ARAB ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

AND MARITIME TRANSPORT

College of Engineering and Technology

Mechanical Engineering Department – Cairo Campus

HEAT TRANSFER (ME431)

Data Book
 1.Introduction to Heat Transfer

a. Conduction: (Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction)

(1.1)

(1.2)

b. Convection: (Newton’s Law of Cooling)

(1.3)
(1.4)

c. Radiation: (Stefan-Boltzmann Law)

(1.5)

Stefan-Boltzmann Constant

Emissivity of Surface

1
 2.Steady-state One-dimensional Conduction

(2.1)

Table 2.1: One-dimensional, Steady-state solutions to the heat equation with no

generation

Where the term now becomes the convection resistance

Heat Conduction with Uniform Heat Generation for a Plane Wall:

(2.2)

2
 3.Extended Surface (Fins)

a. Fin Efficiency:

(3.1)

b. Overall Surface Efficiency:

(3.2)

c. Fin Effectiveness:

(3.3)

d. Overall Effectiveness:

(3.4)

3
 e. Fins Thermal Resistance:

(3.5)

(3.6)

Table 3.1: Temperature distribution and heat loss for fins of uniform cross section

4
Figure 3.1: Efficiency of straight fins (rectangular, triangular, and parabolic
profiles)

Figure 3.2: Efficiency of annular fins of rectangular profile

5
Table 3.2: Efficiency of common fin shapes

6
Table 3.2: Continued

7
 4.Transient One-dimensional Conduction
Table 4.1: Coefficients used in the one-term approximation to the series solutions
for transient one-dimensional conduction

8
Figure 4.1: Temperature histories in a semi-infinite solid with surface convection.
(Adapted with permission).

b. Lumped Heat Capacity System

(4.1)

Applicability of Lumped-Capacity Analysis

< 0.1 (4.2)

9
 5.Heat Transfer by Convection

Dimensionless Groups of Heat Transfer by Convection:

Prandtl Number:

(5.1)

Nusselt Number:

(5.2)

Where LC = Characteristic Length

LC = L for flat plate
LC = D for cylinder and sphere

Reynolds Number:

External flow (5.3)

For internal flow replace LC with

Dh in Re and Nu

10
 5.1.Forced Convection (External flow)
a. Flat Plate: (LC = L)
• TS = C:
Laminar flow (Re < 500,000)

(5.4)

Turbulent flow (Re > 500,000)

(5.5)

Combined flow

(5.6)

• QS = C:

(5.7)
Fluid properties at T∞
b. Cross flow over single Cylinder: (LC = D)

Hilpert Equation:

(5.8)

Valid for 0.4 < Re < 400,000

Gas flow only

C and m from Table 5.1

11
Table 5.1: Constants for Hilpert equation for circular and noncircular cylinders in
cross flow:

Churchill-Bernstein Equation:

(5.9)

Valid for Re Pr > 0.2

Gas and liquid flows

12
 c. Flow over a Sphere: (LC = D)

Whitaker Equation:

(5.10)

Fluid properties at T∞

d. Drag Force: (FD)

(5.11)

Where Af is the Frontal Area

Af =
CD Drag Coefficient from Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1: Drag Coefficient

13
 5.2.Flow Across Banks of Tubes

Figure 5.2: Aligned and Staggered tube arrangements

Zhukauskas equation:

(5.12)

Fluid Properties at T∞i except Prs at Ts for gases

T∞ = ( T∞i + T∞o)/2 except Prs at Ts for liquids

Valid for 1000 < ReD, max < 2×106

0.7 < Pr < 500
NL ≥ 20
C and m from Table 5.2

For NL < 20 a correction factor is needed such that

(5.13)

Where C2 is from Table 5.3

14
Table 5.2: Constants for equation 5.12:

Table 5.3: Correction factor C2 for equation 5.13:

For Aligned

For Staggered
(SD > ST)
For Staggered
(SD < ST)

15
For Constant Surface Temperature (TS = C):

(5-14)

(5-15)

Pressure Drop:

(5.16)

Where f and x are evaluated from figures 5.3 and 5.4

16
 Figure 5.3: f and x for aligned tube bundle arrangement.

Figure 5.4: f and x for Staggered tube bundle arrangement.

17
 5.3.Forced Convection Inside Ducts (Internal flow)
Energy Balance for Steady Pipe Flow:
a. For TS = C:

(5.17)

(5.18)

(5.19)

(5.20)

b. For QS = C:

(5.21)

(5.22)

(5.23)

c. Pressure Drop:

(5.24)

18
Convection Correlations for Internal Flow:

, , .

a. Turbulent Flow (Re > 3000):

(5.25)

Fluid properties at
n = 0.4 for heating
n = 0.3 for cooling

Valid for 0.6 < Pr < 160

Re > 10000

(5.26)

Fluid properties at

Valid for 0.5 < Pr < 2000

3000 < Re < 5x106

(5.27)

Fluid properties at

Valid for 3000 < Re < 5x106

19
b. Laminar Flow (Re < 3000):

20
Concentric Tubes Annulus:

• For calculating Nu for fully developed turbulent flow use equation

(5.25).

