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CS3301– DATA STRUCTURES

Question Bank

II YEAR A & B / BATCH : 2022 -26

 SYLLABUS

UNIT I LISTS 9
Abstract Data Types (ADTs) – List ADT – Array-based implementation – Linked list
implementation – Singly linked lists – Circularly linked lists – Doubly-linked lists – Applications
of lists – Polynomial ADT – Radix Sort – Multilists.

UNIT II STACKS AND QUEUES 9

Stack ADT – Operations – Applications – Balancing Symbols – Evaluating arithmetic expressions-
Infix to Postfix conversion – Function Calls – Queue ADT – Operations – Circular Queue –
DeQueue – Applications of Queues.

UNIT III TREES 9

Tree ADT – Tree Traversals - Binary Tree ADT – Expression trees – Binary Search Tree ADT –
AVL Trees – Priority Queue (Heaps) – Binary Heap.

UNIT IV MULTIWAY SEARCH TREES AND GRAPHS 9

B-Tree – B+ Tree – Graph Definition – Representation of Graphs – Types of Graph - Breadth-first
traversal – Depth-first traversal –– Bi-connectivity – Euler circuits – Topological Sort – Dijkstra's
algorithm – Minimum Spanning Tree – Prim's algorithm – Kruskal's algorithm

UNIT V SEARCHING, SORTING AND HASHING TECHNIQUES 9

Searching – Linear Search – Binary Search. Sorting – Bubble sort – Selection sort – Insertion sort
– Shell sort –. Merge Sort – Hashing – Hash Functions – Separate Chaining – Open Addressing –
Rehashing – Extendible Hashing.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Mark Allen Weiss, “Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C”, 2nd Edition, Pearson
Education,2005.
2. Kamthane, Introduction to Data Structures in C, 1st Edition, Pearson Education, 2007

REFERENCES:

1. Langsam, Augenstein and Tanenbaum, Data Structures Using C and C++, 2nd Edition, Pearson
Education, 2015.
2. Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L.Rivest, Clifford Stein, Introduction to
Algorithms", Fourth Edition, Mcgraw Hill/ MIT Press, 2022.
3. Alfred V. Aho, Jeffrey D. Ullman,John E. Hopcroft ,Data Structures and Algorithms, 1st edition,
Pearson, 2002.
4. Kruse, Data Structures and Program Design in C, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, 2006.
 UNIT I

Topics Text / Reference book Page No.

Abstract Data Types (ADTs) 57

List ADT – array-based implementation 58-59

linked list implementation 1. Mark Allen Weiss, “Data 59

Structures and Algorithm
Analysis in C”, 2nd Edition,
singly linked lists Pearson Education,1997. 60

circularly linked lists 68

doubly-linked lists 67

applications of lists –Polynomial 73

Manipulation
All operations (Insertion, Deletion, 73
Merge, Traversal).

S. Question Course Blooms

No Outcom Taxanom
. e y Level
1 What is a data structure? C311.1
 A data structure is a method for organizing and storing data BTL1
which would allow efficient
data retrieval and usage.
 A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers
not only the items stored, but
also their relationships to each other.

2 Why do we need data structures? C311.1 BTL 1

 Data structures allow us to achieve an important goal:
component reuse.
 Once data structure has been implemented, it can be used
again and again in
various applications.

3 List some common data structures. C311.1 BTL 1

 Stacks
 Queues
 Lists
 Trees
 Graphs
 Tables
4 How data structures are classified? C311.1 BTL 1
Data structures are classified into two categories based on
how the data items are
operated:
i. Primitive data structure
ii. Non-Primitive data structure
a. Linear data structure
b. Non-linear data structure

5 Differentiate linear and non-linear data structure. C311.1

Linear data structure Non-linear data structure
Data are arranged in linear or Data are not arranged in linear
sequential manner manner BTL 2

Every items is related to its Every item is attached with

previous many other
and next item items

Data items can be traversed in Data items cannot be traversed

a in a
single run. single run.

Implementation is easy Implementation is difficult.

Example: array, stack, queue, Example: tree, graph
linked
list
6 Define ADT (Abstract Data Type) C311.1 BTL 1
An abstract data type (ADT) is a set of operations and
mathematical abstractions , which
can be viewed as how the set of operations is implemented.
Objects like lists, sets and graphs, along with their operation, can
be viewed as abstract data types, just as integers, real numbers and
Booleans.

7 Mention the features of ADT. C311.1 BTL 2

a. Modularity
i. Divide program into small functions
ii. Easy to debug and maintain
iii. Easy to modify
b. Reuse
i. Define some operations only once and reuse them in future
c. Easy to change the implementation

8 Define List ADT C311.1 BTL 1

A list is a sequence of zero or more elements of a given
type. The list is represented as
sequence of elements separated by comma.
A1, A2, A3…..AN
Where N>0 and A is of type element
9 What are the ways of implementing linked list? C311.1 BTL 1
The list can be implemented in the following ways:
i. Array implementation
ii. Linked-list implementation
iii. Cursor implementation

10 What are the types of linked lists? C311.1 BTL 1

There are three types
i. Singly linked list
ii. Doubly linked list
iii. Circularly linked list
11 How the singly linked lists can be represented? C311.1 BTL 1

Each node has two elements

i. Data
ii. Next

12 How the doubly linked list can be represented? C311.1 BTL 1

Doubly linked list is a collection of nodes where nodes are

connected by forwarded and
backward link.
Each node has three fields:
1. Address of previous node
2. Data
3. Address of next node.

13 What are benefits of ADT? C311.1

a. Code is easier to understand
b. Implementation of ADT can be changed without requiring
changes to the program
that uses the ADT
BTL 1
14 When singly linked list can be represented as circular linked C311.1 BTL 1
list?
In a singly linked list, all the nodes are connected with
forward links to the next nodes in
the list. The last node has a next field, NULL. In order to
implement the circularly linked
 lists from singly linked lists, the last node’s next field is connected
to the first node.

15 When doubly linked list can be represented as circular linked C311.1 BTL 1
list?
In a doubly linked list, all nodes are connected with
forward and backward links to the
next and previous nodes respectively. In order to implement
circular linked lists from
doubly linked lists, the first node’s previous field is connected to
the last node and the
last node’s next field is connected to the first node.

16 Where cursor implementation can be used? C311.1 BTL 1

The cursor implementation of lists is used by many
languages such as BASIC and
FORTRAN that do not support pointers. The two important
features of the cursor
implementation of linked are as follows:
 The data are stored in a collection of structures. Each
structure contains data and a
index to the next structure.
 A new structure can be obtained from the system’s global
memory by a call to
cursorSpace array.

17 List down the applications of List. C311.1 BTL 1

a. Representation of polynomial ADT
b. Used in radix and bubble sorting
c. In a FAT file system, the metadata of a large file is organized
as a linked list of FAT entries.
d. Simple memory allocators use a free list of unused memory
regions, basically a
linked list with the list pointer inside the free memory itself.

