° . Large size Compass . Small bow Compass . Large size Divider . Small bow Divider . Scales—6” and 12” 10. Protractor POnanawne 11. French Curve 12. 13. V 5 18. Drawing Pencils — H, 2H, HB Sand Paper . Eraser (Rubber) 15. 16. 17. . Drafting Machine / Mini Drafter 19. 20. 21. 22. Drawing Pins and Clips Cello Tape Duster or Handkerchief Sketch Book (Medium size) Roller Scale Pencil Sharpener Sheet FolderTECHNICAL DRAWING BOARD «DRAWING TOOLS 1. T-Square 2. TrianglesDRAWING TOOLS a 2H or HB for thick line ” 4H for thin line —_— = a 3. Adhesive Tape 4. PencilsDRAWING TOOLS 5. Pencil Eraser 6. aeDRAWING TOOLS 9. Circle ae 10. Tissue eeeDRAWING TOOLS eo 11. Sharpener 12. Clean paperLayout of Drawing Sheet 150 a Title Block 20 All the dimensions are in millimeters.SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEETSAMPLE OF ENGINEERING DRAWING 3k @ 2507 8% cto $+ [SIS 010 STATS}Title Block (Sample) 8 2 2 NOTES: All the dimensions are in millimeters.Sheet Size 0 [Designation | Trimmed Size | Untrimmed size (mm) (mm) AO 841x 1189 | 880x 1230 At 594x841 625 x 880 A2 420 x 594 480 x 625 AS 297 x 420 330 x 450 Ad 210 x 297 240 x 330 ‘85 (148 mm «210 mm) __ M4 (210 mm «257 mm) AS (297 mm x 420 mm) (42 (420 mm x 594 mm)Basic Information Included in a Drawing ° Projected Views: show as many sides as needed for completeness. * Cross Sections: A view that is good for showing interior features. Table: Lower right comer, with material information, part name, designer ete. and finally * DIMENSIONS!!!: These are the most important and most complicated part of the drawing. There is more to it than just the numerical values!e Thickness: Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type of the drawing. For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups: Line-grou SFOUP | Thickness Lines (mm) 02 Medium | Outlines, dotted ines, cutting plane lines of Thin | Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines, extension lines, construction lines, leader lines, short-break lines and long-break lines. Important Notes: In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean and uniform. Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be hardly visible.Types of Lines Lines Description General Applications a Continuous thick ‘Al _| Visible outlines A2_| Visible edges B Continuous thin Bi _| Imaginary lines of intersection (straight / curve) B2 | Dimension lines 83 | Projection lines B4 | Leader lines 85 _| Hatching or section lines 86 | Outlines of revolved sections in plane 87 _| Short centre lines c Continuous thin Ci_| Limits of partial or interrupted views and (free-hand) sections c2_ | Short-break lines D A A Continuous thin D1_ | Long-break lines (straight with zigzags)Description General Applications Dashed thick E1 | Hidden outlines £2__| Hidden edges Dashed thin Fi | Hidden outlines F2__| Hidden edges Chain thin Gi_| Centre lines G2_| Lines of symmetry 63_| Trajectories Chain thin, thick atends | H1 | Cutting planes and changes of direction Chain thick J1__ | indication of lines or surfaces to which a special treatment applies Chain thin double-dashed | K1_| Outlines of adjacent parts K2_ | Alternative and extreme positions of K3 movable parts Centroidal linesD1 Application of various types of lines according to B.1.S.SECTION LINE DeTENSION UNE / DeNsiON UNE / 3 5)Lettering Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a drawing is lettering Classification: 1. Single-stroke Letters: The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Recommended by B.S. Itlhas two types: Vertical ii. Inclined (slope 75° with the horizontal) + The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the cases it is 6:5. + Lettering is generally done in capital letters. + The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural drawings.The spacing between two letters should not be necessarily equal. The letters should be so placed that they do not appear too close together too much apart. The distance between the words must be uniform and at least equal to the height of the letters. Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be underlined to make them more prominent. ‘Size of Alphabets for Drawing: Main titles Sub titles ~ Notes, dimension figures, etc. ~ Drawing no. -- 10-12 mmDimensioning The art of writing the various sizes or measurement on the finished drawing of an object. ‘Tunes of Dimensioning; i. Size or Functional Dimensions (S); Itindicates sizes. e.g. length, breadth, height, diameter, etc. It shows location or exact position of various constructional details within the object.‘Symbol Note ———+ 2Holes, 012 Leader (at 30°,45°,60°) co Dimension line Extension line Dimension figure Atow-head1. Dimension line: Thin continuous line used to indicate the measurement. 2. Extension line: Thin continuous line extending beyond the outline of the object. 3. Atrow-head; Used to terminate the dimension line. Length : width ratio is 3:1 Space filled up. 4. Note: Gives information regarding specific operation relating to a feature. 5. Leader, Thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension figure with the feature to which it is applied. Terminated by arrow-head or dot. 6. Symbol; The representation of any object by some mark on the drawing.Units of Dimensioning As far as possible all dimensions should be given in millimeters omitting the abbreviation mm. If another unit is used, only the dimension figures should be written. But a foot note such as All the dimensions are in centimeters’ is inserted in a prominent place near the title box. e.g. 15.50 0.75 (Zero must precede the decimal point.) 15.50 + .75 ( Zero is omitted.)15 15 15 30 45 Combined‘The ways of Placing the Dimensions ina Series 1. Chain Dimensioning: Dimensions are arranged in a straight line 2. Parallel Dimensionina; All the dimensions are shown from a common base line. The smaller dimension is placed nearer the view. 3. Combined Dimensionina: Chain and parallel dimensioning used simultaneously. 4. Progressive Dimensionina: One datum or surface is selected which reads as zero. All the dimensions are referred to that point or surface.Ty f Dimen: 1. Aligned System In the aligned system the dimensions are placed perpendicular to the dimension line in such a way that it may be read from bottom edge or right hand edge of the drawing sheet. 2. Unidirectional System In the unidirectional system, the dimensions are so oriented such that they can be read from the bottom of the = ctr a4 Say * | Pot 2 | 5 ee = va hls ‘rated seten ey (Stites = lomettn Vines : 1 i La a | sat aha ()Uniduectionssytem —-—E siaSome Important Rules for Dimensioning 1. Alll the dimensions necessary for the correct functioning of the part should be expressed directly on the drawing. Every dimension should be given, but none should be given more than once. Adimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly. Dimensions should be placed outside the view, as for as possible. oP YEN Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided. Also it should not cross any other line of the drawing. 6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. Acentre line may be extended to serve as an extension line. 7. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended. 8. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and from each other. 9. The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm beyond the dimension line.10. When the space is too narrow, the arrow-head may be placed outside. ‘Also a dot may be used to replace an arrow head. 15 10 LN pis [1s j104 11. The various methods of dimensioning different sizes of circles are as follows: 20 @20 12. Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective radii. RB R313. Radii of a spherical surface and square cross section of a rod is shown 14. Angular dimension may be given as follows: 8 I a = . ANI15. Method of dimensioning of Chamfer: 16. Dimensioning of Tapered Surface: 4:20 4d el id a Slope or Taper = (H-h)/L