• For calculating Nu for fully developed laminar flow use the

following table:

21
 5.4.Free or Natural Convection

Rayleigh Number Ra =

Where coefficient of volumetric expansion for gases is

Natural Convection Correlations:

a. Flat Plates:
Vertical Plates (LC = LV)

(5.28)

Valid for 10 -1 < Ra < 10 12

Evaluate Properties at Tf

22
Inclined Plates (LC = L)

Use equation (5.28)

Replace g by g cos θ in Ra number

Horizontal Plates

Hot Surface Facing Upwards

(5.29)
Valid for Ra < 107
Evaluate Properties at Tf

(5.30)
Valid for Ra > 107
Evaluate Properties at Tf

Hot Surface Facing Downwards

(5.31)
Valid for 105 < Ra < 1010
Evaluate Properties at Tf

23
b. Cylinders:
Vertical cylinders (LC = LV)
Vertical cylinders can be treated as vetical plates
Use equation (5.28)

Horizontal cylinders (LC = D)

(5.32)

Valid for Ra < 1012

Evaluate properties at Tf

c. Spheres (LC = D):

(5.33)

Evaluate properties at Tf

24
 6.Heat Exchangers

Energy Balance Equation:

(6.1)

6.1 Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference Method (LMTD):

(6.2)

a. Parallel flow:

(6.3)

b. Counter flow:

(6.4)

c. Cross & Multi-pass flow:

(6.5)
Where F is a Correction Factor from Figures 6.1 to 6.4

25
Figure 6.1: Correction factor of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell and multiple of
two tube passes (two, four, etc. tube passes).

Figure 6.2: Correction factor of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger with two shells and multiple of
two tube passes (two, four, etc. tube passes).

26
Figure 6.3: Correction factor for a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids
unmixed.

Figure 6.4: Correction factor for a single-pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with one fluid unmixed
and the other mixed.
27
6.2 Effectiveness - NTU Method (є-NTU):

(6.6)

(6.7)

The values of effectiveness (є) and NTU may be obtained from Figures 6.5 to
6.10.

Figure 6.5: Heat exchanger effectiveness for parallel flow.

28
Figure 6.6: Heat exchanger effectiveness for counter flow.

Figure 6.7: Heat exchanger effectiveness of shell and tube heat exchanger with one shell and
multiple of two tube passes (two, four, etc. tube passes).
29
Figure 6.8: Heat exchanger effectiveness of shell and tube heat exchanger with two shells and
multiple of two tube passes (two, four, etc. tube passes).

Figure 6.9: Heat exchanger effectiveness of single pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with both
fluid unmixed.

30
Figure 6.10: Heat exchanger effectiveness of single pass, cross-flow heat exchanger with one
fluid unmixed and the other mixed.

31
 BAPP01.qxd
2/21/11
TABLE A.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solidsa
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)

6:06 PM
Properties at 300 K k (W/m 䡠 K)/cp (J/kg 䡠 K)
Melting
Point ␳ cp k ␣ 䡠 106
Composition (K) (kg/m3) (J/ kg 䡠 K) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500

Appendix A

Page 983
Aluminum
Pure 933 2702 903 237 97.1 302 237 240 231 218
482 798 949 1033 1146
Alloy 2024-T6 775 2770 875 177 73.0 65 163 186 186
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 473 787 925 1042

䊏
0.6% Mn)

Thermophysical Properties of Matter

Alloy 195, Cast 2790 883 168 68.2 174 185
(4.5% Cu) — —
Beryllium 1550 1850 1825 200 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 78.7
203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 3227 3519
Bismuth 545 9780 122 7.86 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04
112 120 127
Boron 2573 2500 1107 27.0 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85
128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338
Cadmium 594 8650 231 96.8 48.4 203 99.3 94.7
198 222 242
Chromium 2118 7160 449 93.7 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 61.9 57.2 49.4
192 384 484 542 581 616 682 779 937
Cobalt 1769 8862 421 99.2 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 49.3 42.5
236 379 450 503 550 628 733 674
Copper
Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 482 413 393 379 366 352 339
252 356 397 417 433 451 480
Commercial bronze 1293 8800 420 52 14 42 52 59
(90% Cu, 10% Al) 785 460 545
Phosphor gear bronze 1104 8780 355 54 17 41 65 74
(89% Cu, 11% Sn) — — —
Cartridge brass 1188 8530 380 110 33.9 75 95 137 149
(70% Cu, 30% Zn) 360 395 425
Constantan 1493 8920 384 23 6.71 17 19
(55% Cu, 45% Ni) 237 362
Germanium 1211 5360 322 59.9 34.7 232 96.8 43.2 27.3 19.8 17.4 17.4
190 290 337 348 357 375 395

983
 BAPP01.qxd
TABLE A.1 Continued

984

2/21/11
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m 䡠 K)/cp (J/kg 䡠 K)

Melting
Point ␳ cp k ␣ 䡠 106

6:06 PM
Composition (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg 䡠 K) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500

Appendix A
Gold 1336 19300 129 317 127 327 323 311 298 284 270 255

Page 984
109 124 131 135 140 145 155
Iridium 2720 22500 130 147 50.3 172 153 144 138 132 126 120 111
90 122 133 138 144 153 161 172

䊏
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
Iron
Pure 1810 7870 447 80.2 23.1 134 94.0 69.5 54.7 43.3 32.8 28.3 32.1
216 384 490 574 680 975 609 654
Armco
(99.75% pure) 7870 447 72.7 20.7 95.6 80.6 65.7 53.1 42.2 32.3 28.7 31.4
215 384 490 574 680 975 609 654
Carbon steels
Plain carbon 7854 434 60.5 17.7 56.7 48.0 39.2 30.0
(Mn ⱕ 1%, 487 559 685 1169
Si ⱕ 0.1%)
AISI 1010 7832 434 63.9 18.8 58.7 48.8 39.2 31.3
487 559 685 1168
Carbon–silicon 7817 446 51.9 14.9 49.8 44.0 37.4 29.3
(Mn ⱕ 1%, 501 582 699 971
0.1% ⬍ Si ⱕ 0.6%)
Carbon–manganese– 8131 434 41.0 11.6 42.2 39.7 35.0 27.6
silicon 487 559 685 1090
(1% ⬍ Mn ⱕ 1.65%,
0.1% ⬍ Si ⱕ 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels

Cr–
 Mo–Si 7822 444 37.7 10.9 38.2 36.7 33.3 26.9
(0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si)
1 Cr–
 Mo 7858 442 42.3 12.2 42.0 39.1 34.5 27.4
(0.16% C, 1% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si)
1 Cr–V 7836 443 48.9 14.1 46.8 42.1 36.3 28.2
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.15% V)
 BAPP01.qxd
Stainless steels

