KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL

Department of Mathematics

COURSE STRUCTURE AND DETAILED SYLLABUS OF B. A./ B. Sc. MATHEMATICS

(ANNUAL SYSTEM):

1. There will be three papers in mathematics in each year of three-year B.A./B.Sc. Programme.
The code numbers of the papers will be in accordance with the rules framed by the
university.
2. The Maximum Marks for each paper in the annual examination will be 50.
3. The duration of each question paper shall be three hours.

B.A./B. Sc. Mathematics

Course Structure (Annual System)

I Year II Year III Year

Matrices, Trigonometry and Abstract Algebra Linear Algebra
Vector Analysis

Calculus Differential Equations Real Analysis

Geometry of two and three Statics and Dynamics Complex Analysis

dimensions
 B.A./B.Sc.- I Year Examination (Mathematics)

Paper-1: Matrices, Trigonometry and Vector Analysis

Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The number of questions for framing of question paper shall be
30% from Matrices, 30% from Trigonometry and 40% from Vector Analysis. The question paper
be framed proportionately from the whole syllabus.

Matrices
Symmetric, Skew-Symmetric, Hermitian and skew-Hermitian matrices, Orthogonal and
Unitary matrices, Elementary operations on matrices, Inverse of a matrix, Linear dependence of
rows and columns of a matrix, Row rank, column rank and their equivalence, Rank of a matrix,
Eigen vectors, Eigen values and the characteristics equation of a matrix, Cayley-Hamilton theorem
and its use in finding inverse of a matrix, Applications of matrices in solving system of linear (both
homogeneous and non-homogeneous) equations, Conditions of consistency for a system of linear
equations.

Trigonometry
Exponential, Logarithmic, Circular and hyperbolic functions together with their
inverses, Gregory’s series, Summation of Trigonometric series, Trigonometric expansions of sine
and cosine as infinite products (without proof).

Vector Analysis
Triple products, Reciprocal vectors, products of four vectors. Ordinary Differentiation of vectors,
Applications to mechanics and geometry, Differential operators, del, Definitions of del, Gradient,
Divergence, Curl, Vector identities. Line, Surface and Volume Integrals, Simple applications of
Gauss’s divergence theorem, Green’s theorem and Stroke’s theorem (without proof).

Paper-II: Calculus
Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The number of questions for framing of question paper shall be
60% from Differential Calculus and 40% from Integral Calculus. The question paper be framed
proportionately from the whole syllabus.

Differential Calculus
A brief review of limit, Continuity and differentiability, intermediate value theorem,
Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s Mean value theorem, Cauchy Mean Value Theorem, Taylor’s
Theorem and Maclaurin’s Theorem. Applications of mean value theorem, successive
differentiation, Leibnitz theorem, Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s series expansions, Tangents and
Normals of polar curves, Derivatives of arc, Asymptotes, Curvature, Double Points, Curve tracing.
Integral Calculus
Integral as limit of a sum, Fundamental theorem of integral calculus (statement only), Beta
and Gamma Functions, Change of order of integration in double integrals, Drichlet’s theorem and
its Liovelle’s extension, Multiple integrals, Area (quadrature), Rectification (length of curves),
Volumes and Surfaces, Differentiation and integration under the integral sign.

Paper-III: Geometry of Two and Three Dimensions

Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The number of questions for framing of question paper shall be
20% from Geometry of two dimensions and 80% from Geometry of three dimensions. The
question paper be framed proportionately from the whole syllabus.
Two Dimensions
A brief review of general equation of second degree, Confocal conics, Polar equation of a
conic, Equation of a Chord, Tangent, Normal and polar to a conic.

Three Dimensions
System of coordinates in three dimensions, change of origin, Projections, direction cosines
and direction ratios, Change of axes, Plane, straight Line, intersection of three panes, Sphere,
Cylinder, Cone, Central Conicoids with basic fundamental properties, paraboloids, General
equation of second degree in three dimensions.
Cylindrical, Spherical coordinate systems, their transformations and their relation to Cartesian
coordinate systems.

