International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021

Vol. 5, Issue 9, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 211-216

Published Online January 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

MINKOWSKI LOOP ANTENNA FOR 5G MOBILE

COMMUNICATION
Debasish Dash Mrunal A Marihal
Radio Frequency and Microwave Engineering Radio Frequency and Microwave Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Dept Electronics and Telecommunication Dept
RV College of Engineering RV College of Engineering
Bangaluru, India Bangaluru, India

Dr. H. V. Kumaraswamy Dr K.Sreelakshmi

Professor Prof & Head of Department
Radio Frequency and Microwave Engineering Radio Frequency and Microwave Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Dept Electronics and Telecommunication Dept
RV College of Engineering RV College of Engineering
Bangaluru, India Bangaluru, India

Abstract— 5G or fifth generation of cellular technology, is algorithm. The most popular fractal structures are Sierpinski
the successor of 4G LTE. It focusses on high date rate, gasket, Minkowski loop and Koch loop.
high system capacity cheaper cost. Although it is still a These antennas when formulated to support millimeter waves,
maturing technology, the countries around the world have which may be used for high data rate which can be used for
already stared implementing of on experimented basis. next generation cellular network.
Massive connectivity is at the core of 5G and thus aim to Today is the age of connectivity and speed. Almost everything
get different components around us connected to each in the world is getting connected to one another. The number
other. The paper focusses on minkowski loops fractal of things getting connected is increasing exponentially. With
structures till 2nd iteration making a simpler and cheaper the increase in the number of devices & connectivity it is
antenna for 5G application of cellular technology. The needed that the speed of connectivity is not compromised.
main feature of this antenna is that it occupied the same
The review of literatures also confirm of the technologies
space as a regular pattern antenna, but offers a far bigger
which can make it happen, on one hand increasing the
length for radiation. The resonant frequency taken is
capacity of the network and on another hand not
30GHz. The substrate taken is RT-Duriod 6006 with
compromising on speed. It also tells that it is possible to
dielectric constant 6.45. The antenna has been designed,
change the characteristics of the antenna without changing the
simulated and analyzed using the software high frequency
overall height of the antenna [1]. The global bandwidth levels
structure simulator.
have become very congested because of overuse thus the
Keywords— 5G, Fractal, massive connectivity, system underutilized millimeter wave’s frequency spectrum should be
capacity used for future broadband and cellular networks [2]. The 5th
generation of cellular mobile data will support various
I. INTRODUCTION applications like content rich VoIP & users will be able to
connect top multiple applications at once. It will support Ipv6
The immense importance to patch antennas is a results of
and flat IP. [3] A very different approach towards achieving
higher demand of compact and cheaper antennas. This leads to
the multiband frequencies for the antennas is the use of fractal
a situation where in many scientists and antenna researchers
antennas.
started exploring different ways of harnessing the qualities of
patch antennas. A very efficient method of increasing To [4] initiate their investigations into fractal antennas with
bandwidth and at the same time keeping the size of antenna the aim of designing and antenna which has very low profile
small is use of fractal antenna. The word fractal means the and at the same time performing on par with antennas with
shapes which always remain same, either zoom in or out. This much bigger size [5]. Designed a fractal antenna which works
property gives a very unique capacity of having finite area but on 1.8GHz of frequency. They used famous Koch and
infinite perimeter. They are made with a particular iterative Minkowski Loops for the same. They focused on the GPS

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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021
Vol. 5, Issue 9, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 211-216
Published Online January 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

implementation [6]. Used fractal tree patch to achieve Dielectric constant ( )