18 What are the advantages of linked list?(apr/may 2019) C311.1 BTL 1

a. Save memory space and easy to maintain
b. It is possible to retrieve the element at a particular index
c. It is possible to traverse the list in the order of increasing index.
d. It is possible to change the element at a particular index to a
different value,without affecting any other elements.
19 Mention the demerits of linked list C311.1 BTL 2
a. It is not possible to go backwards through the list
b. Unable to jump to the beginning of list from the end.

20 The polynomial equation can be represented with linked list C311.1 BTL 2
as follows:
Coefficient Exponent Next node link

struct polynomial
{
int coefficient;
int exponent;
struct polynomial *next;
};

21 What are the operations performed in list? C311.1 BTL 1

The following operations can be performed on a list
i. Insertion
a. Insert at beginning
b. Insert at end
c. Insert after specific node
d. Insert before specific node
ii. Deletion
a. Delete at beginning
b. Delete at end
c. Delete after specific node
d. Delete before specific node
iii. Merging
iv. Traversal

22 What are the merits and demerits of array implementation of C311.1 BTL 1
lists?
Merits
 Fast, random access of elements
 Memory efficient – very less amount of memory is
required
Demerits
 Insertion and deletion operations are very slow since the
elements should be
moved.
 Redundant memory space – difficult to estimate the size of
array.

23 What is a circular linked list? C311.1 BTL 1

A circular linked list is a special type of linked list that
supports traversing from the end
of the list to the beginning by making the last node point back to
the head of the list.
24 What are the advantages in the array implementation of list? C311.1 BTL 1
a. Print list operation can be carried out at the linear time
b. Find Kth operation takes a constant time

25 What is the need for the header? C311.1 BTL 1

Header of the linked list is the first element in the list and
it stores the number of elements in the list. It points to the first
data element of the list.

26 List three examples that uses linked list? C311.1 BTL 1

a. Polynomial ADT
b.Radix sort
c.Multi lists

27 List out the different ways to implement the list? C311.1 BTL 1
1. Array Based Implementation
2. Linked list Implementation
i. Singly linked list
ii. Doubly linked list
iii. Cursor based linked list

28 Write the routine for insertion operation of singly linked list. C311.1 BTL 5
Void Insert (ElementType X, List L, Position P)
{Position TmpCell;
TmpCell=malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
if(TmpCell==NULL)
FatalError(“Out of space!!!”);
TmpCell->Element =X; TmpCell->Next=P->Next;
P->Next=TmpCell;
}

29 Advantages of Array over Linked List. C311.1

1. Array has a specific address for each element stored in it
and thus we can access any memory directly. BTL 5
2. As we know the position of the middle element and other
elements are easily accessible too, we can easily perform
BINARY SEARCH in array.

30 Disadvantages of Array over Linked List. C311.1 BTL 5

1. Total number of elements need to be mentioned or the
memory allocation needs to be done at the time of array
creation
2. The size of array, once mentioned, cannot be increased in
the program. If number of elements entered exceeds the
 size of the array ARRAY OVERFLOW EXCEPTION
occurs.

31 Advantages of Linked List over Array. C311.1 BTL 5

1. Size of the list doesn't need to be mentioned at the
beginning of the program.
2. As the linked list doesn't have a size limit, we can go on
adding new nodes (elements) and increasing the size of
the list to any extent.

32 Disadvantages of Linked List over Array. C311.1 BTL 5

1. Nodes do not have their own address. Only the address of
the first node is stored and in order to reach any node, we
need to traverse the whole list from beginning to the
desired node.
2. As all Nodes don't have their particular address,
BINARY SEARCH cannot be performed

33 Difference between linear linked list and circular linked C311.1

list(apr/may 2019)
Linked list are used to create trees and graphs. Circular linked list :
In circular linked list the last node address part holds the address of
the first node hence forming a circular chain like structure. ..... Linked
list is a linear data structure which consists of group of nodes in a
sequence
34 Enlist the various operations that can be performed on data C311.1
structure.
Various operations that can be performed on the data structure are •
Create • Insertion of element • Deletion of element • Searching for the
desired element • Sorting the elements in the data structure • Reversing
the list of elements.
35 What are all not concerned in an ADT? C311.1
The abstract data type is a triple of D i.e. set of axioms, F-set of
functions and A-Axioms in which only what is to be done is mentioned
but how is to be done is not mentioned. Thus ADT is not concerned
with implementation details
37 List out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively. C311.1

Following are the areas in which data structures are applied

extensively
Operating system- the data structures like priority queues are used for
scheduling the jobs in the operating system.
• Compiler design- the tree data structure is used in parsing the source
program. Stack data structure is used in handling recursive calls.
• Database management system- The file data structure is used in
database management systems. Sorting and searching techniques can
be applied on these data in the file.
• Numerical analysis package- the array is used to perform the
numerical analysis on the given set of data.
• Graphics- the array and the linked list are useful in graphics
applications.
• Artificial intelligence- the graph and trees are used for the
applications like building expression trees, game playing.
38 What are the pitfall encountered in singly linked list? C311.1
Following are the pitfall encountered in singly linked list • The
singly linked list has only forward pointer and no backward link is
provided. Hence the traversing of the list is possible only in one
direction. Backward traversing is not possible. • Insertion and deletion
operations are less efficient because for inserting the element at desired
position the list needs to be traversed. Similarly, traversing of the list is
required for locating the element which needs to be deleted.
40 Write down the steps to modify a node in linked lists. C311.1
➢ Enter the position of the node which is to be modified.
➢ Enter the new value for the node to be modified.
➢ Search the corresponding node in the linked list.
➢ Replace the original value of that node by a new value
. ➢ Display the messages as “ the node is modified”.
41 State the properties of LIST abstract data type with suitable C311.1
example.
Various properties of LIST abstract data type are
(i) It is linear data structure in which the elements are arranged
adjacent to each other.
(ii) )It allows to store single variable polynomial
(iii) (iii)If the LIST is implemented using dynamic memory then it
is called linked list. Example of LIST are- stacks, queues,
linked list
42 Why is the linked list used for polynomial arithmetic? C311.1
We can have separate coefficient and exponent fields for representing
each term of polynomial. Hence there is no limit for exponent. We can
have any number as an exponent.
43 What is the basic purpose of header of the linked list? C311.1

The header node is the very first node of the linked list. Sometimes a
dummy value such - 999 is stored in the data field of header node. This
node is useful for getting the starting address of the linked list.
44 What is static linked list? State any two applications of it. C311.1
➢ The linked list structure which can be represented using arrays is
called static linked list.
➢ It is easy to implement, hence for creation of small databases, it is
useful
.➢ The searching of any record is efficient, hence the applications in
which the record need to be searched quickly, the static linked list are
used.

PART-B

1 Explain the various operations of the list ADT with examples C311.1
BTL 2
2 Write the program for array implementation of lists C311.1 BTL 5
3 Write a C program for linked list implementation of list. C311.1 BTL 5

4 Explain the operations of singly linked lists C311.1 BTL 2

5 Explain the operations of doubly linked lists C311.1 BTL 2
6 Explain the operations of circularly linked lists C311.1 BTL 2

7 How polynomial manipulations are performed with lists? C311.1 BTL 1

Explain the operations
8 Explain the steps involved in insertion and deletion into a C311.1 BTL2
singly and doubly linked list.

