DAY THIRTY TWO

Three
Dimensional
Geometry
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Coordinates of a Point in a u Equation of Line in Space u Plane
Space u Skew-Lines u Angle between a Line and a
u Section Formula u Coplanar Lines Plane
u Direction Cosines and Ratios

Coordinates of a Point in a Space

From the adjoining figure, we have
l
The three mutually perpendicular lines in a space which divides the space into eight
parts are called coordinates axes. Z
C(0, 0, z)
l
The coordinates of a point are the distances from the A¢(0, y, z)
origin to the feet of the perpendiculars from the
point on the respective coordinate axes. (x, 0, z)B¢ P(x, y, z)
l
The coordinates of any point on the X , Y and Z-axes X¢
will be as ( x, 0, 0) (0, y, 0) and (0, 0, z) respectively and O (0,0,0)
Y¢ Y
the coordinates of any point P in space will be as B(0, y, 0)
( x, y, z). A(x, 0, 0) Z¢
C¢(x, y, 0)
X
Distance between Two Points
The distance between two points A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is
| AB| = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2

Section Formula
If M ( x, y, z) divides the line joining of points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y 2 , z2 ) in the ratio
m : n, then
For Internal Division direction of L, then direction angles are replaced by their
supplements, i.e. π − α , π − β, π − γ.
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz2 + nz1
x= ,y = and z = l
If the line does not pass through origin, then draw a line
m+n m+n m+n
through origin and parallel to given line and then find its
direction cosines as two parallel lines have same set of
For External Division direction cosines.
mx2 − nx1 my2 – ny1 mz2 − nz1
x= ,y= and z =
m−n m−n m−n
Some Important Deductions
The coordinates of the mid-point of the line joining
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2  (i) Direction ratios of the line joining two points P ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are  , ,  and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 and its
 2 2 2  direction cosines are
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
, , .
Some Important Results | PQ | | PQ| | PQ |
1. If A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) are the (ii) If P ( x, y, z) is a point in space and OP = r then
vertices of a ∆ ABC, then (a) x = l | r |, y = m | r |, z = n| r |
 x + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3  (b) l | r |, m | r | and n| r | are projections of r on OX , OY and
(i) Centroid of triangle =  1 , 
 3 3  OZ, respectively.
 i j k  (c) r =| r |(li + mj + nk) and r$ = l i + mj + nk
1
(ii) Area of ∆ ABC =  x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1  (d) If r = ai + bj + ck, then a, b, c are DR’s of vector and DC’s
2 
 x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1  are given by l =
a
,m =
b
,n =
c
| r| | r| | r|
(iii) If area of ∆ ABC = 0, then these points are collinear.
2. Four non-coplanar points A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ), (iii) The sum of squares of direction cosines is always unity,
C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) and D ( x 4 , y4 , z4 ) form a tetrahedron with i.e. l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1
vertices A, B, C and D, edges AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD, (iv) Direction cosines are unique but direction ratio are not
faces ABC, ABD, ACD and BCD, then unique and it can be infinite.
 x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 y1 + y2 + y3 + y4  (v) If a, b, c are DR’s of a line and l, m, n are DC’s of a line, then
 , , a b
(i) Centroid  4 4  l =± , m=±
 z1 + z2 + z3 + z4  a +b +c
2 2 2
a + b 2 + c2
2

 4  c
and n = ±
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1  a + b 2 + c2
2

1
(ii) Volume =  x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 
6  (vi) The DC’s of a line which is equally inclined to the
 4 − x1 y4 − y1 z4 − z1 
x  1 1 1 
coordinate axes are  ± ,± ,± .
 3 3 3
Direction Cosines and Ratios (vii) If l , m and n are the DC’s of a line, then the maximum
If a vector makes angles α , β and γ with the positive directions 1
value of lmn = .
of X -axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectively, then 3 3
cos α , cos β and cos γ are called its direction cosines and they
are denoted by l , m , n , i.e. l = cos α , m = cos β and n = cos γ. Equations of a Line in Space
If numbers a, b and c are proportional to l , m and n
respectively, then a, b and c are called direction ratios. Equation of line passing through point A(a) and parallel to
vector (b) is r = a + λ b.
Thus, a, b and c are the direction ratios of a vector, provided
l m n If coordinates of A be ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and the direction ratios of line
= = x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
a b c be a, b and c, then equation of line is = = .
a b c
Important Results x−0 y −0 z−0
NOTE • Equation of X-axis is = = or y = 0 , z = 0
l
A line in space can be extended in two opposite directions 1 0 0
and so it has two sets of direction cosines. x−0 y −0 z−0
• Equation of Y-axis is = = or x = 0 , z = 0
l
In order to get unique set of direction cosines, we must take 0 1 0
the given line as a directed line. x−0 y −0 z−0
• Equation of Z-axis is = = or x = 0 , y = 0
l
Let L is a directed line which makes α,β and γ with positive 0 0 1
direction of X, Y and Z-axis, respectively. If we reverse the
Equation of a line passing through two given points l
The shortest distance between the lines
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) is = = = = and = = is
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
Its vector form is r = a + λ (b − a).
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
The parametric equations of a line through (a1 , a2 , a3 ) with DC’s
l , m and n are x = a1 + lr , y = a2 + mr and z = a3 + nr . a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
SD =
Angle between Two Intersecting Lines ∑ (b c
1 2 − b2c1 )2
1. If DR’s of two lines are a1 , b1 , c1 and a2 , b2 , c2 , then
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2
cos θ =
(a12 + b12 + c12 ) (a22 + b22 + c22 )
l
Two lines r = a + λb and r = c + µd are intersecting if
shortest distance between them is zero.
a1 b1 c1
(i) Condition for parallel lines, = = (c − a) ⋅ (b × d )
a2 b2 c2 i.e. = 0 ⇒ (c − a) ⋅ (b × d ) = 0
| b × d|
(ii) Condition for perpendicular lines, x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0
or a1 b1 c1 =0
2. Angle between two lines with DC’s l1 , m1 , n1 and
a2 b2 c2
l2 , m2 , n 2 is cos −1 (l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 )
or sin −1 ( Σ(m1 n2 − m2 n1 )2 ). Distance or shortest distance between two
l m n
(i) Condition for parallel lines, 1 = 1 = 1
parallel lines
l2 m2 n2 l
Shortest distance between parallel lines will be the
(ii) Condition for perpendicular lines, perpendicular distance.
l1 l2 + m1 m2 + n1 n2 = 0
l
If the parallel lines are given by r = a + λb and r = c + µb
|(c − a) × b|
then distance between them is d =
• The angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos −1   .
1 | b|
NOTE
 3
• The angle between a diagonal of a cube and a face is
 2
Coplanar Lines
cos −1   . Lines which lie in the same plane are called coplanar lines. Any
 3
two coplanar lines are either parallel or intersecting.
• The angle between the diagonal of a cube and edge of
cube is cos −1   .
1 Condition for Coplanarity of Two non-parallel
 3 Lines
• If a straight line makes angles α , β , γ and δ with the Two lines r = a + λ b and r = c + µ d are coplanar or
diagonals of a cube, then intersecting, if (c − a) ⋅ (b × d ) = 0 ⇒ [a b d ] = [c b d ]
4
cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ + cos 2 δ = x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
3 The lines = =
l1 m1 n1
x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
Skew-Lines and
l2
=
m2
=
n2
are coplanar,
Two straight lines in a space which are neither parallel nor
intersecting are called skew-lines. Thus, skew-lines are those x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
lines which do not lie in the same plane. if 
 l1 m1 n1  = 0.
 l2 m2 n2 
Shortest Distance between Two Skew-Lines
l
If l1 and l2 are two skew-lines, then there is one and only
one line perpendicular to each of the line l1 and l2 , which is Plane
known as the line of shortest distance. A plane is a surface such that line joining any two points of
l
The shortest distance between two lines l 1 and l 2 is the the plane totally lies in it.
distance PQ between the points P and Q, where the line of
shortest distance intersects the two given lines.
Equation of a Plane in Different Forms
l
The shortest distance between two skew-lines r = a + λb
1. The general equation of a plane is a x + by + cz + d = 0
(c − a) ⋅ (b × d )
and r = c + µ d is given by SD = and a2 + b 2 + c2 ≠ 0, where, a, b and c are the DR’s of the
|b × d| normal to the plane.
 (i) Plane through the origin is a x + by + cz = 0. l
Plane a x + by + cz + d = 0 intersecting a line segment
(ii) Planes parallel to the coordinate planes joining A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) divides it in the ratio
(perpendicular to coordinate axes) x = k parallel to a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d
−
YOZ plane, y = k parallel to ZOX plane and z = k a x2 + by2 + cz2 + d
parallel to XOY plane.
(i) If this ratio is positive, then A and B are on opposite
(iii) Planes parallel to coordinate axes sides of the plane.
by + cz + d = 0 parallel to X -axis (ii) If this ratio is negative, then A and B are on the same
a x + cz + d = 0 parallel to Y-axis side of the plane.
a x + by + d = 0 parallel to Z-axis l
If θ be the angle between the planes a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0
2. If a, b and c are the intercepts of plane with the coordinate and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0, then
x y z
axes, then equation of plane is + + = 1. It meets the  a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 
a b c θ = cos −1  
 a2 + b 2 + c2 a 2 + b 2 + c2 
coordinate axes at A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b , 0) and C (0, 0, c).  1 1 1 2 2 2 

