Network Analysis and Synthesis Worksheet

Causality
1. Determine if the following impulse response is causal:

• ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 1)
• ℎ(𝑡) = sin(𝑡)
2. If ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), delay it by 3 units to make it causal.
1
3. For a system with 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +1, evaluate if it satisfies the Paley-Wiener criterion for
causality.

Stability
4. Check if the following impulse response is stable:

• ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

• ℎ(𝑡) = sin(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)
𝑠+1
5. Verify the stability of a system whose transfer function is given as: 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +3𝑠+2.

6. Design a system function 𝐻(𝑠) that has poles on the left-hand side of the 𝑠-plane
and demonstrate its stability.

Hurwitz Polynomials
7. Determine if the following polynomials are Hurwitz:

• 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2
• 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠 3 − 𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 2
8. Perform the continued fraction expansion for 𝑃(𝑠) = 𝑠 4 + 2𝑠 3 + 3𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 1.

Positive Real Functions

9. Verify if the following functions are positive real:
𝑠+2
• 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +3𝑠+2
1
• 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑠+1
10. Design a driving-point impedance 𝐹(𝑠) for an LC network ensuring it satisfies
positive real function criteria.
Synthesis
𝑠
11. Given a system function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑠+1, design a corresponding passive network.
𝑠+1
12. Using the system function 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2, identify the excitation and response.

13. Prove that the real part of 𝐹(𝑠) maps the right-half 𝑠-plane to the right-half 𝐹(𝑠)-
𝑠+1
plane for 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑠+2.

Causality and Circuit Analysis

14. Determine Causality in RC Circuit
A series RC circuit is excited with a voltage source 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡). The circuit has a
resistor 𝑅 = 1 𝛺 and a capacitor 𝐶 = 1 F.
Tasks:
• Draw the circuit diagram.
• Derive the expression for the capacitor voltage 𝑉𝑐 (𝑡).
• Analyze if the impulse response ℎ(𝑡) of the circuit is causal.

Stability and Transfer Function

15. Stability in an RL Circuit
1
An RL series circuit with 𝑅 = 2 𝛺 and 𝐿 = 1 H has a transfer function: 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠+2
Tasks:
• Draw the circuit diagram.
• Verify the stability of the system based on the impulse response.
• Show the pole-zero plot of 𝐻(𝑠) on the 𝑠-plane and comment on the stability.

Hurwitz Polynomials and Passive Circuit Design

16. Analyze Hurwitz Conditions for RLC Circuit
𝑠2 +3𝑠+2
A parallel RLC circuit has the following admittance: 𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑠3 +2𝑠2 +𝑠+1 Tasks:
• Draw the circuit diagram for the parallel RLC network.
• Verify if the denominator polynomial of 𝑌(𝑠) satisfies the Hurwitz criteria.
• If it is not Hurwitz, suggest modifications to the circuit to meet the criteria.
Positive Real Functions
17. Driving Point Impedance of LC Network
Consider an LC series circuit where 𝐿 = 2 H and 𝐶 = 0.5 F. The driving-point
𝑠2 +2
impedance is: 𝐹(𝑠) = Tasks:
2𝑠
• Draw the circuit diagram.
• Determine if 𝐹(𝑠) is a positive real function.
• Calculate the residue for any poles on the 𝑗𝜔-axis and verify if they are positive.

Synthesis
18. Synthesize a Passive Network for Given Transfer Function
𝑠+1
You are given the transfer function: 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2 Tasks:
• Design a passive RLC network that realizes this transfer function.
• Provide the circuit diagram with appropriate values for 𝑅, 𝐿, and 𝐶.
• Derive the expressions for the current and voltage in the circuit for an input
𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).

Causality
19. Assess Causality in a Ladder Network
A ladder network comprises resistors 𝑅1 = 2 𝛺, 𝑅2 = 4 𝛺, and an inductor 𝐿 = 1 H. The
excitation 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) is applied.
Tasks:
• Draw the circuit diagram.
• Derive the voltage response across 𝑅1 and determine the impulse response ℎ(𝑡).
• Verify if ℎ(𝑡) is causal.

Stability
20. Stability of a Parallel LC Circuit
A parallel LC circuit has 𝐿 = 0.5 H and 𝐶 = 0.2 F. The input voltage is 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) =
10sin(5𝑡)𝑢(𝑡).
Tasks:
• Draw the circuit diagram.
• Write the differential equation governing the circuit and obtain its transfer
function 𝐻(𝑠).
• Plot the pole locations and analyze stability based on the pole positions.
Hurwitz Polynomials
21. Design a Hurwitz-Compliant System
𝑠+3
A transfer function is proposed for a system: 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 −4𝑠+3 Tasks:
• Identify if the denominator polynomial satisfies the Hurwitz criteria.
• If not, modify 𝐻(𝑠) by changing the network components to make it Hurwitz
compliant.
• Provide a corresponding RLC circuit diagram and calculate the new impulse
response.