2/21/11
AISI 302 8055 480 15.1 3.91 17.3 20.0 22.8 25.4
512 559 585 606
AISI 304 1670 7900 477 14.9 3.95 9.2 12.6 16.6 19.8 22.6 25.4 28.0 31.7
272 402 515 557 582 611 640 682
AISI 316 8238 468 13.4 3.48 15.2 18.3 21.3 24.2

6:06 PM
504 550 576 602
AISI 347 7978 480 14.2 3.71 15.8 18.9 21.9 24.7
513 559 585 606

Appendix A
Lead 601 11340 129 35.3 24.1 39.7 36.7 34.0 31.4

Page 985
118 125 132 142
Magnesium 923 1740 1024 156 87.6 169 159 153 149 146
649 934 1074 1170 1267
Molybdenum 2894 10240 251 138 53.7 179 143 134 126 118 112 105 98 90 86

䊏
141 224 261 275 285 295 308 330 380 459

Thermophysical Properties of Matter

Nickel
Pure 1728 8900 444 90.7 23.0 164 107 80.2 65.6 67.6 71.8 76.2 82.6
232 383 485 592 530 562 594 616
Nichrome 1672 8400 420 12 3.4 14 16 21
(80% Ni, 20% Cr) 480 525 545
Inconel X-750 1665 8510 439 11.7 3.1 8.7 10.3 13.5 17.0 20.5 24.0 27.6 33.0
(73% Ni, 15% Cr, — 372 473 510 546 626 — —
6.7% Fe)
Niobium 2741 8570 265 53.7 23.6 55.2 52.6 55.2 58.2 61.3 64.4 67.5 72.1 79.1
188 249 274 283 292 301 310 324 347
Palladium 1827 12020 244 71.8 24.5 76.5 71.6 73.6 79.7 86.9 94.2 102 110
168 227 251 261 271 281 291 307
Platinum
Pure 2045 21450 133 71.6 25.1 77.5 72.6 71.8 73.2 75.6 78.7 82.6 89.5 99.4
100 125 136 141 146 152 157 165 179
Alloy 60Pt–40Rh 1800 16630 162 47 17.4 52 59 65 69 73 76
(60% Pt, 40% Rh) — — — — — —
Rhenium 3453 21100 136 47.9 16.7 58.9 51.0 46.1 44.2 44.1 44.6 45.7 47.8 51.9
97 127 139 145 151 156 162 171 186
Rhodium 2236 12450 243 150 49.6 186 154 146 136 127 121 116 110 112
147 220 253 274 293 311 327 349 376
Silicon 1685 2330 712 148 89.2 884 264 98.9 61.9 42.2 31.2 25.7 22.7
259 556 790 867 913 946 967 992
Silver 1235 10500 235 429 174 444 430 425 412 396 379 361
187 225 239 250 262 277 292
Tantalum 3269 16600 140 57.5 24.7 59.2 57.5 57.8 58.6 59.4 60.2 61.0 62.2 64.1 65.6
110 133 144 146 149 152 155 160 172 189
Thorium 2023 11700 118 54.0 39.1 59.8 54.6 54.5 55.8 56.9 56.9 58.7

985
99 112 124 134 145 156 167
Tin 505 7310 227 66.6 40.1 85.2 73.3 62.2
188 215 243
 BAPP01.qxd
TABLE A.1 Continued

986

2/21/11
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m 䡠 K)/cp (J/kg 䡠 K)

Melting
Point ␳ cp k ␣ 䡠 106

6:06 PM
Composition (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg 䡠 K) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500

Appendix A
Titanium 1953 4500 522 21.9 9.32 30.5 24.5 20.4 19.4 19.7 20.7 22.0 24.5

Page 986
300 465 551 591 633 675 620 686
Tungsten 3660 19300 132 174 68.3 208 186 159 137 125 118 113 107 100 95
87 122 137 142 145 148 152 157 167 176

䊏
Uranium 1406 19070 116 27.6 12.5 21.7 25.1 29.6 34.0 38.8 43.9 49.0

Thermophysical Properties of Matter

94 108 125 146 176 180 161
Vanadium 2192 6100 489 30.7 10.3 35.8 31.3 31.3 33.3 35.7 38.2 40.8 44.6 50.9
258 430 515 540 563 597 645 714 867
Zinc 693 7140 389 116 41.8 117 118 111 103
297 367 402 436
Zirconium 2125 6570 278 22.7 12.4 33.2 25.2 21.6 20.7 21.6 23.7 26.0 28.8 33.0
205 264 300 322 342 362 344 344 344
a
Adapted from References 1–7.
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 995

Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 995

TABLE A.4 Thermophysical Properties

of Gases at Atmospheric Pressurea
T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 107 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 106
(K) (kg /m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr

Air, ᏹ ⴝ 28.97 kg/kmol

100 3.5562 1.032 71.1 2.00 9.34 2.54 0.786
150 2.3364 1.012 103.4 4.426 13.8 5.84 0.758
200 1.7458 1.007 132.5 7.590 18.1 10.3 0.737
250 1.3947 1.006 159.6 11.44 22.3 15.9 0.720
300 1.1614 1.007 184.6 15.89 26.3 22.5 0.707

350 0.9950 1.009 208.2 20.92 30.0 29.9 0.700

400 0.8711 1.014 230.1 26.41 33.8 38.3 0.690
450 0.7740 1.021 250.7 32.39 37.3 47.2 0.686
500 0.6964 1.030 270.1 38.79 40.7 56.7 0.684
550 0.6329 1.040 288.4 45.57 43.9 66.7 0.683

600 0.5804 1.051 305.8 52.69 46.9 76.9 0.685

650 0.5356 1.063 322.5 60.21 49.7 87.3 0.690
700 0.4975 1.075 338.8 68.10 52.4 98.0 0.695
750 0.4643 1.087 354.6 76.37 54.9 109 0.702
800 0.4354 1.099 369.8 84.93 57.3 120 0.709