3. (i) If l , m and n are DC’s of normal to the plane, p is the l

Two planes are parallel if their normals are parallel and the
distance of the origin from the plane, then equation of planes are perpendicular if their normals are perpendicular.
plane is l x + my + nz = p. l
If r ⋅ n1 = d1 (or a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1 ) and r ⋅ n2 = d2 (or
(ii) Coordinates of foot of perpendicular, drawn from the a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d2 ) are two planes, then they are
origin to the plane, is (lp, mp, np).
a b c
(iii) If ON is the normal from the origin to the plane and n$ is (i) parallel if n1 = λn2 or 1 = 1 = 1 .
a2 b2 c2
the unit vector along ON. Then ON = pn$ and equation of
plane is r$ ⋅ n$ = p, where r = xi + yj + zk. (ii) perpendicular if n1 ⋅ n2 = 0 or a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.
4. Plane through a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) is
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Distance of a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) from the plane
| a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d|
a ( x − x1 ) + b ( y − y1 ) + c (z − z1 ) = 0. a x + by + cz + d = 0 is .
where a, b, c are DR’s of normal to the plane. a2 + b 2 + c2
|d|
5. Plane through three non-collinear points Distance of the origin is .
( x1 , y1 , z1 ), ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) is a + b 2 + c2
2

 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1  The distance between two parallel planes

x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0 ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and a x + by + cz + d2 = 0 is
 
|d1 − d2|
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 .
a2 + b 2 + c2
6. (i) Equation of plane, passing through a point A with
position vector a and is parallel to given vectors b and c,
is (r − a) ⋅ (b × c) = 0 or [r − a b c] = 0 Angle between a Line
x − a1 y − a2 z − a3 and a Plane
(ii) Its cartesian equation is b1 b2 b3 = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
If angle between the line = = and the
c1 c2 c3 a b c
plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d = 0 is θ, then (90° − θ) is the angle
7. Plane parallel to the given plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 is
between normal and the line, therefore
ax + by + cz + k = 0, where k is a constant determined by
the given condition. aa1 + bb1 + cc1
cos (90 ° − θ) =
8. (i) Any plane passing through the line of intersection of a + b 2 + c2
2
a12 + b12 + c12
the planes a x + by + cz + d = 0 and a b c
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 is (a x + by + cz + d) l
If = = , then line is perpendicular to plane.
a1 b 1 c 1
+ λ (a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 ) = 0
(ii) If r ⋅ n1 = d1 and r ⋅ n2 = d2 are two planes, then their line
l
If a ⋅ a 1 + b ⋅ b 1 + c ⋅ c 1 = 0, then line is parallel to plane.
of intersection is perpendicular to both n1 and n2 , i.e. l
If a ⋅ a 1 + b ⋅ b 1 + c ⋅ c 1 = 0, and a 1 x 1 + b 1 y1 + c 1 z1 + d = 0,
line is parallel to the vectors n1 × n2 . then line lies in the plane.