multiband applications. The designed antenna with fractal
iterations produces a multi band operation for the S, C, X, Ku
and K bands [7]. Talks of the recent improvements in fractal
antenna domain in the design of an antenna for remote (3)
applications because of continuously growing importance of
remote telecommunication benefits and related applications Calculation of length extension
for voice and information transmission [8].
It designed a fractal tree patch antenna for multiband (4)
applications, antenna consists of scaled variations of round
patch with a square slot and rectangular connectors[9]. The Length of patch (L)
designed antennas resonate at multiple frequencies with very
low return loss and VWSR values [10]. The self-similarity and (5)
space filling properties of fractals have been exploited to Substrate length and width
achieve radiation in C, J and X band regions [11]. It also
proposed a new type of square fractal antenna (SFA) structure (6)
iterated and optimized by ANN for optimum resonance (7)
characteristics covering 1.6 - 6.6 GHz frequency range. The
motivation behind this work is size reduction of MSAs[12].
Table -1 Dimensions of Proposed Antenna Design
II. DESIGN
In this project an antenna is designed to operate in Parameters Values
millimeter wave frequencies. The design is started by taking a Width of the
2.5906mm
patch
rectangular patch as the basic antenna. Since the frequency Length of the
range selected is extremely high we have to take substrate 1.7266mm
patch
which gives very less losses[13]. So we took RT/Duroid 6006 Width of the
6.4006 mm
According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) substrate
the frequencies from 30GHz to 300GHz are millimeter waves, Length of the
5.5366mm
so we took 30GHz substrate
Thickness/height
0.635mm
Thus keeping above facts in mind a rectangular patch of the substrate
antenna is designed with substrate of dielectric 6.45 having the Width of the
6.4006 mm
thickness of 0.635mm, radiating patch on top and ground is ground
Length width of
situated at bottom and designed antenna is simulated using the the ground
1.1073mm
ANSYS HFSS simulation tool. Microstrip line feed is chosen Width of the feed
among the types of feeding techniques, as it will provide 0.55364mm
line
impedance matching, and is easy to fabricate and is simple in Length of the
6.256mm
modelling. The inset feed is the contact feed of microstrip line feed line
feed for patch antenna to ensure impedance matching and to
reduce input impedance.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Equations – The proposed antenna design shows the following results
The dimensions of rectangular patch are calculated by using using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software.
following equations: In figure 1a, 1b and 1c Overlay radiation field is shown where
the Overlay radiation field of 2nd iteration shows good gain
results as compared to simple patch and 1st iteration designs.
width (W)

(1)

Effective length ( ):

(2)

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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021
Vol. 5, Issue 9, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 211-216
Published Online January 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

A. Overlay Radiation Field – B. S(11) (in dB) –

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 2. (a) S(11) (in dB) of simple patch antenna (b) S(11) (in dB) 1st
iteration (c) S(11) (in dB) 2nd iteration

(c) Figure 2 shows return loss. It can be observed that resonance

has better return loss there by satisfying the condition S11<-
Fig. 1. (a) Overlay radiation field of simple patch antenna 10dB. Various other parameters of planar antenna like VSWR,
(b) Overlay radiation field 1st iteration (c) Overlay radiation field of Gain pattern and Radiation Efficiency are obtained. It is
2nd iteration observed from the figure 3, the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR) is obtained in between 1 and 2.

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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021
Vol. 5, Issue 9, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 211-216
Published Online January 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

C. VSWR – D. Gain Pattern –

(a) (a)

(b) (b)

(c) (c)

Fig. 3. (a) VSWR of simple patch antenna (b) VSWR of 1st iteration Fig. 4. (a) Stimulated Gain of simple patch antenna (b) Stimulated
(c) VSWR of 2nd iteration Gain of 1st iteration (c) Stimulated Gain of 2nd iteration

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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021
Vol. 5, Issue 9, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 211-216
Published Online January 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

D. Radiation Pattern – respectively. With the increase in frequency, the gain increases
since the adequate area increases. But it does not vary further
after a certain frequency since there will be increase in the loss
of the substrate and cross polarization.
Figure 5 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna. The
obtained magnitudes are 5.7975 / 5.125 / 5.2020 for 29 GHz,
28.7 GHz and 28.1 GHz respectively.

Table -2 Experiment Result

Antenna Type Gain Return Radiation

loss pattern
Simple patch 5.2020 29 5.7975
antenna
1st iteration 5.1625 28.7 5.125
antenna
(a) 2nd iteration 5.8081 28.1 5.2020
antenna

IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank Dr K Sreelakshmi and Dr. H. V.
Kumaraswamy, our mentors and guides who helped us in
every step in designing this complex antenna. We would also
like to thank RVCE, Electronics and Telecommunication
Department for providing us with the tools to design and
simulate this antenna.
V. REFERENCE

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Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work! - NYU
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GHz, 28.7 GHz and 28.1 GHz respectively. It can be seen from
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 International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021
Vol. 5, Issue 9, ISSN No. 2455-2143, Pages 211-216
Published Online January 2021 in IJEAST (http://www.ijeast.com)

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