UNIT II

Topics Text / Reference book Page No.

Stack ADT 78

Operations 79

Applications – Evaluating arithmetic 1. Mark Allen Weiss, 87

expressions- Conversion of Infix to “Data Structures and
Algorithm Analysis in
postfix expression C”, 2nd Edition,
Queue ADT Pearson 95
Education,1997.
Operations 95

Circular Queue 95

Priority Queue - deQueue 98

applications of queues 100

S. Question Course Blooms

No. Outcome Taxanomy
Level
1 Define Stack. C311.2 BTL 1
A stack is an ordered list in which all insertions and
deletions are made at one end, called
the top. It is an abstract data type and based on the principle of
LIFO (Last In First Out).
2 What are the operations of the stack? C311.2 BTL 1
a. CreateStack/ InitStack(Stack) – creates an empty stack
b. Push(Item) – pushes an item on the top of the stack
c. Pop(Item) – removes the top most element from the stack
 d. Top(Stack) – returns the first element from the stack
e. IsEmpty(Stack) – returns true if the stack is empty

3 Write the routine to push a element into a stack. C311.2 BTL 5

Push(Element X, Stack S)
{
if(IsFull(S)
{
Error(“Full Stack”);
}
else
S→Array[++S→TopOfStack]=X;
}

4 How the operations performed on linked list C311.2 BTL 1

implementation of stack?
a. Push and pop operations at the head of the list.
b. New nodes should be inserted at the front of the list, so that
they become the top of the stack.
c. Nodes are removed from the front(top) of the stack.

5 What are the applications of stack? C311.2 BTL 1

The following are the applications of stacks
• Evaluating arithmetic expressions
• Balancing the parenthesis
• Towers of Hanoi
• Function calls
Tree traversal
6 What are the methods to implement stack in C? C311.2 BTL 1
The methods to implement stacks are:
 Array based
 Linked list based

7 How the stack is implemented by linked list? C311.2 BTL 1

It involves dynamically allocating memory space at run
time while performing stack
operations.
Since it consumes only that much amount of space is required
for holding its data
elements , it prevents wastage of memory space.
struct stack
{
int element;
struct stack *next;
}*top;

8 Write the routine to pop a element from a stack. C311.2 BTL 5

int pop()
{
if(top==NULL)
 {
printf(“\n Stack is empty.\n”);
getch();
exit(1);
}
else
{
int temp;
temp=top→element; /* retreiving the top element*/
top=top→next; /* Updating the stack pointer */
return temp; /* returning the popped value */
}
}

9 Define queue. C311.2 BTL 1

It is a linear data structure that maintains a list of
elements such that insertion happens at
rear end and deletion happens at front end.
FIFO – First In First Out principle

10 What are the operations of a queue? C311.2 BTL 1

The operations of a queue are
 isEmpty()
 isFull()
 insert()
 delete()
 display()

11 Write the routine to insert a element onto a queue. C311.2 BTL 5

void insert(int element)
{
if(front==-1 )
{
front = rear = front +1;
queue[front] = element;
return;
}
if(rear==99)
{
printf(“Queue is full”);
getch();
return;
}
rear = rear +1;
queue[rear]=element;
}
12 What are the types of queue? C311.2 BTL 1
The following are the types of queue:
  Double ended queue
 Circular queue
 Priority queue

13 Define double ended queue C311.2 BTL 1

 It is a special type of queue that allows insertion and
deletion of elements at both
Ends.
 It is also termed as DEQUE.

14 What are the methods to implement queue in C? C311.2 BTL 1

The methods to implement queues are:
 Array based
 Linked list based

15 How the queue is implemented by linked list? C311.2 BTL 1

• It is based on the dynamic memory management techniques
which allow allocation and
De-allocation of memory space at runtime.
Insert operation
It involves the following subtasks:
1. Reserving memory space of the size of a queue element
in memory
2. Storing the added value at the new location
3. Linking the new element with existing queue
4. Updating the rear pointer
Delete operation
It involves the following subtasks:
1. Checking whether queue is empty
2. Retrieving the front most element of the queue
3. Updating the front pointer
4. Returning the retrieved value

16 Write the routine to delete a element from a queue C311.2 BTL 5

int del()
{
int i;
if(front == NULL) /*checking whether the queue is empty*/
{
return(-9999);
}
else
{
i = front→element;
 front = front→next;
return i;
}
}

17 What are the applications of queue? C311.2 BTL 1

The following are the areas in which queues are applicable
a. Simulation
b. Batch processing in an operating systems
c. Multiprogramming platform systems
d. Queuing theory
e. Printer server routines
f. Scheduling algorithms like disk scheduling , CPU scheduling
g. I/O buffer requests

18 Define circular queue C311.2 BTL 1

A Circular queue is a queue whose start and end locations are
logically connected with
each other. That means the start location comes after the end
location.

19 What are push and pop operations? C311.2 BTL 1

• Push – adding an element to the top of stack
• Pop – removing or deleting an element from the top of stack

20 What are enqueue and dequeue operations? C311.2 BTL 1

• Enqueue - adding an element to the queue at the rear end
If the queue is not full, this function adds an element to
the back of the queue, else it prints “OverFlow”.
void enqueue(int queue[], int element, int& rear, int arraySize)
{
if(rear == arraySize) // Queue is full
printf(“OverFlow\n”);
else{
queue[rear] = element; // Add the element to the back
rear++;
}
}

• Dequeue – removing or deleting an element from the queue at

the front end
 If the queue is not empty, this function removes the
element from the front of the queue, else it prints
“UnderFlow”.
void dequeue(int queue[], int& front, int rear) {
if(front == rear) // Queue is empty
printf(“UnderFlow\n”);
else {
queue[front] = 0; // Delete the front element
front++;
}
}

21 Distinguish between stack and queue. C311.2 BTL4

STACK QUEUE

Insertion and deletion are Insertion at one end rear

made at one end. and deletion at other end
front.

The element inserted last The element inserted first

would be removed first. So would be removed first. So
LIFO structure. FIFO structure.

Full stack condition: Full stack condition:

If(top==Maxsize) If(rear = = Maxsize)

Physically and Logically full Logically full. Physically

stack may or may not be full.

22 Convert the infix (a+b)*(c+d)/f into postfix & prefix C311.2 BTL5
expression

Postfix :ab+cd+*f/

Prefix :/*+ab+cdf

23 Write postfix from of the expression –A+B-C+D? C311.2 BTL5

A-B+C-D+

24 How do you test for an empty queue? C311.2 BTL1

To test for an empty queue, we have to check whether
READ=HEAD where REAR is a pointer pointing to the last
node in a queue and HEAD is a pointer that pointer to the
dummy header. In the case of array implementation of queue,
 the condition to be checked for an empty queue is
READ<FRONT.