Some Important Results on plane Important Points Related to Line and Plane
l
If a x + by + cz + d1 = 0 and a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d2 = 0 are the
l
Projection of a line segment joining the points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 , y2 , z2 ) on a line with direction cosine l , m, n is
equations of any two planes, then a x + bx + cz + d1 = 0
|( x2 − x1 )l + ( y2 − y1 )m + (z2 − z1 )n|
= a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d2 gives the equation of straight line.
l
Foot of the perpendicular from a point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) on the l
Planes bisecting the angle between two intersecting planes
plane a x + by + cz + d = 0 is ( x, y, z), where a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0 are given
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 (a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d) a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d1 (a x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 )
= = =− . by =± 2
a b c a2 + b 2 + c2
a 21 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22
l
Image of the point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) in the plane
a x + by + cz + d = 0 is ( x, y, z), where (i) If a1 a2 + b 1b2 + c1c2 < 0, then origin is in acute angle and
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 2 (a x1 + by1 + cz1 + d) the acute angle bisector is obtained by taking positive sign
= = =− . in the above equation. The obtuse angle bisector is
a b c a2 + b 2 + c2
obtained by taking negative sign in the above equation.
l
Four points ( x i , yi , zi ), where i = 1, 2, 3 and 4 are coplanar, if
(ii) If a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 > 0,then origin lies in obtuse angle and
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 the obtuse angle bisector is obtained by taking positive
x3 − x1 y3 − y1 z3 − z1 = 0.
  sign in above equation. Acute angle bisector is obtained
x 4 − x1 y4 − y1 z4 − z1 by taking negative sign.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 If the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle are ( − 3, 5, 1) 8 The line passing through the points ( 5, 1, a ) and ( 3, b, 1)
and ( 3, 3, − 1) respectively, then its circumcentre is  17 13
crosses the YZ -plane at the point  0, , −  . Then,
(a) (6, 2, − 2) (b) (1, 2, 0) (c) (6, 2, 2) (d) (6, − 2, 2)  2 2
2 A line makes the same angle θ with each of the
j
AIEEE 2008
X and Z -axes. If the angle β, which it makes with Y-axis, (a) a = 8, b = 2 (b) a = 2 , b = 8
is such that sin2 β = 3 sin2 θ, then cos 2 θ is equal to (c) a = 4, b = 6 (d) a = 6, b = 4
j
AIEEE 2004 9 The angle between the lines 2x = 3y = − z and
(a)
2
(b)
1
(c)
3
(d)
2 6x = − y = − 4z is j
AIEEE 2005
3 5 5 5 (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 0°
3 A line makes an angle θ with X and Y-axes both. A 10 The angle between a diagonal of a cube and an edge of
possible value of θ is in the cube intersecting the diagonal is
π π π π π π
(a)  0,  (b)  0,  (c)  ,  (d)  ,  (a) cos−1
1
(b) cos−1
2
 4   2   4 2   3 6 
3 3
4 The projections of a vector on the three coordinate axes (c) tan−1 2 (d) None of these
are 6, − 3 and 2, respectively. The direction cosines of the 11 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines
vector are j
AIEEE 2009 satisfy the equations l + m + n = 0 and l 2 = m 2 + n 2 is
6 3 2 6 3 2 6 3 2
(a) 6, − 3, 2 (b) , − , (c) , − , (d) − , − , j
JEE Mains 2014
5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 If the projections of a line segment on the X , Y and 3 4 6 2
Z -axes in 3-dimensional space are 2, 3 and 6 x −3 y +2 z +4
12 If the line, = = lies in the plane,
respectively, then the length of the line segment is 2 −1 3
j
JEE Mains 2013
lx + my − z = 9, then l 2 + m 2 is equal to j
JEE Mains 2016
(a)12 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 6
(a) 26 (b) 18
6 A vector r is inclined at equal angles to OX , OY and OZ . (c) 5 (d) 2
If the magnitude of r is 6 units, then r is equal to 13 The direction cosines of two lines at right angles are
(a) 3 (i + j + k) (b) − 3 (i + j + k)  1 1
(1, 2 , 3) and  −2, ,  , then the direction cosine
(c) − 2 3 (i + j + k) (d) None of these  2 3
7 A line L1 passes through the point 3 i and is parallel to the perpendicular to both the given lines are
vector − i + j + k and another line L2 passes through the 25 19 729 24 38 730
(a) , , (b) , ,
point i + j and is parallel to the vector i + k, then point of 2198 2198 2198 2198 2198 2198
intersection of the lines is 1 −7
(c) , − 2, (d) None of these
(a) i + 2 j + k (b) 2 i + j + k (c) i − 2 j − k (d) i − 2 j + k 3 2
14 The foot of perpendicular from ( 0, 2, 3) to the line (1, 1, 1) makes intercepts on the coordinate axes and the
x + 3 y −1 z + 4 sum of whose length is
= = , is
5 2 3 (a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 12 (d) 20
(a) (−2, 3, 4) (b) (2 , − 1, 3) (c) (2, 3, − 1) (d) (3 , 2 , − 1) 24 The coordinates of the point where the line through
15 The projection of the line segment joining (2, 5, 6) and ( 3 , − 4 , − 5) and ( 2 , − 3 , 1) crosses the plane passing
(3, 2, 7) on the line with direction ratios 2 , 1, − 2, is through three points ( 2 , 2 , 1), ( 3 , 0 , 1) and ( 4 , − 1, 0), is
1 1 j NCERT Exemplar
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 1
2 3 (a) (1, 2 , 7) (b) (−1, 2 , − 7)
(c) (1, − 2 , 7) (d) None of these
16 The shortest distance between the lines
x +1 y +1 z +1 x − 3 y − 5 z −7 25 The volume of the tetrahedron formed by coordinate
= = and = = , is
7 −6 1 1 −2 1 j NCERT planes and 2x + 3y + z = 6, is
29 (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 0
(a) 29 units (b) 29 units (c) units (d) 2 29 units
2 26 The equation of the plane passing through ( 2 , 1, 5) and
17 The shortest distance between the diagonals of a parallel to the plane 3x − 4y + 5z = 4 is
rectangular parallelopiped whose sides are a , b , c and (a) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z − 27 = 0 (b) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z + 21 = 0
the edges not meeting it, are (c) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z + 26 = 0 (d) 3 x − 4 y + 5 z + 17 = 0
bc ca ab
(a) , , 27 If Q is the image of the point P( 2, 3, 4) under the
b 2 − c2 c2 − a2 a2 − b 2 reflection in the plane x − 2y + 5z = 6, then the equation
bc ca ab of the line PQ is
(b) , ,
b 2 + c2 c2 + a2 a2 + b 2 x−2 y−3 z−4 x−2 y−3 z−4
(a) = = (b) = =
−1 2 5 1 −2 5
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab x−2 y−3 z−4 x−2 y−3 z−4
(c) , , (c) = = (d) = =
b 2 − c2 c2 − a2 a2 − b 2 −1 −2 5 1 2 5
(d) None of the above 28 If the points (1, 2 , 3) and ( 2 , − 1, 0) lie on the opposite
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x − 3 y −k z sides of the plane 2x + 3y − 2z = k , then
18 If the line = = and = =
2 3 4 1 2 1 (a) k < 1 (b) k > 2
intersect, then k is equal to j
AIEEE 2012 (c) k < 1or k > 2 (d) 1 < k < 2
2 9
(a) − 1 (b) (c) (d) 0 29 The equation of the plane containing the lines
9 2 2x − 5y + z = 3, x + y + 4z = 5 and parallel to the plane
19 If the straight lines x = 1 + s, y = − 3 − λ s, z = 1 + λ s and x + 3y + 6z = 1 is j
JEE Mains 2015
t
x = , y = 1 + t , z = 2 − t , with parameters s and t (a) 2 x + 6y + 12 z = 13 (b) x + 3 y + 6z = − 7
2
(c) x + 3 y + 6z = 7 (d) 2 x + 6y + 12 z = − 13
respectively are coplanar, then λ is equal to j AIEEE 2004
1 30 The equation of a plane through the line of intersection
(a) – 2 (b) –1 (c) − (d) 0
2 of the planes x + 2y = 3, y − 2z + 1 = 0 and
perpendicular to the first plane is j
JEE Mains 2013
20 The distance of the point (1, 0, 2) from the point of
x − 2 y +1 z − 2 (a) 2 x − y − 10z = 9 (b) 2 x − y + 7 z = 11
intersection of the line = = and the (c) 2 x − y + 10z = 11 (d) 2 x − y − 9z = 10
3 4 12
plane x − y + z = 16 is j
JEE Mains 2015 31 An equation of a plane parallel to the plane
(a) 2 14 (b) 8 (c) 3 21 (d) 13 x − 2y + 2z − 5 = 0 and at a unit distance from the origin
is j
AIEEE 2012
21 A vector n is inclined to X -axis at 45°, to Y -axis at 60° and
at an acute angle to Z -axis. If n is a normal to a plane (a) x − 2 y + 2 z ± 3 = 0 (b) x − 2 y + 2 z + 1 = 0
(c) x − 2 y + 2 z − 1 = 0 (d) x − 2 y + 2 z + 5 = 0
passing through the point ( 2, − 1, 1 ), then the equation of
the plane is j
JEE Mains 2013 32 Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin. If
(a) 4 2 x + 7 y + z = 2 (b) 2 x + y + z = 2 a plane cuts them at distances a, b, c and a′ , b′ , c′ from
(c) 3 2 x − 4 y − 3 z = 7 (d) 2 x − y − z = 2 the origin, then j
AIEEE 2003
1 1 1 1 1 1
22 Let Q be the foot of perpendicular from the origin to the (a) + + + + + 2 =0
a2 b2 c2 a ′2 b ′2 c′
plane 4x − 3y + z + 13 = 0 and R be a point ( − 1, 1, − 6) on
1 1 1 1 1 1
the plane. Then, length QR is j
JEE Mains 2013 (b) 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 =0
a b c a′ b′ c′
19 7 3
(a) 14 (b) (c) 3 (d) 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 (c) 2 − 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 =0
a b c a′ b′ c′
23 The plane passing through the point ( −2, − 2, 2) and 1 1 1 1 1 1
containing the line joining the points (1, − 1, 2) and (d) 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 =0
a b c a′ b′ c′
33 The distance of the point (1, − 5, 9) from the plane (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
x − y + z = 5 measured along a straight line x = y = z is correct explanation of Statement I
j JEE Mains 2016 (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not
10 20 a correct explanation of Statement I
(a) 3 10 (b) 10 3 (c) (d)
3 3 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
34 Distance between two parallel planes 2x + y + 2z = 8 (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
and 4x + 2y + 4z + 5 = 0 is j JEE Mains 2013 41 Statement I The point A (1, 0, 7) is the mirror image of the
3 5 7 9 x y −1 z − 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) point B (1, 6, 3) in the line= = .
2 2 2 2 1 2 3
35 Find the planes bisecting the acute angle between the x y −1 z − 2
Statement II The line = = bisects the line
planes x − y + 2z + 1 = 0 and 2x + y + z + 2 = 0. 1 2 3
(a) x + z − 1 = 0 (b) x + z + 1 = 0 segment joining A (1, 0, 7) and B (1, 6, 3). j AIEEE 2011