Positive Real Functions

22. Positive Real Check for Driving Point Admittance
𝑠2 +3𝑠+2
The driving-point admittance of a network is given as: 𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +4
Tasks:
• Draw the circuit diagram for a network that can produce 𝑌(𝑠).
• Check if 𝑌(𝑠) satisfies the criteria for a positive real function.
• If it fails, suggest modifications to the network to ensure 𝑌(𝑠) becomes positive
real.

Synthesis
23. Synthesize a Network from System Function
2𝑠+1
A transfer function is given as: 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +𝑠+1 Tasks:
• Design a passive network (RLC) to realize 𝐻(𝑠).
• Provide the complete circuit diagram with calculated component values.
• Derive the steady-state output when the input is 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = sin(2𝑡).

Applications in Filters
24. Analyze a Low-Pass RC Filter
A low-pass filter has 𝑅 = 1 𝛺 and 𝐶 = 0.5 F. The input is 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 10sin(100𝑡).
Tasks:

• Draw the circuit diagram.

• Derive the transfer function 𝐻(𝑠).
• Calculate the output voltage amplitude and phase at 𝑓 = 100 Hz.
25. Design a Band-Pass Filter
A band-pass filter is required to operate at a center frequency of 1 kHz with a
bandwidth of 200 Hz.
Tasks:

• Design an RLC circuit meeting these specifications.

 • Provide the circuit diagram with component values.
• Simulate the frequency response using the transfer function.

Complex Synthesis
26. Synthesize a Network Using Continued Fractions
𝑠3 +2𝑠2 +𝑠+1
You are given the function: 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠4 +3𝑠3 +2𝑠2 +𝑠+1 Tasks:
• Perform continued fraction expansion of 𝐻(𝑠).
• Based on the expansion, design a corresponding RLC network.
• Provide a detailed circuit diagram and derive the current through the inductor.
Network Transform Representations and Analysis
27. Transform a Series RLC Circuit
A series RLC circuit with 𝑅 = 5 𝛺, 𝐿 = 2 H, and 𝐶 = 0.5 F is excited by a voltage
source 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 10𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
Tasks:

• Draw the circuit diagram.

• Derive the Laplace transform of the circuit.
• Express the output voltage across the capacitor in the 𝑠-domain.
28. Parallel RLC Circuit Analysis
A parallel RLC circuit has 𝑅 = 10 𝛺, 𝐿 = 1 H, and 𝐶 = 0.2 F with an input current
source 𝐼𝑠 (𝑡) = sin(5𝑡)𝑢(𝑡).
Tasks:

• Write the differential equations governing the circuit.

• Convert the equations to the 𝑠-domain using Laplace transforms.
• Derive the voltage across 𝐶 in the 𝑠-domain.
29. Impedance and Admittance Representation
For a circuit consisting of 𝑅 = 4 𝛺, 𝐿 = 2 H, and 𝐶 = 0.1 F:
Tasks:

• Derive the impedance 𝑍(𝑠) in the 𝑠-domain.

• Compute the admittance 𝑌(𝑠).
• Verify the relationship 𝑍(𝑠)𝑌(𝑠) = 1.
30. Determine Resonance Frequency
A series RLC circuit is designed for resonance. The components are 𝑅 = 2 𝛺, 𝐿 =
1 H, and 𝐶 is unknown.
Tasks:

• Find the value of 𝐶 required for resonance at 50 Hz.

• Represent the network in the 𝑠-domain at resonance.
 31. RC Circuit Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain
A simple RC circuit has 𝑅 = 10 𝛺 and 𝐶 = 0.1 F. The input is 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 5𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
Tasks:

• Obtain the Laplace transform of the input.

• Derive the output 𝑉𝐶 (𝑠) across the capacitor in the 𝑠-domain.
• Find 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) using inverse Laplace transform.

System Function
32. Transfer Function of a Low-Pass Filter
A low-pass filter consists of 𝑅 = 1 𝛺 and 𝐶 = 0.5 F.
Tasks:

• Derive the system function 𝐻(𝑠).

• Find the steady-state output if the input is 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = cos(100𝑡).
33. Transfer Function of a Band-Pass Filter
A band-pass filter has 𝐿 = 1 H, 𝐶 = 0.25 F, and 𝑅 = 2 𝛺.
Tasks:
𝑉𝑜 (𝑠)
• Derive the transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) = .
𝑉𝑠 (𝑠)
• Evaluate 𝐻(𝑗𝜔) at the center frequency.
34. Synthesize a Transfer Function
Design a network to realize the transfer function:
𝑠
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +3𝑠+2

Tasks:

• Draw the circuit diagram.