25 What are the postfix and prefix forms of the expression? C311.2 BTL1
A+B*(C-D)/(P-R)
Postfix form: ABCD-*PR-/+
Prefix form: +A/*B-CD-PR

26 Explain the usage of stack in recursive algorithm C311.2 BTL5

implementation?
In recursive algorithms, stack data structures is used to
store the return address when a recursive call is encountered
and also to store the values of all the parameters essential to the
current state of the procedure.

27 Define priority queue with diagram and give the operations. C311.2 BTL1
Priority queue is a data structure that allows at least the
following two operations.
1. Insert-inserts an element at the end of the list called the rear.
2. DeleteMin-Finds, returns and removes the minimum element
in the priority Queue.

Operations: Insert, DeleteMin

28 Give the applications of priority queues. C311.2 BTL3

There are three applications of priority queues
1. External sorting.
2. Greedy algorithm implementation.
3. Discrete even simulation.
4. Operating systems.

29 How do you test for an empty stack? C311.2 BTL1

To check if the stack is empty, we only need to check
whether top and bottom are the same number.
bool stack_empty(stack S) //@requires is_stack(S);
{ return S->top == S->bottom; }

30 What are the features of stacks? C311.2 BTL1

 Dynamic data structures
 Do not have a fixed size
 Do not consume a fixed amount of memory
 Size of stack changes with
each push() and pop() operation.
 Each push() and pop() operation increases and decreases
the size of the stack by 1, respectively.

31 Write a routine for IsEmpty condition of queue. C311.2 BTL5

If a queue is empty, this function returns 'true', else it returns
'false'.
bool isEmpty(int front, int rear) {
return (front == rear);
}

32 How do you test for an empty stack? C311.2

The condition for testing an empty stack is top =-1, where top is
the pointer pointing to the topmost element of the stack, in the
array implementation of stack. In linked list implementation of
stack the condition for an empty stack is the header node link
field is NULL.
33 Define a suffix expression. C311.2
The notation used to write the operator at the end of the operands is
called suffix notation. Suffix notation format : operand operand
operator Example: ab+, where a & b are operands and ‘+’ is addition
operator
34 What do you meant by fully parenthesized expression? Give C311.2
example. A pair of parentheses has the same parenthetical level as
that of the operator to which it corresponds. Such an expression is
called fully parenthesized expression. Ex: (a+((b*c) + (d * e))
35 Write the postfix form for the expression -A+B-C+D? C311.2
A-B+C-D+
36 What are the postfix and prefix forms of the expression? C311.2
A+B*(C-D)/(P-R)
Postfix form: ABCD-*PR-/+
Prefix form: +A/*B-CD-PR
37 Explain the usage of stack in recursive algorithm C311.2
implementation?

In recursive algorithms, stack data structures is used to store the

return address when a recursive call is encountered and also to store
the values of all the parameters essential to the current state of the
function.
38 Write down the function to insert an element into a queue, in C311.2
which the queue is implemented as an array
Q – Queue X – element to added to the queue Q IsFull(Q) – Checks
and true if Queue Q is full Q->Size - Number of elements in the
queue Q Q->Rear – Points to last element of the queue Q Q->Array –
array used to store queue elements void enqueue (int X, Queue Q) {
if(IsFull(Q)) Error (“Full queue”); else { Q->Size++; Q->Rear = Q-
>Rear+1; Q->Array[ Q->Rear ]=X; } }
PART-B
1 Explain Stack ADT and its operations C311.2 BTL5
2 Explain array based implementation of stacks C311.2 BTL5
Explain linked list implementation of stacks C311.2 BTL5
3
4 Explain the applications of Stacks C311.2 BTL5
5 Explain how to evaluate arithmetic expressions using stacks C311.2 BTL5
6 Explain queue ADT C311.2 BTL2

7 Explain array based implementation of queues C311.2 BTL2

8 Explain linked list implementation of queues C311.2 BTL2

9 Explain the applications of queues C311.2 BTL5

10 Explain circular queue and its implementation C311.2 BTL2

11 Explain double ended queue and its operations C311.2 BTL2

12 Explain priority queue and its operations C311.2 BTL5

UNIT III

Topics Text / Reference book Page No.

Tree ADT– tree traversals 106

Binary Tree ADT 111

1. Mark Allen Weiss,
expression trees – applications of trees “Data Structures and 113
Algorithm Analysis in
binary search tree ADT–Threaded C”, 2nd Edition, 116
Binary Trees Pearson
AVL Trees Education,1997. 126

B-Tree 149

B+ Tree 154

Heap - Applications of heap. 208

S. Question Course Blooms
No. Outcome Taxanomy
Level
1 Define non-linear data structure C311.3 BTL1
Data structure which is capable of expressing more
complex relationship than that of physical adjacency is called
non-linear data structure.

2 Define tree? C311.3 BTL1

A tree is a data structure, which represents hierarchical
relationship between individual data items.

3 Define leaf? C311.3 BTL1

In a directed tree any node which has out degree o is
called a terminal node or a leaf.

4 Explain the representations of priority queue. C311.3 BTL2

Using Heap structure, Using Linked List

5 List out the steps involved in deleting a node from a binary C311.3 BTL1
search tree.
1. t has no right hand child node t->r == z
2. t has a right hand child but its right hand child node has
no left sub tree
t->r->l == z
3.t has a right hand child node and the right hand child node
has a left hand child node t->r-
>l != z

6 Convert the infix expression (A-B/C)*(D/E-F) into a postfix. C311.3 BTL2

Postfix: ABC/-DE/F-*

7 What are the steps to convert a general tree into binary C311.3 BTL1
tree?
* use the root of the general tree as the root of the binary tree
* determine the first child of the root. This is the leftmost node
in the general tree at the next
level
* insert this node. The child reference of the parent node refers
to this node
* continue finding the first child of each parent node and insert it
below the parent node with the
child reference of the parent to this node.
* when no more first children exist in the path just used, move
back to the parent of the last node
entered and repeat the above process. In other words,
determine the first sibling of the last
node entered.
* complete the tree for all nodes. In order to locate where the
node fits you must search for the
 first child at that level and then follow the sibling references to
a nil where the next sibling can
be inserted. The children of any sibling node can be inserted
by locating the parent and then
inserting the first child. Then the above process is repeated.

What is meant by directed tree? C311.3 BTL1

8 Directed tree is an acyclic diagraph which has one node called its
root with in degree o while all other nodes have in degree I.

9 What is a ordered tree? C311.3 BTL1

In a directed tree if the ordering of the nodes at each level is
prescribed then such a tree is called ordered tree.

10 What are the applications of binary tree? C311.3 BTL1

1. Binary tree is used in data processing.
2. File index schemes
3. Hierarchical database management system

11 What is meant by traversing? C311.3 BTL1

Traversing a tree means processing it in such a way, that
each node is
visited only once.

12 What are the different types of traversing? C311.3 BTL1

The different types of traversing are
a. Pre-order traversal-yields prefix form of expression.
b. In-order traversal-yields infix form of expression.
c. Post-order traversal-yields postfix form of expression.
13 What are the two methods of binary tree implementation? C311.3 BTL1

Two methods to implement a binary tree are

a. Linear representation.
b. Linked representation

14 What is a balance factor in AVL trees? C311.3 BTL1

Balance factor of a node is defined to be the difference
between the height of the node's left subtree and the height of the
node's right subtree.

