Vector Analysis

Hu Jin

School of Electrical Engineering

Hanyang University ERICA Campus
 Contents
§ Scalars and vectors
§ Vector algebra
§ Rectangular coordinates
§ Vector components and unit vectors
§ Vector field
§ Dot product (scalar product)
§ Cross product (vector product)
§ Circular cylindrical coordinates
§ Spherical coordinates

2
 Orthogonal Vector Components
§ Purpose
§ Describe a vector in the rectangular coordinate system.

§ Logical way
§ Three component vectors along the three coordinate axes (x, y and z.)
§ r=x+y+z
§ x, y, z are the component vectors.
§ x, y, z have magnitudes depends on
the given vector r
but a known constant direction.

3
 Orthogonal Unit Vectors
§ Unit vectors
§ Having unit magnitude
§ Parallel to the coordinate axes
§ Pointing in the direction of increasing coordinate values

§ Rectangular coordinate system

§ ax, ay and az
§ Directing the x, y and z axes

§ P(1, 2, 3)
§ rP = ax + 2ay + 3az
§ 1,2,3 are components
§ ax , 2ay , 3az are component vectors
4
Vector Representation

5
Summary

• Vector representation

6
 Vector Expressions in Rectangular Coordinates

General vector B:

Magnitude of B:

Unit vector in the

direction of B:

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 Example 1.1
§ Specify the unit vector extending from the origin
toward the point G(2, -2, -1)

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 Example D1.1
Given point M ( -1, 2,1) , N ( 3, -3,0 ) , and P ( -2, -3, -4 ) , find
1) R MN
2) R MN + R MP
3) rM
4) a MP
5) 2rp - 3rN

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 Vector Field
§ We are accustomed to thinking of a specific vector

§ A vector field is a function defined in space that has

magnitude and direction at all points:

where r = (x,y,z)

§ It is a vector function of a position vector

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 Example D1.2
§ Given a vector field S which is expressed in a
rectangular coordinates as
125
S= {( x - 1) a + ( y - 2 ) a + ( z + 1) a }
( x - 1) + ( y - 2 ) + ( z + 1)
2 2 2 x y z

§ Specify the vector field at P(2, 4, 3)

125
SP = {( 2 - 1) a + ( 4 - 2 ) a + ( 3 + 1) a }
( 2 - 1) + ( 4 - 2 ) + ( 3 + 1)
2 2 2 x y z

= 5.95a x + 11.9a y + 23.8a z

§ Specify the surface f (x,y,z) on which |S|=1

1=
125
( x - 1) + ( y - 2 ) + ( z + 1)
2 2 2 { ( x - 1) + ( y - 2 ) + ( z + 1)
2 2 2
}
( x - 1) + ( y - 2 ) + ( z + 1)
2 2 2
Þ = 125 11
 Dot Product
§ Definition
§ For two vectors A and B
§ The product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the
cosine of the smaller angle between them.

A × B = A B cosq AB Scalar

§ Commutative law:
A×B = B×A
§ Distributive law
A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C

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 Dot Product

Given

Find

Distributive law and

We have

Note also:
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 Vector Projections using the Dot Product
B × a = B a cosq Ba = B cosq Ba

B • a gives the component of B (B • a)a gives the vector component

in the horizontal direction of B in the horizontal direction

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 Example 1.2
Consider the vector field G = ya x - 2.5 xa y + 3a z and the point Q(4,5, 2).
We wish to find
1) G at Q
1
2) the scalar component of G at Q in the direction of a N = ( 2a x + a y - 2a z )
3
3) the vector component of G at Q in the direction of a N
4) the angle qGa between G (rQ ) and a N .

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 Cross Product
§ Definition
§ For two vectors A and B
§ Magnitude: the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B,
and the sine of the smaller angle between them.
§ Direction: perpendicular to the plane including A and B, (right-
handed rule)

Dot product: scalar product

Cross product: vector product
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 Cross Product
§ The cross product is not commutative because
A ´ B = -B ´ A
§ Distributive law
A ´ (B + C) = A ´ B + A ´ C
§ Right-handed rectangular coordinate system

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 Cross Product in Rectangular Coordinates

Begin with:

where
Therefore:

Or…

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 Example
§ If A =2a x - 3a y + a z and B = - 4a x - 2a y + 5a z

ax ay az
A ´ B = 2 -3 1
-4 -2 5
-3 1 2 1 2 -3
=a x - ay + az
-2 5 -4 5 -4 -2
= - 13a x - 14a y - 16a z

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 Example D1.4
The three vertices of a triangle are located at
A ( 6, -1, 2 ) , B ( -2,3, -4 ) , and C ( -3,1,5 ) . Find
1) R AB ´ R AC
2) the area of the triangle
3) a unit vector perpendicular to the plane in which the triangle is located.

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 Problem 1.5
Vector Fields in Rectangular Coordinates
§ A vector field is specified as
G = 24 xya x + 12 ( x 2 + 2 ) a y + 18 z 2a z
Given two points, P(1,2,-1) and Q(-2, 1, 3),
§ Find G at P

§ Find a unit vector in the direction of G at Q

§ Find a unit vector directed from Q toward P

§ Find the equation of the surface on which |G|=60

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 Problem 1.6
Dot Product and Cross Product
§ Find the acute angle between the two vectors
A = 2a x + a y + 3a z and B = a x - 3a y + 2a z

§ By using the definition of the dot product

§ By using the definition of the cross product

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