• Verify the circuit satisfies the given 𝐻(𝑠).
35. Poles and Stability from System Function
A system is described by:
𝑠+1
𝐻(𝑠) =
𝑠2 +2𝑠+2

Tasks:

• Identify the poles and zeros.

• Determine if the system is stable.
36. Steady-State Analysis Using Transfer Function
10
A system with 𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +10𝑠+25 is excited by 𝑉𝑠 (𝑡) = 10cos(5𝑡)𝑢(𝑡).
Tasks:
 • Derive the steady-state response 𝑉𝑜 (𝑡).

Poles and Zeros

37. Analyze Poles and Zeros of a Circuit
The network has 𝑅 = 5 𝛺, 𝐿 = 2 H, and 𝐶 = 0.5 F.
Tasks:

• Derive the transfer function.

• Sketch the pole-zero plot.
38. Impact of Poles on Stability
𝑠+2
For a system with 𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠−3):
Tasks:

• Identify the poles and zeros.

• Comment on the stability of the system.
39. Design a System with Specific Pole Locations
A system requires poles at 𝑠 = −2 and 𝑠 = −4, with no zeros.
Tasks:

• Propose a transfer function.

• Design a passive circuit that realizes this function.
40. Pole-Zero Cancellation
(𝑠+2)
A system has 𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+2)(𝑠+5).
Tasks:

• Simplify 𝐻(𝑠).
• Discuss the implications of pole-zero cancellation on system stability and
performance.
41. Pole-Zero Locations and Frequency Response
(𝑠+1)
For 𝐻(𝑠) = (𝑠+1)(𝑠+4):
Tasks:

• Sketch the pole-zero plot.

• Describe how the location of poles and zeros affects the system's frequency
response.
42. Basic Impedance Analysis
𝑠2 +3𝑠+2
A one-port network has an impedance 𝑍(𝑠) = .
𝑠(𝑠+4)

• (a) Verify that 𝑍(𝑠) is a positive real function (PRF).

• (b) Synthesize the network using the Foster method.
 43. Impedance Synthesis with Poles and Zeros
Consider a network with the given impedance:
10(𝑠+1)
𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+5) .

• (a) Decompose 𝑍(𝑠) into partial fractions.

• (b) Synthesize the network using the Cauer method.

44. Combination of Foster and Cauer Forms

2(𝑠2 +4𝑠+3)
A network is defined by 𝑍(𝑠) = .
𝑠(𝑠2 +3𝑠+2)

• (a) Check if 𝑍(𝑠) is realizable.

• (b) Synthesize 𝑍(𝑠) using a combination of Foster and Cauer methods.

45. Synthesis of Admittance

3𝑠+6
The admittance of a network is given as 𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+1.

• (a) Confirm 𝑌(𝑠) is a positive real function.

• (b) Realize the network using the Foster method.

46. Frequency Response Analysis

5𝑠(𝑠+3)
For a given impedance 𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +4𝑠+8:

• (a) Plot the frequency response of 𝑍(𝑠).

• (b) Synthesize the network using the Cauer method, explaining each step.

47. PRF Verification and Synthesis

𝑠2 +6𝑠+9
Prove that 𝑍(𝑠) = 𝑠3 +7𝑠2 +12𝑠 is a positive real function.

• (a) Synthesize the network using the Foster method.

• (b) Suggest an equivalent realization using the Cauer method.
 48. Dual Networks
𝑠2 +4𝑠+4
For a given LC network impedance 𝑍(𝑠) = :
𝑠(𝑠+3)

• (a) Synthesize the network using the Foster method.

• (b) Determine the dual admittance network and synthesize it using the Cauer method.

49. Cascade Connection Synthesis

A network has two cascaded sections:
2 3(𝑠+1)
𝑍1 (𝑠) = 𝑠+2 , 𝑍2 (𝑠) = 𝑠(𝑠+4).

• (a) Combine 𝑍1 (𝑠) and 𝑍2 (𝑠) into a single impedance 𝑍(𝑠).

• (b) Synthesize 𝑍(𝑠) using the Cauer method.

50. Minimal Realization

𝑠3 +2𝑠2 +𝑠
For 𝑍(𝑠) = :
𝑠2 +3𝑠+2

• (a) Obtain a minimal realization using the Foster method.

• (b) Verify the realization using the concept of energy conservation in LC networks.

51. Transfer Function Synthesis

𝑠
For a transfer impedance 𝑇(𝑠) = 𝑠2 +4𝑠+5:

• (a) Verify the network function is realizable as a one-port LC network.

• (b) Synthesize the network using both Foster and Cauer methods, and compare the two
results.