(c) x − z − 1 = 0 (d) None of these

(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
x −1 y − 2 z + 3
36 The angle between the lines = = and the correct explanation for Statement I
2 1 −2 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
plane x + y + 4 = 0 is not a correct explanation for Statement I
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 90° (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
y −1 z − 3 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
37 If the angle between the line x = = and the
2 λ 42 Consider the following statements
 5 Statement I If the line drawn from the point ( −2 , − 1, − 3)
plane x + 2y + 3z = 4 is cos −1   , then λ is equal to
 14  j AIEEE 2011 meets a plane at right angle at the point (1, − 3 , 3), then
3 2 5 2 the equation of plane is 3x − 2y + 6z − 27 = 0.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 3 3 Statement II The equation of the plane through the points
( 2 ,1, 0),( 3 , − 2 , − 2) and ( 3 ,1, 7) is 7x + 3y − z = 17.
38 The distance between the line
r = 2i − 2j + 3k + λ(i − j + 4k ) and the plane r ⋅ (i + 5j + k ) = 5 Choose the correct option.
is (a) Statement I is true (b) Statement II is true
10 10 10 3 (c) Both statements are true (d) Both statements are false
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 3 10 43 Statement I The point A (3, 1, 6) is the mirror image of
39 Consider the following statements. the point B (1, 3, 4) in the plane x − y + z = 5 .
Statement I If the coordinates of the points A,B,C,D are Statement II The plane x − y + z = 5 bisects the line
(1, 2 , 3),( 4 , 5 , 7),( − 4 , 3 ,− 6) and ( 2 , 9 , 2) respectively, segment joining A (3, 1, 6) and B (1, 3, 4). j AIEEE 2010
π (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
then the angle between the lines AB and CD is .
6 correct explanation for Statement I
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
Statement II The straight lines = = and
1 2 3 not a correct explanation for Statement I
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
= = are parallel.
2 2 −2 (d)Statement I is false; Statement II is true
Choose the correct option. 44 Statement I A point on the straight line 2x + 3y − 4z = 5
(a) Statement I is true (b) Statement II is true and 3x − 2y + 4 z = 7 can be determined by taking x = k
(c) Both statements are true (d) Both statements are false and then solving the two equations for y and z, where k
is any real number.
40 Consider a line is perpendicular to the plane, then DR’s
of plane is proportional to the line. Statement II If c′ ≠ kc, then the straight line
x −1 y z +1 ax + by + cz + d = 0, kax + kby + c′ z + d ′ = 0, does not
Statement I The lines = = and
1 −1 1 intersect the plane z = α, where α is any real number.
x − 2 y +1 z (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
= = are coplanar and equation of the plane
1 2 3 correct explanation of Statement I
containing them is 5x + 2y − 3z − 8 = 0 (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not
x − 2 y +1 z a correct explanation of Statement I
Statement II The line = = is perpendicular
1 2 3 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
to the plane 3x + 6y + 9z − 8 = 0 and parallel to the (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
plane x + y − z = 0
45 Consider the lines Statement II The unit vector perpendicular to both the
x+ 1 y+ 2 z+ 1 x− 2 y+ 2 z− 3 − i − 7j + 5 k
L1 : = = , L2 : = = . lines L1 and L2 is .
3 1 2 1 2 3 5 3
Statement I The distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
plane passing through the point ( −1, − 2, − 1) and whose correct explanation of Statement I
normal is perpendicular to both the lines L1 and L2 is (b) Statement I is true; Statement II is true; Statement II is not
13 a correct explanation of Statement I
.
5 3 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 The direction ratios of normal to the plane through (a) (3a , 3a , 3a), (a , a , a) (b) (3a , 2a , 3a), (a , a , a)
π (c) (3a , 2a , 3a), (a , a , 2a) (d) (2a , 3a , 3a), (2a , a , a)
(1, 0 , 0), ( 0 ,1, 0) which makes an angle with the plane
4
8 A parallelopiped is formed by planes drawn through the
x + y = 3 are
points (2, 3, 5) and (5, 9, 7), parallel to the coordinate
(a) 1, 2 ,1 (b) 1, 1, 2 (c) 1, 1, 2 (d) 2 ,1, 1 planes. The length of a diagonal of the parallelopiped is
2 The angle between the lines whose direction cosines are (a) 7 units (b) 38 units
given by 2l − m + 2n = 0 ,lm + mn + nl = 0 , is (c) 155 units (d) None of these
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 2 9 The distance of the point (1, 3, −7) from the
plane passing through the point (1, − 1, − 1)
3 If L1 is the line of intersection of the planes having normal perpendicular to both the lines
2x − 2y + 3z − 2 = 0, x − y + z + 1 = 0 and L2 is the line
of intersection of the planes x + 2y − z − 3 = 0, x −1 y + 2 z − 4 x − 2 y +1 z + 7
= = and = = , is
3x − y + 2z − 1 = 0, then the distance of the origin from 1 −2 3 2 −1 −1
the plane, containing the lines L1 and L2 is j JEE Mains 2018 j
JEE Mains 2017
1 1 1 1 20 10 5 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) units (b) units (c) units (d) units
4 2 3 2 2 2 2 74 83 83 74
4 If the plane x + y + z = 1 is rotated through an angle 90° 10 Find the distance of the plane x + 2y − z = 2 from the point
about its line of intersection with the plane ( 2 , − 1, 3) as measured in the direction with DR’s ( 2 , 2 , 1).
x − 2y + 3z = 0 , the new position of the plane is (a) 2 (b) − 3 (c) − 2 (d) 3
(a) x − 5 y + 4 z = 1 (b) x − 5 y + 4 z = − 1
11 ∆ABC is such that the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and
(c) x − 8 y + 7 z = 2 (d) x − 8 y + 7 z = − 2 AB are (l, 0, 0), ( 0, m, 0), ( 0, 0, n ), respectively. Then,
5 A variable plane at a distance of 1 unit from the origin cut AB 2 + BC 2 + CA 2
is equal to
the coordinate axes at A , B and C. If the centroid l 2 + m2 + n 2
D ( x , y , z ) of ∆ABC satisfies the relation (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 = k , then k is equal to 12 If α , β , γ and δ are the angles between a straight line with
x2 y z
1 the diagonals of a cube, then
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) (d) 9 sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ + sin2 δ is equal to
3
5 8 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
6 The lines x = py + q , z = ry + s and x = p′ y + q ′ , 3 3 4
z = r ′ y + s′ are perpendicular, if j
NCERT Exemplar 13 The equation of the line passing through the points
(a) pr + p ′r ′+1 = 0 (b) pp ′+ rr ′+1 = 0 ( 3, 0, 1) and parallel to the planes x + 2y = 0 and
(c) pr + p ′r ′ = 0 (d) pp ′+ rr ′ = 0 3y − z = 0, is j
NCERT Exemplar
x − 3 y − 0 z −1 x − 3 y − 0 z −1
7 A line with direction cosines proportional to 2, 1, 2 meets (a) = = (b) = =
each of the lines x = y + a = z and x + a = 2y = 2 z . The −2 1 3 1 −2 3
coordinates of each of the points of intersection are x − 3 y − 0 z −1
(c) = = (d) None of these
given by 3 1 −2
14 The length of the projection of the line segment joining 18 Let L be the line of intersection of the planes
the points (5, −1, 4) and ( 4, − 1, 3) on the plane, 2x + 3y + z = 1 and x + 3y + 2z = 2. If L makes an angle
x + y + z = 7 is j JEE Mains 2018
α with the positive X -axis, then cos α is equal to
2 2 1 2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) 1 (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 2 2 3

15 Let ABC be a triangle with vertices at points A( 2, 3, 5), 19 If the image of the point P(1, − 2, 3) in the plane
B( − 1, 3, 2) and C( λ , 5, µ ) in three dimensional space. If 2x + 3y − 4z + 22 = 0 measured parallel to the line
x y z
the median through A is equally inclined with the axes, = = is Q, then PQ is equal to
then ( λ , µ ) is equal to j JEE Mains 2013 1 4 5 j JEE Mains 2017

(a) (10, 7) (b) (7, 5) (c) (7, 10) (d) (5, 7) (a) 3 5 (b) 2 42 (c) 42 (d) 6 5
16 A plane passes through the point (1, − 2 , 3) and is x −1 y − 3 z − 4
20 The image of the line = = in the plane
parallel to the plane 2x − 2y + z = 0. The distance of the 3 1 −5
point ( −1, 2 , 0) from the plane, is 2x − y + z + 3 = 0 is the line j JEE Mains 2014

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 x + 3 y −5 z−2

17 The equation of the plane through the line intersection of (a) = =
3 1 −5
the planes x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 5, which is x + 3 y −5 z+ 2
perpendicular to plane x − y + z = 0, is (b) = =
−3 −1 5
(a) x + 2 y + 3 z − 4 = 0 x−3 y+5 z−2
(c) = = .
(b) 5 x + 6y + 7 z − 8 = 0 3 1 −5
(c) 120 x + 144 y + 168 z − 5 = 0 x−3 y+5 z−2
(d) = =
(d) x − z + 2 = 0 −3 −1 5

ANSWERS

SESSION 1 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (a)

SESSION 2 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (a)
360 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY THIRTY TWO

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1  1
= 6 i+
1
j+
1 
k 10 If three edges of the cube are along x, y
 3 3 3 
1 Since, S divides OG in the ratio 3 : − 1. and z, then diagonal has DR’s 1, 1, 1 and
9 + 3 −5 + 9 −3 − 1  = 2 3 (i + j + k ) edge along X-axis has DR’s 1, 0, 0. The
Then, S =  , ,  angle between them is
 2 2 2  If α is obtuse, then
1 1
= (6, 2, − 2) l =m=n=− and |r | = 6 cos −1 = tan −1 2
3 3
2 A line makes angle θ with X-axis and ∴ r = |r | (li + mj + nk ) 11 We know that, angle between two lines
Z-axis and β with Y-axis.
 1 1 1  is
∴ l = cos θ, m = cos β, n = cos θ = 6 − i− j– k
 3 3 3  a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2
Q l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1 cos θ =
= − 2 3 (i + j + k ) a12 + b12 + c 12 a22 + b22 + c 22
∴ cos 2 θ + cos 2 β + cos 2 θ = 1
⇒ 2cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 β l+ m+ n=0
7 Equation of L1 is
⇒ 2cos 2 θ = sin2 β …(i) ⇒ l = − ( m + n)
r = 3 i + λ (− i + j + k )
But it is given that, ⇒ (m + n )2 = l2
= (3 − λ ) i + λj + λ k ⇒ m2 + n2 + 2mn = m2 + n2
sin2 β = 3 sin2 θ …(ii) Equation of L2 is [Ql2 = m2 + n2 , given]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
r = ( i + j) + µ ( i + k ) ⇒ 2mn = 0
3 sin2 θ = 2cos 2 θ
= (1 + µ ) i + j + µ k When, m = 0 ⇒ l = − n
⇒ 3(1 − cos 2 θ) = 2cos 2 θ
For point of intersection, we get Hence, (l, m, n ) is (1, 0, − 1).
⇒ 3 = 5cos 2 θ
λ = µ = 1 ⇒ r = 2i + j + k When n = 0, then l = − m
3
∴ cos 2 θ = Hence, (l, m, n ) is (1, 0, –1).
5 8 Equation of line passing through (5, 1, a) 1+ 0+ 0 1 π
∴ cos θ = = ⇒ θ=
3 We know that, and (3, b, 1) is 2× 2 2 3
cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ + cos 2 γ = 1 x−3 y −b z−1
= = …(i) x−3 y + 2 z+ 4
⇒ cos 2 γ = − cos 2θ 5− 3 1−b a−1 12 Since, the line = =
2 −1 3
⇒ cos 2θ ≤ 0  x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 
π π Q x − x = y − y = z − z  lies in the plane lx + my − z = 9,
∴ θ∈ ,   2 1 2 1 2 1  therefore we have 2l − m − 3 = 0
 4 2 
 17
Point  0, , −
13  [Q normal will be perpendicular
 satisfies Eq. (i), we
4 Projection of a vector on coordinate  2 2 to the line]
axes are get ⇒ 2l − m = 3 ...(i)
x2 − x1 , y 2 − y 1 , z2 − z1 17 13 and 3l − 2m + 4 = 9
−b − −1
⇒ x2 − x1 = 6, y 2 − y 1 = − 3, 3
− = 2 = 2 [Q point (3, − 2, − 4) lies on the plane]
z2 − z1 = 2 2 1−b a−1 ⇒ 3l − 2m = 5 ...(ii)
Now, ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y 1 )2 + (z2 − z1 )2  − 15 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
  l = 1 and m = − 1
= 36 + 9 + 4 = 7  2
⇒ a−1= = 5 ⇒ a= 6
− 
3 ∴ l 2 + m2 = 2
6
So, the DC’s of the vector are , −
3  
 2 13 Let the direction cosine of the line
7 7
Also, − 3(1 − b ) = 2  − b 
2 17 perpendicular to two given lines is
and ⋅ (l , m, n ), then l + 2m + 3 n = 0 and
7  2 
m n
⇒ 3b − 3 = 17 − 2b ⇒ 5b = 20 ⇒ b = 4 −2l + + =0
5 Given that, the projections of a line 2 3
segment on the X , Y and Z-axes in 9 The given equations of lines can be From the above equation,
3 D-space are, lr = 2, mr = 3 and nr = 6 rewritten as
l m
Q(lr )2 + (mr )2 + (nr )2 = (2)2 + (3)2 + (6)2 x y z x y z =−
= = and = = 1 1 1
⇒ (l 2 + m2 + n2 ) r 2 = 4 + 9 + 36 3 2 −6 2 −12 − 3 2× − ×3 − 3 × (−2) − 1 ×
3 2 3
⇒ r 2 = 49 ⇒ r = 7 ∴ Angle between the lines is n
=
6 Let r be inclined at an angle α to each θ = cos −1 1
1 × − 2 (−2)
axis, then l = m = n = cos α  3 × 2 + 2(−12) − 6(−3)  2
 