15 What is meant by pivot node? C311.3 BTL1

The node to be inserted travel down the appropriate branch track
along the way of the deepest level node on the branch that has a
balance factor of +1 or -1 is called pivot node.

16 What is the length of the path in a tree? C311.3 BTL1

 The length of the path is the number of edges on the path. In a tree
there is exactly one path form the root to each node.

17 Define expression trees? C311.3 BTL1

The leaves of an expression tree are operands such as constants
or variable names and the other nodes contain operators.

18 What is a threaded binary tree? C311.3 BTL1

A threaded binary tree may be defined as follows: "A binary
tree is threaded by making all right child pointers that would
normally be null point to the inorder successor of the node, and
all left child pointers that would normally be null point to the
inorder predecessor of the node

19 What is meant by binary search tree? C311.3 BTL2

Binary Search tree is a binary tree in which each internal
node x stores an element such that the element stored in the left
sub tree of x are less than or equal to x and elements stored in the
right sub tree of x are greater than or equal to x.

20 Write the advantages of threaded binary tree. C311.3 BTL5

The difference between a binary tree and the threaded binary tree
is that in the binary trees the nodes are null if there is no child
associated with it and so there is no way to traverse back.
But in a threaded binary tree we have threads associated with the
nodes i.e they either are linked to the predecessor or successor in
the in order traversal of the nodes.
This helps us to traverse further or backward in the in order
traversal fashion.
There can be two types of threaded binary tree :-
1) Single Threaded: - i.e. nodes are threaded either towards its
in order predecessor or successor.
2) Double threaded: - i.e. nodes are threaded towards both the
in order predecessor and successor.

21 What is the various representation of a binary tree? C311.3 BTL1

Tree Representation
Array representation
Linked list representation

22 List the application of tree. C311.3 BTL1

(i) Electrical Circuit
ii) Folder structure
a. Binary tree is used in data processing.
b. File index schemes
c. Hierarchical database management system

23 Define binary tree and give the binary tree node structure. C311.3 BTL1
24 What are the different ways of representing a Binary Tree? C311.3 BTL1
 Linear Representation using Arrays.
 Linked Representation using Pointers.

25 Give the pre & postfix form of the expression (a + ((b*(c- C311.3 BTL2
e))/f).

26 Define a heap. How can it be used to represent a priority C311.3 BTL1

queue?
A priority queue is a different kind of queue, in which the next
element to be removed is defined by (possibly) some other
criterion. The most common way to implement a priority queue
is to use a different kind of binary tree, called a heap. A heap
avoids the long paths that can arise with binary search trees.

27 What is binary heap? C311.3 BTL1

h and h+1
It is a complete binary tree of height h has between 2 2 -
1 node. The value of the root node is higher than their child nodes
28 Define Strictly binary tree? C311.3 BTL1
If every nonleaf node in a binary tree has nonempty left and right
subtrees ,the tree is termed
as a strictly binary tree.

29 Define complete binary tree? C311.3 BTL1

A complete binary tree of depth d is the strictly binary tree all of
whose are at level d.

30 What is an almost complete binary tree? C311.3 BTL1

A binary tree of depth d is an almost complete binary tree if :
_ Each leaf in the tree is either at level d or at level d-1
_ For any node nd in the tree with a right descendant at level d,all
the left descendants of
nd that are leaves are at level d.
31 Define AVL Tree. C311.3 BTL1
A AVL tree is a binary search tree except that for every node in
the tree,the height of the
left and right subtrees can differ by atmost 1.

32 What is the length of the path in a tree? C311.3 BTL1

The length of the path is the number of edges on the path. In a tree there
is exactly one path form the root to each node.

33 Define sibling? C311.3 BTL1

Nodes with the same parent are called siblings. The nodes with
common parents are called siblings.
34 What are the two methods of binary tree implementation? C311.3 BTL1
Two methods to implement a binary tree are, a. Linear representation.
b. Linked representation
35 List out few of the Application of tree data-structure? C311.3 BTL1
Ø The manipulation of Arithmetic expression
Ø Used for Searching Operation
Ø Used to implement the file system of several popular operating
systems
Ø Symbol Table construction
Ø Syntax analysis
36 Define tree traversal and mention the type of traversals? C311.3 BTL1
Visiting of each and every node in the tree exactly is called as tree
traversal. Three types of tree traversal 1. Inorder traversal 2. Preoder
traversal 3. Postorder traversal.
37 What are the types of threaded binary tree? C311.3 BTL1
i. Right-in threaded binary tree
ii. . Left-in threaded binary tree
iii. . Fully-in threaded binary tree
38 List out the steps involved in deleting a node from a binary search C311.3 BTL1
tree.
▪ Deleting a node is a leaf node (ie) No children
▪ Deleting a node with one child.
▪ Deleting a node with two Childs
39 What is B Tree C311.3 BTL1
A B-tree is a tree data structure that keeps data sorted and allows
searches, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic amortized time.
Unlike self-balancing binary search trees, it is optimized for systems
that read and write large blocks of data. It is most commonly used in
database and file systems.
Important properties of a B-tree: • B-tree nodes have many more than
two children. • A B-tree node may contain more than just a single
element.
40 What is binomial heaps? C311.3 BTL1
A binomial heap is a collection of binomial trees that satisfies the
following binomial-heap properties: 1. No two binomial trees in the
collection have the same size. 2. Each node in each tree has a key. 3.
 Each binomial tree in the collection is heap-ordered in the sense that
each non-root has a key strictly less than the key of its parent
41 Define complete binary tree. C311.3 BTL1
If all its levels, possible except the last, have maximum number of
nodes and if all the nodes in the last level appear as far left as possible.
PART-B
1 Define Tree. Explain the tree traversals with algorithms and C311.3 BTL5
examples.

2 Construct an expression tree for the expression (a + b C311.3 BTL5

* c) +((d * e + 1) * g). Give the outputs when you apply
preorder, inorder and postorder traversals.

3 Explain binary search tree ADT in detail. C311.3 BTL5

4 Explain AVL tree ADT in detail. C311.3 BTL5

5 Explain b tree and B+ tree ADT in detail. C311.3 BTL5

6 Explain Heap tree ADT in detail. C311.3 BTL5

7 Explain threaded binary tree ADT in detail. C311.3 BTL2

UNIT IV

Topics Text / Reference book Page No.

Definition – Representation of Graph 229

Types of graph 300

Breadth-first traversal 1. Mark Allen Weiss, 335

“Data Structures and
Depth-first Algorithm Analysis in 342
traversal C”, 2nd Edition,
Topological Sort Pearson 302
Education,1997.
Bi-connectivity 338

Cut vertex 342

Euler circuits 342

Applications of graphs 348

S. Question Course Bloo
N Outco ms
o. me Taxan
omy
Level
1 Define Graph? C311.4 BTL1
A graph G consist of a nonempty set V which is a set of nodes of
the graph, a set E which is the set of edges of the graph, and a mapping
from the set for edge E to a set of pairs of elements of V. It can also be
represented as G= (V, E).