850 0.4097 1.110 384.3 93.80 59.6 131 0.716

900 0.3868 1.121 398.1 102.9 62.0 143 0.720
950 0.3666 1.131 411.3 112.2 64.3 155 0.723
1000 0.3482 1.141 424.4 121.9 66.7 168 0.726
1100 0.3166 1.159 449.0 141.8 71.5 195 0.728

1200 0.2902 1.175 473.0 162.9 76.3 224 0.728

1300 0.2679 1.189 496.0 185.1 82 257 0.719
1400 0.2488 1.207 530 213 91 303 0.703
1500 0.2322 1.230 557 240 100 350 0.685
1600 0.2177 1.248 584 268 106 390 0.688

1700 0.2049 1.267 611 298 113 435 0.685

1800 0.1935 1.286 637 329 120 482 0.683
1900 0.1833 1.307 663 362 128 534 0.677
2000 0.1741 1.337 689 396 137 589 0.672
2100 0.1658 1.372 715 431 147 646 0.667

2200 0.1582 1.417 740 468 160 714 0.655

2300 0.1513 1.478 766 506 175 783 0.647
2400 0.1448 1.558 792 547 196 869 0.630
2500 0.1389 1.665 818 589 222 960 0.613
3000 0.1135 2.726 955 841 486 1570 0.536

Ammonia (NH3), ᏹ ⴝ 17.03 kg/kmol

300 0.6894 2.158 101.5 14.7 24.7 16.6 0.887
320 0.6448 2.170 109 16.9 27.2 19.4 0.870
340 0.6059 2.192 116.5 19.2 29.3 22.1 0.872
360 0.5716 2.221 124 21.7 31.6 24.9 0.872
380 0.5410 2.254 131 24.2 34.0 27.9 0.869
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 996

996 Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.4 Continued

T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 107 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 106
(K) (kg /m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr

Ammonia (NH3) (continued)

400 0.5136 2.287 138 26.9 37.0 31.5 0.853
420 0.4888 2.322 145 29.7 40.4 35.6 0.833
440 0.4664 2.357 152.5 32.7 43.5 39.6 0.826
460 0.4460 2.393 159 35.7 46.3 43.4 0.822
480 0.4273 2.430 166.5 39.0 49.2 47.4 0.822

500 0.4101 2.467 173 42.2 52.5 51.9 0.813

520 0.3942 2.504 180 45.7 54.5 55.2 0.827
540 0.3795 2.540 186.5 49.1 57.5 59.7 0.824
560 0.3708 2.577 193 52.0 60.6 63.4 0.827
580 0.3533 2.613 199.5 56.5 63.8 69.1 0.817

Carbon Dioxide (CO2), ᏹ ⴝ 44.01 kg/kmol

280 1.9022 0.830 140 7.36 15.20 9.63 0.765
300 1.7730 0.851 149 8.40 16.55 11.0 0.766
320 1.6609 0.872 156 9.39 18.05 12.5 0.754
340 1.5618 0.891 165 10.6 19.70 14.2 0.746
360 1.4743 0.908 173 11.7 21.2 15.8 0.741

380 1.3961 0.926 181 13.0 22.75 17.6 0.737

400 1.3257 0.942 190 14.3 24.3 19.5 0.737
450 1.1782 0.981 210 17.8 28.3 24.5 0.728
500 1.0594 1.02 231 21.8 32.5 30.1 0.725
550 0.9625 1.05 251 26.1 36.6 36.2 0.721

600 0.8826 1.08 270 30.6 40.7 42.7 0.717

650 0.8143 1.10 288 35.4 44.5 49.7 0.712
700 0.7564 1.13 305 40.3 48.1 56.3 0.717
750 0.7057 1.15 321 45.5 51.7 63.7 0.714
800 0.6614 1.17 337 51.0 55.1 71.2 0.716

Carbon Monoxide (CO), ᏹ ⴝ 28.01 kg/kmol

200 1.6888 1.045 127 7.52 17.0 9.63 0.781
220 1.5341 1.044 137 8.93 19.0 11.9 0.753
240 1.4055 1.043 147 10.5 20.6 14.1 0.744
260 1.2967 1.043 157 12.1 22.1 16.3 0.741
280 1.2038 1.042 166 13.8 23.6 18.8 0.733

300 1.1233 1.043 175 15.6 25.0 21.3 0.730

320 1.0529 1.043 184 17.5 26.3 23.9 0.730
340 0.9909 1.044 193 19.5 27.8 26.9 0.725
360 0.9357 1.045 202 21.6 29.1 29.8 0.725
380 0.8864 1.047 210 23.7 30.5 32.9 0.729

400 0.8421 1.049 218 25.9 31.8 36.0 0.719

450 0.7483 1.055 237 31.7 35.0 44.3 0.714
500 0.67352 1.065 254 37.7 38.1 53.1 0.710
550 0.61226 1.076 271 44.3 41.1 62.4 0.710
600 0.56126 1.088 286 51.0 44.0 72.1 0.707
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 997

Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 997

TABLE A.4 Continued

T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 107 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 106
(K) (kg /m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr

Carbon Monoxide (CO) (continued)

650 0.51806 1.101 301 58.1 47.0 82.4 0.705
700 0.48102 1.114 315 65.5 50.0 93.3 0.702
750 0.44899 1.127 329 73.3 52.8 104 0.702
800 0.42095 1.140 343 81.5 55.5 116 0.705

Helium (He), ᏹ ⴝ 4.003 kg/kmol

100 0.4871 5.193 96.3 19.8 73.0 28.9 0.686

120 0.4060 5.193 107 26.4 81.9 38.8 0.679
140 0.3481 5.193 118 33.9 90.7 50.2 0.676
160 — 5.193 129 — 99.2 — —
180 0.2708 5.193 139 51.3 107.2 76.2 0.673