Since, l 2 + m2 + n2 = 1  32 + 22 + (− 6)2 (2)2 + (− 12)2 + (− 3)2  l2 m2 n2 1
  ⇒ = = =
⇒ 3 cos 2 α = 1 25 361 81 25 361 81
  + +
1 a1 ⋅ a2 + b2 ⋅ b2 + c 1 ⋅ c 2 36 9 4 36 9 4
If α is acute, then l = m = n = and Qcos θ = 
3 25 19 729
a12 + b12 + c 12 a22 + b + c 22 
2
 ∴ l = ,m= ,n =
|r | = 6
2
2198 2198 2198
∴ r = | r |(l i + mj + n k ) = cos −1 (0) = 90°
14 Let L be foot of perpendicular from 17 Let one vertex of the parallelopiped be i.e. corresponding coordinates of P and
P (0, 2, 3) on the line at the origin O and three coterminous Q should be same.
x − (−3) y − 1 z − (−4 ) edges OA, OB and OC be along OX , OY 2 p + 1 = q + 3, 4 p + 1 = q
= = = t …(i)
5 2 3 and OZ, respectively. The coordinates of and 3 p − 1 = 2q + k
Any point on Eq. (i) is the vertices of the parallelopiped are On solving 2 p + 1 = q + 3 and
L (−3 + 5 t , 1 + 2 t , − 4 + 3 t ). marked in figure. 4 p + 1 = q , we get the values of p and q
Then, DR’s of PL are The edges which do not meet the as
(−3 + 5 t − 0, 1 + 2 t − 2, − 4 + 3 t − 3) diagonal OF are AH , AD and BD and −3
p= and q = − 5
or ( 5 t − 3, 2 t − 1, 3 t − 7). their parallels are BE, CE and CH, 2
respectively. On substituting the values of p and q in
Since, PL is perpendicular to Eq. (i),
therefore 5( 5t − 3) + 2(2t − 1) The vector equation of the diagonalOF is the third equation 3 p − 1 = 2q + k , we
+ 3(3 t − 7) = 0 ⇒ t = 1 r = 0 + λ (ai + bj + ck ) …(i) get
−3
∴ 3   − 1 = 2 (− 5) + k ⇒ k =
So, the coordinate of L is (2, 3,−1). The vector equation of the edge BD is 9
r = b j + µ ai …(ii)  2  2
15 The vector joining the points is We have,
i − 3 j + k. Its projection along the vector 19 The given straight line can be rewritten
(ai + b j + ck ) × ai = ba ( j × i )
2i + j − 2k as
+ ca ( k × i ) x−1 y + 3 z−1
|( i − 3 j + k ) ⋅ (2i + j − 2 k )|
= = − ba k + ca j = = =s
22 + 12 + 22 1 −λ λ
∴ |(ai × bj × ck ) × ai | = b 2 a2 + c 2 a2 x− 0 y −1 z−2
|2 − 3 − 2| = = =t
= =1 and {(ai + bj + ck ) × ai} ⋅ (bj − 0 )
and
3 1 2 −2
= (− ba k + ca j) ⋅ bj
16 The given lines are These two lines are coplanar, if
= abc x1 − x2 y 1 − y 2 z1 − z2
x+1 y +1 z+1
= = Z
7 −6 1 l1 m1 n1 =0
x−3 y − 5 z−7 l2 m2 n2
and = =
1 −2 1 1 − 0 −3 − 1 1 − 2
For line Ist DR’s = (7, − 6, 1) and it passes C (0, 0, c)
E (0, b, c) ⇒ 1 −λ λ =0
through (− 1, − 1, − 1), then equation of
given lines (in vector form) is 1 2 −2
(a,0, c) H F (a , b , c )
r1 = − i − j − k + λ ( 7i − 6 j + k ) 1 −4 −1
Similarly,r2 = 3 i + 5 j + 7 k + µ ( i − 2 j + k ) B (0, b, 0) ⇒ 1 −λ λ =0
which are of the form r1 = a 1 + λ b1 and Y
O 1 2 −2
r2 = a 2 + µ b2 where, (0,0,0)
⇒ 1(2 λ − 2 λ ) + 4(−2 − λ ) − 1(2 + λ ) = 0
a 1 = − i − j − k, b1 = 7 i − 6 j + k A (a, 0, 0) D (a, b, 0) ⇒ − 8 − 4λ − 2 − λ = 0
and a 2 = 3 i + 5j + 7 k, b2 = i − 2 j + k ⇒ −10 = 5λ ⇒ λ = − 2
Now, a 2 − a 1 = (3 i + 5 j + 7 k ) X 20 Given equation of line is
− ( − i − j − k) = 4 i+ 6 j+ 8 k Thus, the shortest distance between x−2 y + 1 z−2
i j k Eqs. (i) and (ii) is given by = = = λ [say] …(i)
3 4 12
and b1 × b2 = 7 −6 1 |{(a i + b j + c k ) × a i} ⋅ (bj − 0 )|
SD = and equation of plane is
1 −2 1 |(ai + bj + ck ) × ai | x − y + z = 16 …(ii)
= i (−6 + 2) − j (7 − 1) + k (−14 + 6) abc bc Any point on the line (i) is
= =
= −4 i − 6 j − 8 k b 2 a2 + c 2 a2 b2 + c 2 (3λ + 2, 4λ − 1, 12λ + 2)
|b1 × b2|= (− 4)2 + (− 6)2 + (− 8)2 Similarly, it can be shown that the Let this point be point of intersection of
shortest distance between OF and AD is the line and plane.
= 16 + 36 + 64 ∴ (3λ + 2) − (4λ − 1) + (12λ + 2) = 16
ca
and that between OF and AH
= 116 = 2 29 a2 + c 2 ⇒ 11λ + 5 = 16
So, the shortest distance between the ab ⇒ 11λ = 11 ⇒ λ = 1
given lines is .
a2 + b 2 ∴ Point of intersection is (5, 3, 14).
( b1 × b2 ) ⋅ ( a 2 − a 1 ) Now, distance between the points (1, 0,
d = x−1 y + 1 z−1
|b1 × b2| 18 Let L1 : = = = p 2) and (5, 3, 14)
2 3 4
|(−4 i − 6 j − 8 k )⋅ (4 i + 6 j + 8 k )| x−3 y − k z−0 = (5 − 1)2 + (3 − 0)2 + (14 − 2)2
= and L2 : = = =q
2 29 1 2 1 = 16 + 9 + 144 = 169 = 13
|(− 4) × 4 + (− 6) × 6 + (− 8) × 8 | ⇒ Any point P on line L1 is of type
= 21 Q cos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ = 1
2 29 P (2 p + 1, 3 p − 1, 4 p + 1) and any point
| − 16 − 36 − 64 | 116 Q on line L2 is of type ⇒ cos 2 45° + cos 2 60° + cos 2 γ = 1
= = Q (q + 3, 2q + k , q ) 1 1 3 1
2 29 2 29 ⇒ cos 2 γ = 1 − − = 1 − =
Since, L1 and L2 are intersecting each 2 4 4 4
58
= = 2 29 units other, hence both point P and Q should 1
29 ⇒ cos γ =
coincide at the point of intersection, 2
 ∴ Direction Ratio’s of normal to the 25 Since, the vertices of the tetrahedron ∴
5
( x + 2 y − 3) − ( y − 2z + 1) = 0
1 are (0, 0, 0),(3, 0, 0), (0, 2, 0) and (0, 0, 6). 2
plane is < cos 45° ; cos 60° , >
2 ∴ Volume of tetrahedron ⇒ 2 x + 4 y − 6 − 5y + 10z − 5 = 0
1 1 1 3 0 0 ⇒ 2 x − y + 10z − 11 = 0
=< , , > 1
2 2 2 = 0 2 0 =6 ⇒ 2 x − y + 10z = 11
6
∴Equation of plane passing through 0 0 6 31 Given, a plane P : x − 2 y + 2z − 5 = 0
( 2, − 1, 1 ) is Equation of family of planes parallel to
26 The equation of the plane parallel to the
1 1 1 the given plane P is
( x − 2 ) + ( y + 1 ) + (z − 1 ) = 0 plane 3 x − 4 y + 5z = 4 is
2 2 2 3 x − 4 y + 5z + k = 0 Q : x − 2 y + 2z + d = 0
⇒ 2( x − 2 ) + 2( y + 1 ) + 2(z − 1 ) = 0 Also, perpendicular distance of Q from
Since, this plane passes through (2, 1, 5).
origin is 1 unit.
⇒ 2( x − 2 ) + ( y + 1 ) + (z − 1 ) = 0 On substituting coordinates (2, 1, 5,) we
0 − 2 (0) + 2 (0) + d
⇒ 2x − 2 + y + 1 + z − 1 = 0 get ⇒ =1
3 × 2 − 4 × 1 + 5 × 5 + k = 0 ⇒ k = − 27 12 + 22 + 22
⇒ 2x + y + z = 2
So, the equation of plane is d
3 x − 4 y + 5z − 27 = 0. ⇒ =1 ⇒ d = ± 3
22 Let foot of perpendicular Q ( x, y , z ) from 3
O(0, 0, 0) 27 Since Q is the image of P, therefore PQ Hence, the required equation of the
x−0 y −0 z−0 is perpendicular to the plane plane parallel to P and at unit distance
= =
4 −3 1 x − 2 y + 5z = 6. from origin is x − 2 y + 2z ± 3 = 0.
{4(0) − 3(0) + 1(0) + 13} ∴ Required equation of line is
=− 32 Consider OX , OY , OZ and Ox, Oy , Oz are
42 + 32 + 12 x −2 y −3 z− 4
= = two systems of rectangular axes.
x y z −13 1 1 −2 5 Let their corresponding equations of
⇒ = = = =−
4 −3 1 26 2 28 On substituting the coordinates of the plane be
3 1 points in the equation x y z
x = − 2, y = , z = − + + =1 …(i)
2 2 2 x + 3 y − 2z − k = 0, we get a b c
 3 1 (2 + 6 − 6 − k )(4 − 3 − k ) < 0 x y z
∴ Q  − 2, , −  and + + =1 …(ii)
 2 2 ⇒ (k − 1)(k − 2) < 0 a′ b ′ c ′
2 ∴ 1< k < 2 Length of perpendicular from origin to
(−1 + 2)2 +  1 −
3 Eqs. (i) and (ii) must be same.
 29 Let equation of plane containing the
 2 1 1
∴ PQ = 2 lines 2 x − 5y + z = 3 and ∴ =
+  −6 + 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x + y + 4 z = 5be (2 x − 5y + z − 3) + + + +
 2 + λ( x + y + 4 z − 5) = 0 a2 b 2 c 2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2
1 121 126 7 ⇒ (2 + λ )x + (λ − 5)y + (4λ + 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1+ + = =3 ⇒ + 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2
4 4 2 2 z − 3 − 5λ = 0 …(i) a2 b c a′ b′ c′
This plane is parallel to the plane
23 Required equation of plane is 1 1 1 1 1 1
x + 3 y + 6 z = 1. ⇒ + + − − − =0
x−1 y −1 z−1 2 + λ λ − 5 4λ + 1 a2 b 2 c 2 a ′2 b ′2 c ′2
−3 −3 1 =0 ∴ = =
1 3 6 33 Equation of PQ is
0 −2 1 On taking first two equalities, we get x−1 y + 5 z− 9
6 + 3λ = λ − 5 ⇒ 2λ = − 11 = = =λ
⇒ x − 3 y − 6z + 8 = 0 1 1 1
8 8 11
Since, the intercepts are 8, , . ⇒ λ=− So, x = λ + 1, y = λ − 5 and z = λ + 9
3 6 2 lies on the plane x − y + z = 5.
So, their sum is 12. On taking last two equalities, we get ⇒ λ + 1 − λ + 5+ λ + 9 = 5
6λ − 30 = 3 + 12λ ∴ λ = − 10
24 Equation of plane through three points 11
(2, 2, 1), (3, 0, 1) and (4, − 1, 0) is ⇒ − 6λ = 33 ⇒ λ = − So, the coordinate of Q is (− 9, − 15, − 1)
2 and coordinate of P is (1, − 5, 9).
[(r − i + 2j + k )] ⋅ [(i − 2j) × (i − j − k )] = 0
So, the equation of required plane is
i.e. r ⋅ (2i + j + k ) = 7 ∴ | PQ | = (10)2 + (10)2 + (10)2 = 10 3
or 2x + y + z − 7 = 0 …(i)  2 − 11  x +  −11 − 5 y
   