2 Explain the topological sort. C311.4 BTL1

It is an Ordering of vertices in a directed acyclic graph such that if
there is a path from vi to vj, then vj appears after vi in the ordering.

3 Define NP C311.4 BTL1

NP is the class of decision problems for which a given proposed
solution for a given input can be checked quickly to see if it is really a
solution.

4 Define biconnected graph. C311.4 BTL1

A connected undirected graph is biconnected if there are no
vertices whose removal disconnects the rest of the graph.

5 Define shortest path problem? C311.4 BTL1

For a given graph G=(V, E), with weights assigned to the edges of G,
we have to find the shortest path (path length is defined as sum of the
weights of the edges) from any given source vertex to all the remaining
vertices of G.

6 Mention any two decision problems which are NP-Complete. C311.4 BTL2
NP is the class of decision problems for which a given proposed
solution for a given input can be checked quickly to see if it is really a
solution

7 Define adjacent nodes? C311.4 BTL1

Any two nodes which are connected by an edge in a graph are called adjacent
nodes. For E is associated with a pair of nodesexample, if and edge x (u,v)
where u, v V, then we say that the edge x connects the nodes u and v. 

8 What is a directed graph? C311.4 BTL1

A graph in which every edge is directed is called a directed graph.

9 What is a undirected graph? C311.4 BTL1

A graph in which every edge is undirected is called a directed graph.
10 What is a loop? C311.4 BTL1
An edge of a graph which connects to itself is called a loop or
sling.

11 What is a simple graph? C311.4 BTL1

A simple graph is a graph, which has not more than one edge between a pair of
nodes than such a graph is called a simple graph.

12 What is a weighted graph? C311.4 BTL1

A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a weighted graph.

13 Define out degree of a graph? C311.4 BTL1

In a directed graph, for any node v, the number of edges which have v as their
initial node is called the out degree of the node v.

14 Define indegree of a graph? C311.4 BTL1

In a directed graph, for any node v, the number of edges which have v as their
terminal node is called the indegree of the node v.

15 Define path in a graph? C311.4 BTL1

The path in a graph is the route taken to reach terminal node from
a starting node.

16 What is a simple path? C311.4 BTL1

A path in a diagram in which the edges are distinct is called a simple path.
It is also called as edge simple.

17 What is a cycle or a circuit? C311.4 BTL1

A path which originates and ends in the same node is called a
cycle or circuit.

18 What is an acyclic graph? C311.4 BTL1

A simple diagram which does not have any cycles is called an
acyclic graph.

19 What is meant by strongly connected in a graph? C311.4 BTL1

An undirected graph is connected, if there is a path from every
vertex to every other vertex. A directed graph with this property is called
strongly
connected.

20 When is a graph said to be weakly connected? C311.4 BTL1

When a directed graph is not strongly connected but the
underlying graph is connected, then the graph is said to be weakly
connected.

21 Name the different ways of representing a graph? C311.4 BTL1

a. Adjacency matrix
b. Adjacency list
22 What is an undirected acyclic graph? C311.4 BTL1
When every edge in an acyclic graph is undirected, it is called an
undirected acyclic graph. It is also called as undirected forest.

23 What are the two traversal strategies used in traversing a graph? C311.4 BTL1
a. Breadth first search
b. Depth first search
24 What is a minimum spanning tree? C311.4 BTL1
A minimum spanning tree of an undirected graph G is a tree
formed from graph edges that connects all the vertices of G at the lowest
total cost.

25 Define topological sort? C311.4 BTL1

A topological sort is an ordering of vertices in a directed acyclic
graph, such that if there is a path from vi to vj appears after vi in the
ordering.

26 What is the use of Kruskal’s algorithm and who discovered it? C311.4 BTL1
Kruskal’s algorithm is one of the greedy techniques to solve the minimum
spanning tree problem. It was discovered by Joseph Kruskal when he was
a second-year graduate student.
27 What is the use of Dijksra’s algorithm? C311.4 BTL1
Dijkstra’s algorithm is used to solve the single-source shortest-
paths problem: for a given vertex called the source in a weighted connected
graph, find the shortest path to all its other vertices. The single-source
shortest-paths problem asks for a family of paths, each leading from the
source to a different vertex in the graph, though some paths may have edges
in common.

28 Prove that the maximum number of edges that a graph with n C311.4 BTL5
Vertices is n*(n-1)/2.
Choose a vertex and draw edges from this vertex to the remaining
n-1 vertices. Then, from these n-1 vertices, choose a vertex and draw
edges to the rest of the n-2 Vertices. Continue this process till it ends with
a single Vertex. Hence, the total number of edges added in graph is
(n-1)+(n-2)+(n-3)+…+1 =n*(n-1)/2.

29 Define minimum cost spanning tree? C311.4 BTL1

A spanning tree of a connected graph G, is a tree consisting of edges
and all the vertices of G. In minimum spanning tree T, for a given graph
G, the total weights of the edges of the spanning tree must be minimum
compared to all other spanning trees generated from G. -Prim’s and
Kruskal is the algorithm for finding Minimum Cost Spanning Tree.

30 Define Adjacency in graph. C311.4 BTL1

Two node or vertices are adjacent if they are connected to each
other through an edge. In the following example, B is adjacent to A, C is
adjacent to B, and so on.
31 Define Basic Operations of Graph. C311.4 BTL1
Following are basic primary operations of a Graph
 Add Vertex − Adds a vertex to the graph.
 Add Edge − Adds an edge between the two vertices of the graph.
 Display Vertex − Displays a vertex of the graph.

32 What is Levels in graph? C311.4 BTL1

Level of a node represents the generation of a node. If the root
node is at level 0, then its next child node is at level 1, its grandchild is at
level 2, and so on.

33 What is visiting and traversing in graph. C311.4 BTL1

 Visiting refers to checking the value of a node when control is on
the node.
 Traversing means passing through nodes in a specific order.

34 Write the definition of weighted graph? C311.4 BTL1

A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a weighted graph.
35 Define adjacency matrix? C311.4 BTL1
Adjacency matrix is an n x n matrix A whose elements aij are given by
aij = 1 if (vi, vj) Exists =0 otherwise
36 Define adjacent nodes? C311.4 BTL1
Any two nodes, which are connected by an edge in a graph, are called
adjacent nodes. For example, if an edge x E is associated with a pair of nodes
(u,v) where u, v V, then we say that the edge x connects the nodes u and v.
37 What is topological sort? C311.4 BTL1
It is an ordering of the vertices in a directed acyclic graph, such that: If there
is a path from u to v, then v appears after u in the ordering.
38 Write BFS algorithm C311.4 BTL1
1. Initialize the first node’s dist number and place in queue
2. Repeat until all nodes have been examined
3. Remove current node to be examined from queue
4. Find all unlabeled nodes adjacent to current node
5. If this is an unvisited node label it and add it to the queue
6. Finished.
39 What are the two traversal strategies used in traversing a graph? C311.4 BTL1
a. Breadth first search
b. Depth first search
40 C311.4 BTL1
What is articulation point
Articulation Points (or Cut Vertices) in a Graph A vertex in an undirected
connected graph is an articulation point (or cut vertex) if removing it (and edges
through it) disconnects the graph. Articulation points represent vulnerabilities in
a connected network – single points whose failure would split the network into 2
or more disconnected components. They are useful for designing reliable
network
PART-B
1 Explain the various representation of graph with example in detail? C311.4 BTL2
2 Define topological sort? Explain with an example? C311.4 BTL5
3 Explain Dijkstra's algorithm with an example? C311.4 BTL5