B.A./B.Sc.-II Year Examination (Mathematics)

Paper-I: Abstract Algebra

Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The question paper be framed proportionately from the whole
syllabus.
Group Theory
Relations and binary operations on a set, Definition, Examples and simple properties of groups,
Order of a group and order of an element of a group, Abelian and cyclic groups, Groups of
permutations, Even and odd permutations, Symmetric group, Alternating groups.
Subgroup: Definition and simple properties (Necessary and sufficient conditions) of subgroups,
Cosets of a subgroup and its properties, Lagrange theorem and its consequences, Homomorphism
and Isomorphism, Normal subgroups, Quotient group, Cayley’s theorem, Normaliser and center
of group, Commutor subgroups. Fundamental theorems on homomorphism and isomorphism.
Ring Theory
Rings, Various types of rings, Rings with unity, Rings without zero divisors, Properties of rings,
Sub rings. Ideals, Quotient rings, Integral domain, Principal ideal domains, Field, Skew field etc.,
Factorization in an integral domain, Prime and irreducible elements, Unique Factorization
Domain, Euclidean rings.

Paper-II: Differential Equations

Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The question paper be framed proportionately from the whole
syllabus.

Differential equations of first order and first degree, Clairaut’s form, Singular solutions,
Trajectories, Initial and boundary value properties, simple applications of differential equations of
first order to the problems of general interest, Linear equations with constant coefficients
Homogeneous linear equations, Simultaneous differential equations, Differential equations of the
form dx/P= dy/Q= dz/R where P, Q, R are functions of x, y, z. Exact differential equations, Total
differential equations, Series solutions of differential equations, Linear differential equations of
second order with variable coefficients.
Partial differential equations of first order, Charpit’s method, Linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients.
Paper-III: Statics and Dynamics
Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The number of questions for framing of question paper shall be
40% from Statics and, 60% from Dynamics. The question paper be framed proportionately from
the whole syllabus.
Statics
Centre of gravity in two and three dimensions, Strings in two dimensions (Common catenary of
uniform strengths only), Virtual works, Forces in three dimensions, Central axis.
Dynamics
Kinematics, Rectilinear motions, Motion in resisting medium, Central orbits (Excluding Kepler’s
Laws), Constrained motion (Circular and cycloidal motions only), Moments and products of
inertia (Simple case, Theorem of parallel axis, Momental ellipsoid, Principal axes).
 B.A./B.Sc.-III Year Examination (Mathematics)
Paper-I: Linear Algebra
Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The question paper be framed proportionately from the whole
syllabus.

Vector space, sub spaces, Linear combinations, linear spans, Sums and direct sums, Linear
dependence, Bases and dimensions, Dimensions and subspaces, Coordinates and change of bases.
Linear transformations, rank and nullity, Operations with linear transformations, Linear operators,
Algebra of linear operators, Invertible linear operators, Matrix of linear transformation, Matrices
and linear transformation, Matrix of linear operator, Change of basis, similarity.
Linear functional, Dual space and dual basis, Double dual space, Annihilators, Transpose of linear
transformation, Bilinear forms, symmetric and skew-symmetric bilinear forms, quadratic form
associated with a bilinear form.

Paper-II: Real Analysis

Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The question paper be framed proportionately from the whole
syllabus.

Continuity of functions, Properties of continuous functions, Types of discontinuities, Uniform

continuity, Differentiability, Taylor's theorem with various forms of remainders, Riemann
integral-definition and properties, Condition of integrability, Improper integrals and their
convergence, Comparison test, Absolute and uniform convergence, Weierstrass M-Test, Infinite
integral depending on a parameter.
Sequences, theorems on limit of sequences, infinite series, Absolute convergence, tests for
convergence, comparison test, Cauchy’s root Test, ratio Test, Rabbe’s, Logarithmic test, De
Morgan’s Test, Alternating series, Leibnitz’s theorem, Point wise convergence, Uniform
convergence, Weierstrass M-Test, Abel’s and Dritchlet’s test, Convergence and uniform
convergence of sequences and series of functions.
Functions of two variables, Partial differentiation and change of independent variables (two
variables), jacobians (simple applications-function of a function case), Maxima and Minima of
two independent variables.
Paper-III: Complex Analysis
Note: There are two sections A and B in this paper. Attempt any five questions out of eight
questions, each of 6 marks, from section A. Section B contains two compulsory questions each of
10 marks with internal choice. The question paper be framed proportionately from the whole
syllabus.

Functions of complex variable, elementary functions: exponential function, Logarithmic function,

complex exponents, mapping properties of the elementary functions, Harmonic functions, Cauchy
and Riemann equations, Analytic functions, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Analytic
Functions, Complex integration, Line integrals, Cauchy's theorem, Cauchy's integral formula,
Taylor's series, Laurent's series, Argument principle, Liovelle’s theorem, Poles and singularities,
Residues, Residue theorem and its applications in the evaluation of integrals.