200 — 5.193 150 — 115.1 — —

220 0.2216 5.193 160 72.2 123.1 107 0.675
240 — 5.193 170 — 130 — —
260 0.1875 5.193 180 96.0 137 141 0.682
280 — 5.193 190 — 145 — —

300 0.1625 5.193 199 122 152 180 0.680

350 — 5.193 221 — 170 — —
400 0.1219 5.193 243 199 187 295 0.675
450 — 5.193 263 — 204 — —
500 0.09754 5.193 283 290 220 434 0.668

550 — 5.193 — — — — —
600 — 5.193 320 — 252 — —
650 — 5.193 332 — 264 — —
700 0.06969 5.193 350 502 278 768 0.654
750 — 5.193 364 — 291 — —

800 — 5.193 382 — 304 — —

900 — 5.193 414 — 330 — —
1000 0.04879 5.193 446 914 354 1400 0.654

Hydrogen (H2 ), ᏹ ⴝ 2.016 kg/kmol

100 0.24255 11.23 42.1 17.4 67.0 24.6 0.707
150 0.16156 12.60 56.0 34.7 101 49.6 0.699
200 0.12115 13.54 68.1 56.2 131 79.9 0.704
250 0.09693 14.06 78.9 81.4 157 115 0.707
300 0.08078 14.31 89.6 111 183 158 0.701

350 0.06924 14.43 98.8 143 204 204 0.700

400 0.06059 14.48 108.2 179 226 258 0.695
450 0.05386 14.50 117.2 218 247 316 0.689
500 0.04848 14.52 126.4 261 266 378 0.691
550 0.04407 14.53 134.3 305 285 445 0.685
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 998

998 Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.4 Continued

T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 107 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 106
(K) (kg /m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr

Hydrogen (H2 ) (continued)

600 0.04040 14.55 142.4 352 305 519 0.678

700 0.03463 14.61 157.8 456 342 676 0.675
800 0.03030 14.70 172.4 569 378 849 0.670
900 0.02694 14.83 186.5 692 412 1030 0.671
1000 0.02424 14.99 201.3 830 448 1230 0.673

1100 0.02204 15.17 213.0 966 488 1460 0.662

1200 0.02020 15.37 226.2 1120 528 1700 0.659
1300 0.01865 15.59 238.5 1279 568 1955 0.655
1400 0.01732 15.81 250.7 1447 610 2230 0.650
1500 0.01616 16.02 262.7 1626 655 2530 0.643

1600 0.0152 16.28 273.7 1801 697 2815 0.639

1700 0.0143 16.58 284.9 1992 742 3130 0.637
1800 0.0135 16.96 296.1 2193 786 3435 0.639
1900 0.0128 17.49 307.2 2400 835 3730 0.643
2000 0.0121 18.25 318.2 2630 878 3975 0.661

Nitrogen (N2 ), ᏹ ⴝ 28.01 kg/kmol

100 3.4388 1.070 68.8 2.00 9.58 2.60 0.768

150 2.2594 1.050 100.6 4.45 13.9 5.86 0.759
200 1.6883 1.043 129.2 7.65 18.3 10.4 0.736
250 1.3488 1.042 154.9 11.48 22.2 15.8 0.727
300 1.1233 1.041 178.2 15.86 25.9 22.1 0.716

350 0.9625 1.042 200.0 20.78 29.3 29.2 0.711

400 0.8425 1.045 220.4 26.16 32.7 37.1 0.704
450 0.7485 1.050 239.6 32.01 35.8 45.6 0.703
500 0.6739 1.056 257.7 38.24 38.9 54.7 0.700
550 0.6124 1.065 274.7 44.86 41.7 63.9 0.702

600 0.5615 1.075 290.8 51.79 44.6 73.9 0.701

700 0.4812 1.098 321.0 66.71 49.9 94.4 0.706
800 0.4211 1.122 349.1 82.90 54.8 116 0.715
900 0.3743 1.146 375.3 100.3 59.7 139 0.721
1000 0.3368 1.167 399.9 118.7 64.7 165 0.721

1100 0.3062 1.187 423.2 138.2 70.0 193 0.718

1200 0.2807 1.204 445.3 158.6 75.8 224 0.707
1300 0.2591 1.219 466.2 179.9 81.0 256 0.701

Oxygen (O2 ), ᏹ ⴝ 32.00 kg/kmol

100 3.945 0.962 76.4 1.94 9.25 2.44 0.796

150 2.585 0.921 114.8 4.44 13.8 5.80 0.766
200 1.930 0.915 147.5 7.64 18.3 10.4 0.737
250 1.542 0.915 178.6 11.58 22.6 16.0 0.723
300 1.284 0.920 207.2 16.14 26.8 22.7 0.711
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 999

Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 999

TABLE A.4 Continued

T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 107 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 106
(K) (kg /m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr

Oxygen (O2 ) (continued)

350 1.100 0.929 233.5 21.23 29.6 29.0 0.733

400 0.9620 0.942 258.2 26.84 33.0 36.4 0.737
450 0.8554 0.956 281.4 32.90 36.3 44.4 0.741
500 0.7698 0.972 303.3 39.40 41.2 55.1 0.716
550 0.6998 0.988 324.0 46.30 44.1 63.8 0.726

600 0.6414 1.003 343.7 53.59 47.3 73.5 0.729

700 0.5498 1.031 380.8 69.26 52.8 93.1 0.744
800 0.4810 1.054 415.2 86.32 58.9 116 0.743
900 0.4275 1.074 447.2 104.6 64.9 141 0.740
1000 0.3848 1.090 477.0 124.0 71.0 169 0.733

1100 0.3498 1.103 505.5 144.5 75.8 196 0.736

1200 0.3206 1.115 532.5 166.1 81.9 229 0.725
1300 0.2960 1.125 588.4 188.6 87.1 262 0.721