Equation of line through (3, − 4, − 5) and  2  2  34 Given planes are,
(2, − 3, 1) is 2 x + y + 2z − 8 = 0
+  − + 1 z − 3 + 5 ×
44 11
=0 5
x−3 y + 4 z+ 5  2  2 and 2 x + y + 2z + = 0
= = …(ii)
−1 1 6 7 21 42 49 2
⇒ − x− y − z+ =0 Distance between two planes
Any point on line (ii) is 2 2 2 2
(− λ + 3, λ − 4, 6λ − 5.) This point lies 5
⇒ x + 3 y + 6z − 7 = 0 −8 −
|c1 − c2 | 2
on plane (i). = =
Therefore, 30 Intersection of two planes is a2 + b 2 + c 2 22 + 12 + 22
2 (−λ + 3) + (λ − 4) + (6λ − 5) − 7 = 0 ( x + 2 y − 3) + λ ( y − 2z + 1 )
⇒ λ =2 ⇒ x + (2 + λ )y − 2λz + λ − 3 = 0 21
5 7
Hence, the required point is (1, − 2, 7). ∴ 1(1 ) + 2(2 + λ ) + 0(−2λ ) = 0 ⇒ λ = − = 2 =
2 3 2
35 Now, a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 2 − 1 + 2 > 0. = 6i+ 6 j+8k A (–2, –1, –3)
AB ⋅ CD
The acute angle bisecting plane is Qcos θ =
x − y + 2z + 1 = − (2 x + y + z + 2) | AB||CD|
i.e. x+ z+ 1= 0 (3i+3 j+4k ) ⋅ (6i+ 6 j+8k )
cos θ =
36 DR’s of line are 2, 1, −2 and DR’s of 32 + 32 + 42 62 + 62 + 82 B
normal to the plane are 1, 1, 0. 18 + 18 + 32 68 (1, –3, 3)
= = =1
2 1 2
∴ Therefore, their DC’s are , ,− and 34 136 2 × 34
3 3 3 Equation of a plane is given by
∴ θ = cos −1 1 = 0
1 1 A( x − x1 ) + B ( y − y 1 ) + C ( z − z1 ) = 0
, ,0 respectively. Hence, Statement I is false.
2 2 ⇒ 3( x − 1) + (−2)( y + 3) + 6(z − 3) = 0
II. Given, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, c 1 = 3
Now, let θ be the angle b/w line and the ⇒ 3 x − 3 − 2 y − 6 + 6z − 18 = 0
a2 = 2,b2 = 2,c 2 = −2
plane, then a1 1 b 2 ⇒ 3 x − 2 y + 6z − 27 = 0
= , 1 =
+  −  ⋅ 0
2 1 1 1 2 II. Equation of any plane through
cos(90° − θ ) = ⋅ + ⋅ a2 2 b2 2
3 2 3 2  3 a1 b
(2,1, 0) is
1 Q ≠ 1 a( x − 2) + b( y − 1) + c (z − 0) = 0 …(i)
⇒ sinθ = ⇒ θ = 45° a2 b2 Since, it passes through the points
2
Hence, given lines are not parallel. (3,-2,-2) and (3,1,7). Then, we get
37 Angle between straight line r = a + λ b Therefore, Statement II is false. a − 3b − 2c = 0 …(ii)
and plane r ⋅ n = d, 40 Statement I The equation of the plane and a + 0b + 7c = 0 …(iii)
b⋅n containing them is On solving Eqs.(ii) and (iii) by
sin θ =
|b || n| x−1 y z+ 1 cross-multiplication, we get
(i + 2 j + λ k )⋅ (i + 2 j + 3 k ) 1 −1 1 =0 a = 7λ,b = 3λ,c = − λ
∴ sin θ = On substituting the value of a,b,c
1 + 4 + λ2 1+ 4+ 9 1 2 3
in Eq. (i), we get
5 + 3λ ⇒ −(5x + 2 y − 3z − 8) = 0 7λ( x − 2) + 3λ( y − 1) − λz = 0
⇒ sin θ = 1 2 3
λ2 + 5 ⋅ 14 Statement II Here, = = ⇒ 7 x + 3 y − z = 17
3 6 9 This is the required equation of the
5 1 1 1
Given, cos θ = ⇒ = = plane.
14 3 3 3
3 and 1(1) + 2(1) + 3(−1) = 0
43 The image of the point (3, 1, 6) with
∴ sin θ = respect to the plane x − y + z = 5is
14 ∴ Statement II is true.
x −3 y −1 z− 6
3 5 + 3λ 41 Since, mid-point on AB is M (1, 3, 5.) = =
⇒ = 1 −1 1
14 λ2 + 5 ⋅ 14 x y −1 z−2 − 2(3 − 1 + 6 − 5)
which lies on = = . =
⇒ 9 (λ + 5) = 9 λ + 30 λ + 25
2 2 1 2 3 1+ 1+ 1
⇒ 9 λ2 + 45 = 9 λ2 + 30 λ + 25 A x −3 y −1 z− 6
⇒ = = = −2
⇒ 30 λ = 20 1 −1 1
∴ λ=
2 ⇒ x = 3−2 = 1
3 y = 1+ 2 = 3
38 Clearly, given line is parallel to the z = 6−2 = 4
M x y–1 z–2
plane. = = which shows that Statement I
1 2 3 is true.
Given point on the line is A (2, − 2,3) and
a point on the plane is B (0, 0, 5) We observe that the line segment
∴ AB = (2 − 0)i + (−2 − 0) j + (3 − 5)k joining the points A (3, 1, 6) and
B
= 2i − 2 j − 2k B (1, 3, 4) has direction ratios 2, – 2, 2
1 3 − 1 5− 2
Now, required distance = Projection of ∴ = = which are proportional to 1, – 1, 1 the
1 2 3 direction ratios of the normal to the
AB or i + 5j + k
⇒ 1=1=1 plane. Hence, Statement II is true.
(2i − 2j − 2k ) ⋅ (i + 5j + k )
= Hence, Statement II is true. Thus, the Statements I and II are true
1 + 25 + 1
Also, direction ratio of AB is and Statement II is correct explanation
2 − 10 − 2 (1 − 1, 6 − 0, 3 − 7) = (0, 6, − 4)
= ...(i) of Statement I.
27 and direction ratio of straight line is
10
44 Statement I 3 y − 4z = 5 − 2k
= (1, 2, 3) ... (ii)
− 2 y + 4z = 7 − 3 k
3 3 These two lines are perpendicular, if
∴ x = k , y = 12 − 5 k and
39 I. AB = OB − OA 0 (1) + 6 ( 2) − 4 (3) = 12 − 12 = 0
31 − 13 k
Hence, Statement I is true. z= is a point on the line
= (4i+5j+7k ) − ( i+2 j+3k ) 4
= 3i+3 j+4k 42 I. N = OB − OA for all real values of k.
CD = OD − OC = ( i − 3 j + 3k ) − ( − 2i − j − 3k ) Statement I is true.
= (2i+9 j+2k ) − (−4i+3 j − 6k ) = 3i − 2 j + 6k Statement II Direction ratios of the
straight line are
 < bc ′ − kbc , kac − ac ′ , 0 > and Hence, lines are perpendicular. 6 Given lines are
direction ratios of normal the plane are So, angle between them is π / 2. x = py + q, z = ry + s
< 0, 0, 1 >. 3 L1 is the line of intersection of the plane x −q z−s
Now, 0 × (bc ′ − kbc ) + 0 × (kac − ac ′ ) ⇒ = y =
2 x − 2 y + 3z − 2 = 0 and p r
+ 1× 0= 0 x − y + z + 1 = 0 and L2 is the line of
and x = p ′ y + q ′, z = r ′ y + s′
Hence, the straight line is parallel to intersection of the plane
x − q′ z − s′
the plane. x + 2 y − z − 3 = 0 and ⇒ = y =
3 x − y + 2z − 1 = 0 p′ r′
45 Statement II Lines L1 and L2 are parallel
Since L1 is parallel to x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
to the vectors a = 3 i + j + 2 k and Two lines = =
b = i + 2j + 3 k, respectively. The unit $i $j k$ a1 b1 c1
2 −2 3 = $i + $j x − x2 y − y2 z − z2
vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 and = = are
  a2 b2 c2
1 −1 1
is
a ×b − i − 7j + 5k perpendicular, if a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 0
= L2 is parallel to
|a × b| 1 + 49 + 25 ∴ Given lines are perpendicular, if
$i $j k$ 
− i − 7j + 5k 1 2 −1 = 3$i − 5$j − 7k$ pp ′+ r r ′ = 0
=
5 3   7 Let the equation of line AB be
Hence, Statement II is true. 3 −1 2  x−0 y + a z−0
= = =k [say]
Also, L2 passes through  , , 0 .
Statement I Plane is 5 8
1 1 1
− ( x + 1) − 7( y + 2) + 5(z + 1) = 0, whose 7 7 
E
13 [put z = 0 in last two planes] A B
distance from (1, 1, 1) is .
5 3 So, equation of plane is
Hence, Statement I is true. x − 5 y − 8 z 
 7 7  C
F
D
Thus, statement I is true, statement II is  1 1 0 = 0
true; Statement II is a correct  Any point on the line is F (k , k − a, k ).
 3 −5 −7