4 Explain Prim's algorithm with an example? C311.4 BTL5

5 Explain Krushal's algorithm with an example? C311.4 BTL2

6 Write and explain the prim’s algorithm and depth first search C311.4 BTL5
algorithm.

7 For the graph given below, construct Prims algorithm C311.4 BTL5
2
4 1 2 1 7
8 4 5
3 5 1 4 6
1 2
6 7

8 Explain the breadth first search algorithm C311.4 BTL5

9 Write the algorithm to compute lengths of shortest path C311.4 BTL5

10 Explain the depth first search algorithm. C311.4 BTL2

UNIT V

Topics Text / Reference book Page No.

Searching- Linear Search 235

Binary Search 1. Mark Allen Weiss, 236

“Data Structures and
Algorithm Analysis in
Sorting – Bubble sort C”, 2nd Edition, 237
Pearson
Selection sort – Insertion sort Education,1997. 235

Shell sort – Radix sort 238

Hashing- Hash Functions 165

Separate Chaining 168

Open Addressing 173

Rehashing – Extendible Hashing 181

S. Question Course Blooms

No. Outcome Taxanom
y Level
1 Define sorting C311.5 BTL1
Sorting arranges the numerical and alphabetical data present
in a list in a specific order or sequence. There are a number of sorting
techniques available. The algorithms can be chosen based on the
following factors
 Size of the data structure
 Algorithm efficiency
Programmer’s knowledge of the technique
2 Mention the types of sorting C311.5 BTL2
 Internal sorting
 External sorting

3 What do you mean by internal and external sorting? C311.5 BTL1

An internal sort is any data sorting process that takes place
entirely within the main memory of a computer. This is possible
whenever the data to be sorted is small enough to all be held in the
main memory.
External sorting is a term for a class of sorting algorithms that
can handle massive amounts of data. External sorting is required when
the data being sorted do not fit into the main memory of a computing
device (usually RAM) and instead they must reside in the slower
external memory (usually a hard drive).

4 How the insertion sort is done with the array? C311.5 BTL1
It sorts a list of elements by inserting each successive element in the
previously sorted
Sub list.
Consider an array to be sorted A[1],A[2],….A[n]
a. Pass 1: A[2] is compared with A[1] and placed them in sorted order.
b. Pass 2: A[3] is compared with both A[1] and A[2] and inserted at
an appropriate
place. This makes A[1], A[2],A[3] as a sorted sub array.
c. Pass n-1: A[n] is compared with each element in the sub array
A [1], A [2] …A [n-1] and inserted at an appropriate position.

5 Define hashing. C311.5 BTL1

Hash function takes an identifier and computes the address of
that identifier in the hash table using some function
6 What is the need for hashing? C311.5 BTL1
Hashing is used to perform insertions, deletions and find in constant
average time.

7 Define hash function? C311.5 BTL1

Hash function takes an identifier and computes the address of that
identifier in the hash table using some function.

8 List out the different types of hashing functions? C311.5 BTL1

The different types of hashing functions are,
a. The division method
b. The mind square method
c. The folding method
d. Multiplicative hashing
e. Digit analysis

9 What are the problems in hashing? C311.5 BTL1

a. Collision
b. Overflow

10 What are the problems in hashing? C311.5 BTL1

When two keys compute in to the same location or address in the
hash table
through any of the hashing function then it is termed collision.

11 what is insertion sort? How many passes are required for the C311.5 BTL1
elements to be sorted ?
one of the simplest sorting algorithms is the insertion sort. Insertion
sort consist of N-1 passes . For pass P=1 through N-1 , insertion sort
ensures that the elements in positions 0 through P-1 are in sorted
order .It makes use of the fact that elements in position 0 through P-
1 are already known to be in sorted order .

12 Write the function in C for insertion sort ? C311.5 BTL5

void insertionsort(elementtype A[ ] , int N)
{
int j, p;
elementtype tmp;
for(p=1 ; p <N ;p++ )
{
tmp = a[ p] ;
for ( j=p ; j>0 && a [ j -1 ] >tmp ;j--)
a [ j ]=a [j-1 ] ;
a [ j ] = tmp ;
}}
13 Who invented shellsort ? define it ? C311.5 BTL1
Shellsort was invented by Donald Shell . It works by comparing
element that are distant . The distance between the comparisons
decreases as the algorithm runs until the last phase in which adjacent
elements are compared . Hence it is referred as diminishing increment
sort.
14 write the function in c for shellsort? C311.5 BTL5
Void Shellsort(Elementtype A[ ],int N)
{
int i , j , increment ;
elementtype tmp ;
for(elementtype=N / 2;increment > 0;increment / = 2)
For( i= increment ; i <N ; i ++)
{
tmp=A[ ];
for( j=I; j>=increment; j - =increment)
if(tmp< A[ ]=A[j – increment];
A[ j ]=A[ j – increment];
Else
Break;
A[ j ]=tmp;
}}

15 Differentiate between merge sort and quick sort? C311.5 BTL4

Mergesort quick sort
1. Divide and conquer strategy Divide and conquer strategy
2. Partition by position Partition by value

16 Mention some methods for choosing the pivot element in quick C311.5 BTL2
sort?
1. Choosing first element
2. Generate random number
3. Median of three

17 What are the three cases that arise during the left to right scan C311.5 BTL1
in quick sort?
1. I and j cross each other
2. I and j do not cross each other
3. I and j points the same position

18 What is the need of external sorting? C311.5 BTL1

External sorting is required where the input is too large to fit into
memory. So external sorting Is necessary where the program is too
large

19 What is sorting? C311.5 BTL1

Sorting is the process of arranging the given items in a logical order.
Sorting is an example where the analysis can be precisely performed.
20 What is mergesort? C311.5 BTL1
The mergesort algorithm is a classic divide conquer strategy. The
problem is divided into two arrays and merged into single array

21 Compare the various hashing techniques. C311.5 BTL2

Technique Load Factor
Separate chaining - close to 1
Open Addressing - should not exceed 0.5
Rehashing - reasonable load factor

22 Define collision in hashing. C311.5 BTL1

When two different keys or identifiers compute into the same
location or address in the hash table through any of the hashing
functions, then it is termed Collision.

23 Define Double Hashing. C311.5 BTL1

Double Hashing is a collision-resolution technique used in open
addressing category. In double hashing, we apply a second hash
function to x and probe at a distance of hash2 (x),
2hash2 (x) ............... , and so on.