Water Vapor (Steam), ᏹ ⴝ 18.02 kg/kmol

380 0.5863 2.060 127.1 21.68 24.6 20.4 1.06
400 0.5542 2.014 134.4 24.25 26.1 23.4 1.04
450 0.4902 1.980 152.5 31.11 29.9 30.8 1.01
500 0.4405 1.985 170.4 38.68 33.9 38.8 0.998
550 0.4005 1.997 188.4 47.04 37.9 47.4 0.993

600 0.3652 2.026 206.7 56.60 42.2 57.0 0.993

650 0.3380 2.056 224.7 66.48 46.4 66.8 0.996
700 0.3140 2.085 242.6 77.26 50.5 77.1 1.00
750 0.2931 2.119 260.4 88.84 54.9 88.4 1.00
800 0.2739 2.152 278.6 101.7 59.2 100 1.01
850 0.2579 2.186 296.9 115.1 63.7 113 1.02
a
Adapted from References 8, 14, and 15.
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 1000

1000 Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.5 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluidsa

Saturated Liquids
T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 102 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 107 ␤ 䡠 103
(K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr (Kⴚ1)

Engine Oil (Unused)

273 899.1 1.796 385 4280 147 0.910 47,000 0.70

280 895.3 1.827 217 2430 144 0.880 27,500 0.70
290 890.0 1.868 99.9 1120 145 0.872 12,900 0.70
300 884.1 1.909 48.6 550 145 0.859 6400 0.70
310 877.9 1.951 25.3 288 145 0.847 3400 0.70
320 871.8 1.993 14.1 161 143 0.823 1965 0.70
330 865.8 2.035 8.36 96.6 141 0.800 1205 0.70
340 859.9 2.076 5.31 61.7 139 0.779 793 0.70

350 853.9 2.118 3.56 41.7 138 0.763 546 0.70

360 847.8 2.161 2.52 29.7 138 0.753 395 0.70
370 841.8 2.206 1.86 22.0 137 0.738 300 0.70
380 836.0 2.250 1.41 16.9 136 0.723 233 0.70
390 830.6 2.294 1.10 13.3 135 0.709 187 0.70

400 825.1 2.337 0.874 10.6 134 0.695 152 0.70

410 818.9 2.381 0.698 8.52 133 0.682 125 0.70
420 812.1 2.427 0.564 6.94 133 0.675 103 0.70
430 806.5 2.471 0.470 5.83 132 0.662 88 0.70

Ethylene Glycol [C 2H4(OH)2]

273 1130.8 2.294 6.51 57.6 242 0.933 617 0.65

280 1125.8 2.323 4.20 37.3 244 0.933 400 0.65
290 1118.8 2.368 2.47 22.1 248 0.936 236 0.65

300 1114.4 2.415 1.57 14.1 252 0.939 151 0.65

310 1103.7 2.460 1.07 9.65 255 0.939 103 0.65
320 1096.2 2.505 0.757 6.91 258 0.940 73.5 0.65
330 1089.5 2.549 0.561 5.15 260 0.936 55.0 0.65
340 1083.8 2.592 0.431 3.98 261 0.929 42.8 0.65

350 1079.0 2.637 0.342 3.17 261 0.917 34.6 0.65

360 1074.0 2.682 0.278 2.59 261 0.906 28.6 0.65
370 1066.7 2.728 0.228 2.14 262 0.900 23.7 0.65
373 1058.5 2.742 0.215 2.03 263 0.906 22.4 0.65

Glycerin [C3H5(OH)3]

273 1276.0 2.261 1060 8310 282 0.977 85,000 0.47

280 1271.9 2.298 534 4200 284 0.972 43,200 0.47
290 1265.8 2.367 185 1460 286 0.955 15,300 0.48
300 1259.9 2.427 79.9 634 286 0.935 6780 0.48
310 1253.9 2.490 35.2 281 286 0.916 3060 0.49
320 1247.2 2.564 21.0 168 287 0.897 1870 0.50
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 1001

Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1001

TABLE A.5 Continued

Saturated Liquids (Continued)
T ␳ cp ␮ 䡠 102 ␯ 䡠 106 k 䡠 103 ␣ 䡠 107 ␤ 䡠 103
(K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m 䡠 K) (m2/s) Pr (Kⴚ1)

Refrigerant-134a (C2H2F4)
230 1426.8 1.249 0.04912 0.3443 112.1 0.629 5.5 2.02
240 1397.7 1.267 0.04202 0.3006 107.3 0.606 5.0 2.11
250 1367.9 1.287 0.03633 0.2656 102.5 0.583 4.6 2.23
260 1337.1 1.308 0.03166 0.2368 97.9 0.560 4.2 2.36
270 1305.1 1.333 0.02775 0.2127 93.4 0.537 4.0 2.53
280 1271.8 1.361 0.02443 0.1921 89.0 0.514 3.7 2.73
290 1236.8 1.393 0.02156 0.1744 84.6 0.491 3.5 2.98
300 1199.7 1.432 0.01905 0.1588 80.3 0.468 3.4 3.30
310 1159.9 1.481 0.01680 0.1449 76.1 0.443 3.3 3.73
320 1116.8 1.543 0.01478 0.1323 71.8 0.417 3.2 4.33
330 1069.1 1.627 0.01292 0.1209 67.5 0.388 3.1 5.19
340 1015.0 1.751 0.01118 0.1102 63.1 0.355 3.1 6.57
350 951.3 1.961 0.00951 0.1000 58.6 0.314 3.2 9.10
360 870.1 2.437 0.00781 0.0898 54.1 0.255 3.5 15.39
370 740.3 5.105 0.00580 0.0783 51.8 0.137 5.7 55.24