explanation of Statement I.
  Also, the equation of other line CD is
⇒ 7 x − 7 y + 8z + 3 = 0 x+ a y −0 z−0
SESSION 2 = = =λ [say]
Now, perpendicular distance from 2 1 1
1 Let the equation of plane in intercept origin is
x y z Any point on the line is
form is + + = 1.  3  3 1
a b c  2 = = E (2 λ − a, λ, λ ).
 7 + 7 + 8 162 3 2
2 2
Since, it passes through the point (1, 0, 0) Direction ratios of EF are
and (0,1,0). [(k − 2 λ + a), (k − a − λ ), (k − λ )].
x y z 4 The new position of plane is Since, it is given that direction ratios of
∴ Equation of plane is + + = 1 x − 2 y + 3z + λ( x + y + z − 1) = 0
1 1 c EF are proportional to 2, 1, 2.
1 ⇒ (1 + λ )x + (λ − 2)y + (λ + 3)z − λ = 0 k − 2λ + a k − λ − a k − λ
DR’s of normal are 1,1, and of given Since, it is perpendicular to ∴ = =
c 2 1 2
x + y + z − 1 = 0.
plane are 1,1,0. On solving first and second fractions,
1 ∴1+ λ + λ −2+ λ + 3= 0
1⋅1 + 1⋅1 + ⋅ 0 2 we get
π c ⇒λ = −
Now, cos = k − 2λ + a = 2k − 2λ − 2a
4  1  3
 2 + 2 2 Hence, required plane is ⇒ k = 3a …(i)
 c 
x − 8 y + 7z = − 2. On solving second and third fractions,
1 2
⇒ = y we get
2  1  5 Let plane x + + z = 1 cuts the axes at
 2 + 2 2 a b c 2 k − 2λ − 2 a = k − λ
 c  A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, c ). ⇒ k − λ = 2a
1 1 ⇒ λ = 3a − 2a
Centroid of plane ABC is D  , ,  .
⇒ + 2 = 4 ⇒ c2 = a b c
c2 2  3 3 3 [from Eq. (i)]
1
∴ c = Distance of the plane from the origin ∴ λ=a
2 Hence, coordinates of E are (3 a, 2 a, 3 a)
1
So, the DR’s of normal are 1,1, 2. d = =1 [given] and coordinates of F are (a, a, a).
1 1 1
2 On eliminating m from given equations, + +
a2 b2 c2 8 A parallelopiped is formed by planes
we get 1 1 1 drawn through the points (2, 3, 5) and
2 (l + n ) 2 + nl = 0 ⇒ 1= 2 + 2 + 2 (5, 9, 7), parallel to the coordinate
a b c
[Q put m = 2 l + 2 n] planes.
∴ D ( x, y , z )
⇒ (2l + n ) (l + 2n ) = 0 Let a, b and c be the lengths of edges,
⇒ a = 3 x, b = 3 y , c = 3z
⇒ n = − 2l ⇒ m = − 2l then
1 1 1
or l = − 2n ⇒ + 2 + 2 =9 a = 5 − 2 = 3, b = 9 − 3 = 6
x2 y z
⇒ m = − 2n and c = 7 − 5 = 2
The DR’s are 1, − 2, − 2 and −2, − 2, 1. Hence, the value of k is 9. So, the length of diagonal of a
Now, 1 (−2) − 2 (−2) − 2 (1) = 0 parallelopiped
 = a2 + b 2 + c 2 12 Qcos2 α + cos2 β + cos2 γ + cos2 δ = 4 Alternative Method
3 Clearly, DR’s of AB are
= 9 + 36 + 4
and cos 2 α = 1 − sin2 α, similarly for all 4 − 5, − 1 + 1, 3 − 4, i.e. −1, 0, − 1 and DR’s
= 49 = 7 units other angles. of normal to plane are 1, 1, 1.
9 Given, equations of lines are ∴ cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ + cos 2 δ Now, let θ be the angle between the line
x−1 y + 2 z− 4 = 4 − (sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ + sin2 δ ) and plane, then θ is given by
= = ⇒ sin2 α + sin2 β + sin2 γ −1+ 0−1
1 −2 3 sin θ =
+ sin2 δ =  4 −  =
4 8
x−2 y + 1 z+ 7 (−1) + (−1)2 12 + 12 + 12
2
and = =  3 3
2 −1 −1 2 2
= =
Let n = i$ − 2$j + 3k
$ 13 Let a, b and c be the direction ratios of 2 3 3
1
the required line.
and n2 = 2i$ − $j − k
$
Then, its equation is B (4, –1, 3)
∴ Any vector n perpendicular to both x−3 y − 0 z−1
n1 , n2 is given by = = ...(i)
n = n 1 × n2 a b c A (5, –1, 4) q
Since, Eq. (i) is parallel to the planes C
i$ $j $
k x + 2 y + 0z = 0 and 0 x + 3 y − z = 0.
⇒ n= 1 −2 3 Therefore, normal to the plane is
q
2 −1 −1 perpendicular to the line.
∴ a(1) + b (2) + c (0) = 0
= 5$i + 7 $j + 3k
$
and a (0) + b(3) + c (− 1) = 0
∴ Equation of a plane passing through On solving these two equations by Plane : x + y + z = 7
(1, − 1, − 1) and perpendicular to n is cross-multiplication, we get
given by 2
a
=
b sinθ = ⇒ cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ
5 ( x − 1) + 7( y + 1) + 3(z + 1) = 0 (2) (− 1) − (0) (3) (0) (0) − (1) (− 1) 3
⇒ 5x + 7 y + 3z + 5 = 0 c = 1− =
2 1
∴ Required distance = 3
(1) (3) − (0) (2) 3
5 + 21 − 21 + 5 a b c Clearly, length of projection
= ⇒ = = =λ [say] 1
52 + 72 + 32 −2 1 3 = AB cos θ = 2 [Q AB = 2]
3
10 ⇒ a = − 2λ, b = λ and c = 3λ
= units 2
83 On substituting the values of a, b and c =
in Eq. (i), we get the equation of the 3
10 Consider the line through (2, − 1, 3) with required line as 15 Centroid of ∆ABC,
2 2 1 x−3 y − 0 z−1
DC’s , , is = = 2 − 1 + λ 3 + 3 + 5 5 + 2 + µ 
3 3 3 −2 1 3 G = , , 
 3 3 3 
x−2 y + 1 z−3
= = =r [say] 14 Key idea length of projection of the line + λ + µ
=  
2/3 2/3 1 /3 1 11 7
segment joining a 1 and a 2 on the plane , , 
 3 3 3 
∴ x=2+
2r
,y = −1 +
2r
,z = 3 +
r (a − a 1 ) × n
r ⋅ n = d is 2 Since, median is always passes through
3 3 3 |n|
Since, it lies on the plane centroid and they are equally inclined.
x + 2 y − z = 2.
Length of projection the line segment 1+ λ 11 7+ µ
joining the points (5, −1, 4) and (4, −1, 3) ∴ −2= −3= −5
2r 4r r 3 3 3
∴ 2+ −2+ −3− =2 on the plane x + y + z = 7 is λ−5 2 µ −8
3 3 3 ⇒ = =
⇒ r =3 B (4, –1, 3) 3 3 3
(a2) ⇒ λ = 7, µ = 10
11 Given, mid-points of sides are
D (l , 0, 0), E (0, m, 0) and F (0, 0, n ) ^ ^ ^
16 Let parallel plane be
n=i+j+k 2 x − 2 y + z + λ = 0. It passes through
A
(1, − 2, 3).
(5, –1, 4) ∴ λ = −9
F E
A(a1) C The distance of (−1, 2, 0) from the plane
2x − 2y + z − 9 = 0
(a − a1 ) × n −2 − 4 − 9
B C AC =  2  is = 5
D  |n |   3 
BC 2
Also, EF 2 = [by mid-point theorem] |(− ^i − ^
k ) × (^i + ^j + ^
k )| 17 Equation of any plane through
4 =
|i + j + k| the intersection of planes can be written
⇒ BC 2 = 4 (m2 + n2 ) as
Similarly, AB 2 = 4(l 2 + m2 ) |^i − ^
k| x + y + z − 1 + λ(2 x + 3 y + 4z − 5) = 0
AC =
and CA2 = 4(l 2 + n2 ) 3 ⇒ (1 + 2λ )x + (1 + 3λ )y
AB 2 + BC 2 + CA2 2 2 + (1 + 4λ )z − 1 − 5λ = 0 …(i)
∴ =8 ⇒ AC = =
l 2 + m2 + n2 3 3
 The direction ratios, a1 ,b1 ,c 1 , of the plane 3 (i − j + k ) ⋅ ( i ) 1 20 Here, plane, line and its image are
∴ cos α = =
are (1 + 2λ ), (3λ + 1) and (4λ + 1). 3 (1 + 1 + 1) 1
2
3 parallel to each other. So, find any point
The plane in Eq. (i) is perpendicular to on the normal to the plane from which
y
x − y + z = direction ratios, a2 ,b2 ,c 2 are 19 Any line parallel to x = = z and the image line will be passed and then
1,−1 and 1. 1 4 5 find equation of image line.
Since, the planes are perpendicular. passing through P(1, − 2, 3) is
Here, plane and line are parallel to each
∴ a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c 1 c 2 = 0 x y z
P (1, –2, 3) other. Equation of normal to the plane
= = <1, 4, 5>
⇒ 1(1 + 2λ ) − 1(1 + 3λ ) + 1(1 + 4λ ) = 0 1 4 5 through the point (1, 3, 4) is
⇒ 1 + 2λ − 1 − 3λ + 1 + 4λ = 0 x−1 y −3 z− 4
R 2x + 3y – 4z + 22 = 0 = = =k [say]
1 2 −1 1
⇒ 3λ = −1 ⇒ λ = −
3 Any point on this normal is
Q
On substituting this value of λ in Eq. (i), (2k + 1, − k + 3, 4 + k ).
x−1 y + 2 z−3
we obtain the required plane as = = =λ (say) Then,
1 − 2 x + 1 − 3 y 1 4 5  2k + 1 + 1 , 3 − k + 3 , 4 + k + 4  lies
     