24 What are applications of hashing? C311.5 BTL1

The applications of hashing are,
 Compliers use hash table to keep track of declared variables
on source code.
 Hash table is useful for any graph theory problem, where the
nodes have real names instead of numbers.
 Hash tables are used in programs that play games.
 Online spelling checkers use hashing.

25 What does internal sorting mean? C311.5 BTL1

Internal sorting is a process of sorting the data in the
main memory

26 What are the various factors to be considered in deciding a C311.5 BTL1

sorting algorithm?
Factors to be considered in deciding a sorting algorithm are,
1. Programming time
2. Executing time for program
3. Memory or auxiliary space needed for the programs
environment.

27 How does the bubble sort get its name? C311.5 BTL1
The bubble sort derives its name from the fact that the
smallest data item bubbles up to the top of the sorted array.

28 What is the main idea behind the selection sort? C311.5 BTL1
 The main idea behind the selection sort is to find the smallest entry
among in a(j),a(j+1),… ..... a(n) and then interchange it with a(j).
This process is then repeated for each value of j.

29 Is the heap sort always better than the quick sort? C311.5 BTL4
No, the heap sort does not perform better than the quick sort.
Only when array is nearly sorted to begin with the heap sort
algorithm gains an advantage. In such a case, the quick deteriorates
to its worst performance of O (n2).

30 Name some of the external sorting methods. C311.5 BTL2

Some of the external sorting methods are,
1. Polyphase sorting
2. Oscillation sorting
3. Merge sorting

31 Define radix sort C311.5 BTL1

Radix Sort is a clever and intuitive little sorting algorithm.
Radix sort is a on comparative integer sorting algorithm that sorts
data with integer keys by grouping keys by the individual digits which
share the same significant position and

32 Define searching C311.5 BTL1

Searching refers to determining whether an element is present
in a given list of elements
or not. If the element is present, the search is considered as successful,
otherwise it is considered as an unsuccessful search. The choice of a
searching technique is based on the following factors
a. Order of elements in the list i.e., random or sorted
b. Size of the list

33 Mention the types of searching C311.5 BTL2

The types are
 Linear search
 Binary search

34 What is meant by linear search? C311.5 BTL1

Linear search or sequential search is a method for finding a
particular value in a list
that consists of checking every one of its elements, one at a time and
in sequence, until
the desired one is found.

35 What is binary search? C311.5 BTL1

For binary search, the array should be arranged in ascending or
descending order.
In each step, the algorithm compares the search key value with the
middle element of the
 array. If the key match, then a matching element has been found and
its index, or
Position, is returned.
Otherwise, if the search key is less than the middle element, then the
algorithm repeats its
action on the sub-array to the left of the middle element or, if the
search key is greater, on
the sub-array to the right.

36 What are the collision resolution methods? C311.5 BTL1

The following are the collision resolution methods
 Separate chaining
 Open addressing
 Multiple hashing

37 Define separate chaining C311.5 BTL1

It is an open hashing technique. A pointer field is added to
each record location, when an
overflow occurs; this pointer is set to point to overflow blocks making
a linked list. In this method, the table can never overflow, since the
linked lists are only extended upon the arrival of new keys.

38 What is open addressing? C311.5 BTL1

Open addressing is also called closed hashing, which is an alternative
to resolve the
Collisions with linked lists. In this hashing system, if a collision
occurs, alternative cells
are tired until an empty cell is found.
There are three strategies in open addressing:
 Linear probing
 Quadratic probing
 Double hashing

39 What is Rehashing? C311.5 BTL1

If the table is close to full, the search time grows and may
become equal to the table size.
When the load factor exceeds a certain value (e.g. greater than 0.5) we
do
Rehashing: Build a second table twice as large as the original
and rehash there all the keys of the original table.
Rehashing is expensive operation, with running time O(N)
However, once done, the new hash table will have good performance.

40 What is Extendible Hashing? C311.5 BTL1

Used when the amount of data is too large to fit in main memory and
external storage is used.
N records in total to store, M records in one disk block
 The problem: in ordinary hashing several disk blocks may be
examined to find an element -
a time consuming process.
Extendible hashing: no more than two blocks are examined.

41 List the different sorting algorithms. C311.5 BTL1

• Bubble sort
• Selection sort
• Insertion sort
• Shell sort
• Quick sort
• Radix sort
• Heap sort
• Merge sort
42 Why bubble sort is called so? C311.5 BTL1
The bubble sort gets its name because as array elements are sorted they
gradually “bubble” to their proper positions, like bubbles rising in a glass of
soda.
43 State the logic of bubble sort algorithm. C311.5 BTL1
The bubble sort repeatedly compares adjacent elements of an array. The first
and second elements are compared and swapped if out of order. Then the
second and third elements are compared and swapped if out of order. This
sorting process continues until the last two elements of the array are
compared and swapped if out of order.
44 What number is always sorted to the top of the list by each pass of the C311.5 BTL1
Bubble sort algorithm?
Each pass through the list places the next largest value in its proper place. In
essence, each item “bubbles” up to the location where it belongs.
45 When does the Bubble Sort Algorithm stop? C311.5 BTL1
The bubble sort stops when it examines the entire array and finds that no
"swaps" are needed. The bubble sort keeps track of the occurring swaps by
the use of a flag.
46 What is the output of selection sort after the 2nd iteration given the C311.5 BTL1
following sequence? 16 3 46 9 28 14
Ans: 3 9 46 16 28 14
47 How does insertion sort algorithm work? C311.5 BTL1
In every iteration an element is compared with all the elements before it.
While comparing if it is found that the element can be inserted at a suitable
position, then space is created for it by shifting the other elements one
position up and inserts the desired element at the suitable position. This
procedure is repeated for all the elements in the list until we get the sorted
elements.
48 What operation does the insertion sort use to move numbers from the C311.5 BTL1
unsorted section to the sorted section of the list?
The Insertion Sort uses the swap operation since it is ordering numbers
within a single list.
49 How many key comparisons and assignments an insertion sort makes C311.5 BTL1
in its worst case?
The worst case performance in insertion sort occurs when the elements of
the input array are in descending order. In that case, the first pass requires
one comparison, the second pass requires two comparisons, third pass three
comparisons,….kth pass requires (k-1), and finally the last pass requires (n-
 1) comparisons. Therefore, total numbers of comparisons are: f(n) =
1+2+3+………+(n-k)+…..+(n-2)+(n-1) = n(n-1)/2 = O(n2)
50 Which sorting algorithm is best if the list is already sorted? Why? C311.5 BTL1
Insertion sort as there is no movement of data if the list is already sorted and
complexity is of the order O(N).
PART -B
1 Explain the sorting algorithms C311.5 BTL2

2 Explain the searching algorithms C311.5 BTL5

3 Explain hashing C311.5 BTL5

4 Explain open addressing C311.5 BTL5

5 Write a C program to sort the elements using bubble sort, C311.5 BTL5
insertion sort and radix sort.

6 Write a C program to perform searching operations using linear C311.5 BTL5

and binary search.

7 Explain in detail about separate chaining. C311.5 BTL2

8 Explain Rehashing in detail. C311.5 BTL5

9 Explain Extendible hashing in detail. C311.5 BTL5

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