Refrigerant-22 (CHClF2)
230 1416.0 1.087 0.03558 0.2513 114.5 0.744 3.4 2.05
240 1386.6 1.100 0.03145 0.2268 109.8 0.720 3.2 2.16
250 1356.3 1.117 0.02796 0.2062 105.2 0.695 3.0 2.29
260 1324.9 1.137 0.02497 0.1884 100.7 0.668 2.8 2.45
270 1292.1 1.161 0.02235 0.1730 96.2 0.641 2.7 2.63
280 1257.9 1.189 0.02005 0.1594 91.7 0.613 2.6 2.86
290 1221.7 1.223 0.01798 0.1472 87.2 0.583 2.5 3.15
300 1183.4 1.265 0.01610 0.1361 82.6 0.552 2.5 3.51
310 1142.2 1.319 0.01438 0.1259 78.1 0.518 2.4 4.00
320 1097.4 1.391 0.01278 0.1165 73.4 0.481 2.4 4.69
330 1047.5 1.495 0.01127 0.1075 68.6 0.438 2.5 5.75
340 990.1 1.665 0.00980 0.0989 63.6 0.386 2.6 7.56
350 920.1 1.997 0.00831 0.0904 58.3 0.317 2.8 11.35
360 823.4 3.001 0.00668 0.0811 53.1 0.215 3.8 23.88

Mercury (Hg)

273 13,595 0.1404 0.1688 0.1240 8180 42.85 0.0290 0.181

300 13,529 0.1393 0.1523 0.1125 8540 45.30 0.0248 0.181
350 13,407 0.1377 0.1309 0.0976 9180 49.75 0.0196 0.181
400 13,287 0.1365 0.1171 0.0882 9800 54.05 0.0163 0.181
450 13,167 0.1357 0.1075 0.0816 10,400 58.10 0.0140 0.181
500 13,048 0.1353 0.1007 0.0771 10,950 61.90 0.0125 0.182
550 12,929 0.1352 0.0953 0.0737 11,450 65.55 0.0112 0.184
600 12,809 0.1355 0.0911 0.0711 11,950 68.80 0.0103 0.187
BAPP01.qxd 2/21/11 6:06 PM Page 1002

1002 Appendix A 䊏 Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.5 Continued

Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atmb
Tsat hƒ g ␳ƒ ␳g ␴ 䡠 103
Fluid (K) (kJ/kg) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (N/m)

Ethanol 351 846 757 1.44 17.7

Ethylene glycol 470 812 1111c — 32.7
Glycerin 563 974 1260c — 63.0c
Mercury 630 301 12,740 3.90 417
Refrigerant R-134a 247 217 1377 5.26 15.4
Refrigerant R-22 232 234 1409 4.70 18.1
a
Adapted from References 15–19.
b
Adapted from References 8, 20, and 21.
c
Property value corresponding to 300 K.
 BAPP01.qxd
2/21/11
TABLE A.6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Watera
Specific Heat of Specific Thermal Expansion
Volume Vapor- Heat Viscosity Conductivity Prandtl Surface Coeffi-

6:06 PM
Tempera- (m3/kg) ization, (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (W/m 䡠 K) Number Tension, cient, Temper-
ture, T Pressure, hƒ g ␴ƒ 䡠 103 ␤ƒ 䡠 106 ature,
(K) p (bars)b vƒ 䡠 10 3 vg (kJ/kg) cp,ƒ cp, g ␮ƒ 䡠 106 ␮g 䡠 106 kƒ 䡠 103 kg 䡠 103 Prƒ Prg (N/m) (Kⴚ1) T (K)

Appendix A

Page 1003
273.15 0.00611 1.000 206.3 2502 4.217 1.854 1750 8.02 569 18.2 12.99 0.815 75.5 ⫺68.05 273.15
275 0.00697 1.000 181.7 2497 4.211 1.855 1652 8.09 574 18.3 12.22 0.817 75.3 ⫺32.74 275
280 0.00990 1.000 130.4 2485 4.198 1.858 1422 8.29 582 18.6 10.26 0.825 74.8 46.04 280
285 0.01387 1.000 99.4 2473 4.189 1.861 1225 8.49 590 18.9 8.81 0.833 74.3 114.1 285

䊏
290 0.01917 1.001 69.7 2461 4.184 1.864 1080 8.69 598 19.3 7.56 0.841 73.7 174.0 290

Thermophysical Properties of Matter

295 0.02617 1.002 51.94 2449 4.181 1.868 959 8.89 606 19.5 6.62 0.849 72.7 227.5 295
300 0.03531 1.003 39.13 2438 4.179 1.872 855 9.09 613 19.6 5.83 0.857 71.7 276.1 300
305 0.04712 1.005 29.74 2426 4.178 1.877 769 9.29 620 20.1 5.20 0.865 70.9 320.6 305
310 0.06221 1.007 22.93 2414 4.178 1.882 695 9.49 628 20.4 4.62 0.873 70.0 361.9 310
315 0.08132 1.009 17.82 2402 4.179 1.888 631 9.69 634 20.7 4.16 0.883 69.2 400.4 315
320 0.1053 1.011 13.98 2390 4.180 1.895 577 9.89 640 21.0 3.77 0.894 68.3 436.7 320
325 0.1351 1.013 11.06 2378 4.182 1.903 528 10.09 645 21.3 3.42 0.901 67.5 471.2 325
330 0.1719 1.016 8.82 2366 4.184 1.911 489 10.29 650 21.7 3.15 0.908 66.6 504.0 330
335 0.2167 1.018 7.09 2354 4.186 1.920 453 10.49 656 22.0 2.88 0.916 65.8 535.5 335
340 0.2713 1.021 5.74 2342 4.188 1.930 420 10.69 660 22.3 2.66 0.925 64.9 566.0 340
345 0.3372 1.024 4.683 2329 4.191 1.941 389 10.89 664 22.6 2.45 0.933 64.1 595.4 345
350 0.4163 1.027 3.846 2317 4.195 1.954 365 11.09 668 23.0 2.29 0.942 63.2 624.2 350
355 0.5100 1.030 3.180 2304 4.199 1.968 343 11.29 671 23.3 2.14 0.951 62.3 652.3 355
360 0.6209 1.034 2.645 2291 4.203 1.983 324 11.49 674 23.7 2.02 0.960 61.4 697.9 360
365 0.7514 1.038 2.212 2278 4.209 1.999 306 11.69 677 24.1 1.91 0.969 60.5 707.1 365
370 0.9040 1.041 1.861 2265 4.214 2.017 289 11.89 679 24.5 1.80 0.978 59.5 728.7 370
373.15 1.0133 1.044 1.679 2257 4.217 2.029 279 12.02 680 24.8 1.76 0.984 58.9 750.1 373.15
375 1.0815 1.045 1.574 2252 4.220 2.036 274 12.09 681 24.9 1.70 0.987 58.6 761 375
380 1.2869 1.049 1.337 2239 4.226 2.057 260 12.29 683 25.4 1.61 0.999 57.6 788 380
385 1.5233 1.053 1.142 2225 4.232 2.080 248 12.49 685 25.8 1.53 1.004 56.6 814 385
390 1.794 1.058 0.980 2212 4.239 2.104 237 12.69 686 26.3 1.47 1.013 55.6 841 390
400 2.455 1.067 0.731 2183 4.256 2.158 217 13.05 688 27.2 1.34 1.033 53.6 896 400
410 3.302 1.077 0.553 2153 4.278 2.221 200 13.42 688 28.2 1.24 1.054 51.5 952 410