 3  3 Any point on above line can be written  2 2 2 
as (λ + 1, 4λ − 2, 5λ + 3).
+  1 −  z − 1 + = 0
4 5 on plane.
6 − k
 3 3 ∴ Coordinates of R are ⇒ 2(k + 1) −  
1 1 2  2 
⇒ x− z+ = 0 (λ + 1, 4λ − 2, 5λ + 3).
3 3 3 8 + k
Since, point R lies on the above plane. +  +3= 0
⇒ x−z+2= 0  2 
This is the required equation of the ∴ 2(λ + 1) + 3(4λ − 2) − 4(5λ + 3) ⇒ k = −2
plane. + 22 = 0 Hence, point through which this image
18 The two normal vectors are ⇒ λ =1 pass is
m = 2i + 3 j + k and n = i + 3 j + 2k So, point R is (2, 2, 8). (2k + 1, 3 − k , 4 + k )
i j k Now, i.e. [2(−2) + 1, 3 + 2, 4 − 2] = (−3, 5 , 2)
The line L is along, m × n = 2 3 1 PR = (2 − 1)2 + (2 + 2)2 + (8 − 3)2 Hence, equation of image line is
1 3 2 = 42 x+ 3 y − 5 z−2
= =
= 3( i − j + k ) 3 1 −5
∴ PQ = 2PR = 2 42
and DC’s of X-axis are (1, 0, 0).