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Unit 1 Image Proc

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24 views37 pages

Unit 1 Image Proc

Uploaded by

Umanjusha Pandey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Pattern Recognition

CSE 7th Semester


CS-404
Content:
• Pattern
• Feature and Classes
• Pattern Recognition
• Pattern Recognition Problem
• Machine Perception
• Pattern Recognition System
• 5 Stage Process
• Feature Extraction
• Classification
• Training and Testing
• Approaches for Pattern Recognition
• Decision Making
• Examples of Pattern Recognition
• Application Area
• Example of Classification and Recognition
What is Pattern?
• Pattern is everything around in this digital world.
• A pattern can either be seen physically or it can be observed
mathematically by applying algorithms.

• EXAMPLE: the colors on the clothes, speech signal, fingerprint image,


hand-written words, human face, DNA sequence etc.
Pattern: Features and Classes
• Properties or attributes used to classify the objects are
called features.
• A collection of “similar” (not necessarily same) objects are
grouped together as one “class”.
• Classes are identified by a label .

For example:
• All the above are classified as character T
What is Pattern Recognition?
• Pattern recognition is a data analysis method that uses machine learning
algorithms to automatically recognize patterns and regularities in data.
(This data can be anything from text and images to sounds or other definable
qualities.)

• Pattern recognition can also be defined as the categorization of input data


into identifiable classes via the extraction of significant features or attributes
of the data from a background of irrelevant detail.

• It is a general term to describe a wide range of problems like recognition,


description, classification, and grouping of patterns.

• It is about guessing or predicting the unknown nature of an observation, a


discrete quantity such as black or white, one or zero, sick or healthy, real or
fake
Contd.
• Most of the pattern recognition tasks are first done by
humans and automated later.

• Automating the classification of objects using the same


features as those used by the humans can be difficult.

• Some times features that would be impossible or


difficult for humans to estimate are useful in automated
system.
• For example satellite images use wavelengths of light that are invisible
to humans..
Pattern Recognition Problem
• It deals with the study of how machine can:

• Perceive:- Observe the environment ( i.e., interact with


the real-world)

• Process:- learn to distinguish patterns of interest from


their background.

• Prediction:- Make sound and reasonable decisions


about the categories of pattern
Machine Perception

• BUILD a machine that can recognize patterns:

• Speech Recognition
• Fingerprint Identification
• OCR ( Optical Character Recognition)
• DNA sequence identification
Pattern Recognition System
Test Phase Training Phase
Features:
• A symbolic or numeric property of a real world object that might
be useful to determine its class.
• The word “attribute” is used for this as well.
• Different objects however may have different numbers of
attributes.
• While, usually for all objects in the same problem the same
features can be measured.
• Thus objects may be represented by a feature vector, or by a set of
attributes.
• A feature property stored in a dataset refers to the set of values
the particular feature may have.
• During the addition of new objects to a dataset the feature values
may be checked for the defined domain.
Two broad types of classification:
• Supervised classification
• Guided by the humans
• It is called supervised learning because the process of an algorithm
learning from the training dataset can be thought of as a teacher
supervising the learning process.
• We know the correct answers, the algorithm iteratively makes predictions
on the training data and is corrected by the teacher.
(Classify the mails as spam or non spam based on redecided parameters.)

• Unsupervised classification
• Not guided by the humans.
• Unsupervised Classification is called clustering.
Contd.
• Clustering :
• The system is not given a set of labeled patterns for training. Instead the
system establishes the classes itself based on the regularities of the patterns.
• Clustering Separate Clouds
• Methods work fine when clusters form well separated compact clouds
• Less well when there are great differences in the number of samples in
different clusters
Another classifier : Semi supervised learning
• It makes use of a small number of labeled data and a large
number of unlabeled data to learn
Samples or patterns :
• The individual items or objects or situations to be classified
will be referred as samples or patterns or data.

• The set of data is called “Data Set”.


Training and Testing data
• Two types of data set in supervised classifier .
• Training set : 70 to 80% of the available data will be used for
training the system.
• In Supervised classification Training data is the data you use to
train an algorithm or machine learning model to predict the
outcome you design your model to predict.

• Testing set : around 20-30% will be used for testing the system.
Test data is used to measure the performance, such as accuracy
or efficiency, of the algorithm you are using to train the machine.
• Testing is the measure of quality of your algorithm.
• Many a times even after 80% training, failures can be seen during
testing, reason being not good representation of the test data in
the training set.
• Unsupervised classifier does not use training data
Approaches for Pattern Recognition
Example: OCR
Statistical Decision Theory

Decision theory, in statistics, is a set of quantitative methods for reaching


optimal decisions .
Contd.
Contd.
Other examples:
A Pattern Recognition and Classification
Example:

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