1003
420 4.370 1.088 0.425 2123 4.302 2.291 185 13.79 688 29.8 1.16 1.075 49.4 1010 420
430 5.699 1.099 0.331 2091 4.331 2.369 173 14.14 685 30.4 1.09 1.10 47.2 430
 BAPP01.qxd
TABLE A.6 Continued

1004

2/21/11
Specific Heat of Specific Thermal Expansion
Volume Vapor- Heat Viscosity Conductivity Prandtl Surface Coeffi-
Tempera- (m3/ kg) ization, (kJ/kg 䡠 K) (N 䡠 s/m2) (W/m 䡠 K) Number Tension, cient, Temper-
ture, T Pressure, hƒ g ␴ƒ 䡠 103 ␤ƒ 䡠 106 ature,

6:06 PM
(K) p (bars)b vƒ 䡠 103 vg (kJ/kg) cp,ƒ cp,g ␮ƒ 䡠 106 ␮g 䡠 106 kƒ 䡠 103 kg 䡠 103 Prƒ Prg (N/m) (Kⴚ1) T (K)

Appendix A
440 7.333 1.110 0.261 2059 4.36 2.46 162 14.50 682 31.7 1.04 1.12 45.1 440
450 9.319 1.123 0.208 2024 4.40 2.56 152 14.85 678 33.1 0.99 1.14 42.9 450

Page 1004
460 11.71 1.137 0.167 1989 4.44 2.68 143 15.19 673 34.6 0.95 1.17 40.7 460
470 14.55 1.152 0.136 1951 4.48 2.79 136 15.54 667 36.3 0.92 1.20 38.5 470
480 17.90 1.167 0.111 1912 4.53 2.94 129 15.88 660 38.1 0.89 1.23 36.2 480

䊏
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
490 21.83 1.184 0.0922 1870 4.59 3.10 124 16.23 651 40.1 0.87 1.25 33.9 — 490
500 26.40 1.203 0.0766 1825 4.66 3.27 118 16.59 642 42.3 0.86 1.28 31.6 — 500
510 31.66 1.222 0.0631 1779 4.74 3.47 113 16.95 631 44.7 0.85 1.31 29.3 — 510
520 37.70 1.244 0.0525 1730 4.84 3.70 108 17.33 621 47.5 0.84 1.35 26.9 — 520
530 44.58 1.268 0.0445 1679 4.95 3.96 104 17.72 608 50.6 0.85 1.39 24.5 — 530

540 52.38 1.294 0.0375 1622 5.08 4.27 101 18.1 594 54.0 0.86 1.43 22.1 — 540
550 61.19 1.323 0.0317 1564 5.24 4.64 97 18.6 580 58.3 0.87 1.47 19.7 — 550
560 71.08 1.355 0.0269 1499 5.43 5.09 94 19.1 563 63.7 0.90 1.52 17.3 — 560
570 82.16 1.392 0.0228 1429 5.68 5.67 91 19.7 548 76.7 0.94 1.59 15.0 — 570
580 94.51 1.433 0.0193 1353 6.00 6.40 88 20.4 528 76.7 0.99 1.68 12.8 — 580

590 108.3 1.482 0.0163 1274 6.41 7.35 84 21.5 513 84.1 1.05 1.84 10.5 — 590
600 123.5 1.541 0.0137 1176 7.00 8.75 81 22.7 497 92.9 1.14 2.15 8.4 — 600
610 137.3 1.612 0.0115 1068 7.85 11.1 77 24.1 467 103 1.30 2.60 6.3 — 610
620 159.1 1.705 0.0094 941 9.35 15.4 72 25.9 444 114 1.52 3.46 4.5 — 620
625 169.1 1.778 0.0085 858 10.6 18.3 70 27.0 430 121 1.65 4.20 3.5 — 625

630 179.7 1.856 0.0075 781 12.6 22.1 67 28.0 412 130 2.0 4.8 2.6 — 630
635 190.9 1.935 0.0066 683 16.4 27.6 64 30.0 392 141 2.7 6.0 1.5 — 635
640 202.7 2.075 0.0057 560 26 42 59 32.0 367 155 4.2 9.6 0.8 — 640
645 215.2 2.351 0.0045 361 90 — 54 37.0 331 178 12 26 0.1 — 645
647.3c 221.2 3.170 0.0032 0 앝 앝 45 45.0 238 238 앝 앝 0.0 — 647.3c
a
Adapted from Reference 22.
b
1 bar ⫽ 105 N/m2.
c
Critical temperature.