1. Mahmood T. Alkhayyat 1, 2. Mohammed Y. Suliman2, 3.

Faisal Falah Aiwa3

Northern Technical University (1), (2), (3) Iraq
ORCID: 1. 0000-0001-6119-7845, 2. 0000-0002-1250-6362, 3. 0000-0003-1974-6614

doi:10.15199/48.2021.09.17

PQ & DQ Based Shunt Active Power Filter with PWM &

Hysteresis Techniques
Abstract. Power quality is mainly affected by any deviation in voltage, current, or frequency that results in damage, upset, or failure of end-use
equipment. Non-linear loads like power electronics devices are the main causes of power quality problems. In this paper, we performed a
comparison between DQ and PQ theory to control the shunt active power filter by using hysteresis and PWM techniques at different non-linear loads
(controlled and uncontrolled rectifiers) in terms of the amount of improvement in the THD, power quality, and switching losses. The MATLAB /
Simulink was used as a simulation tool to obtain a result for this paper.

Streszczenie. Na jakość energii wpływają głównie wszelkie odchylenia napięcia, prądu lub częstotliwości, które powodują uszkodzenie,
niesprawność lub awarię sprzętu końcowego. Obciążenia nieliniowe, takie jak urządzenia energoelektroniczne, są głównymi przyczynami
problemów z jakością energii. W artykule porównaliśmy teorię DQ i PQ w celu sterowania bocznikowym filtrem mocy czynnej za pomocą technik
histerezy i PWM przy różnych obciążeniach nieliniowych (prostowniki sterowane i niesterowane) pod względem stopnia poprawy THD, jakości
napięcia i strat przełączania. MATLAB / Simulink został wykorzystany jako narzędzie symulacyjne do uzyskania wyniku dla tego artykułu.
(Bocznikowy aktywny filtr mocy oparty na PQ i DQ z technikami PWM i histerezy)

Keywords: shunt active power filter(SAPF), total harmonic distortion(THD), power quality, PQ and DQ theory.
Słowa kluczowe: filtr bocznikowy, jakość energii, obciążenia nieliniowe.

Introduction Shunt active power filters (SAPF) shown in Fig. 1 based

In electrical power systems, power quality problems are on voltage source inverter are proper solutions to reduce
becoming the main concern of power system engineers the current harmonics and improve power quality. The
today. The main cause of degradation of power quality is backbone of this filter is to utilize the power electronics
harmonics, called harmonic distortion (HD). In an electrical technique to generate compensation currents components
distribution system, HD can be measured by using equation that eliminate the current harmonic components that result
(1). from non-linear load [8].

I
2
(1) THD%  n
* 100
I 1
where: I is the electrical current, and n is the harmonic order
(2, 3, 4, 5,…)
THD is increasing day to day due to the widespread use
of non-linear loads [1]. Such as uncontrolled and controlled
bridge rectifiers, phase-controlled converters, speed-
controlled motor drives, televisions, led lamps, personal
desktops, and uninterruptible power supplies(UPSs) [2].
These harmonics have some effects like reduction in a
power factor, decrease in efficiency, power system voltage Fig.1. shunt active power filter.
fluctuations, communications interference, circuit breaker
malfunction, equipment heating, and breakdown and harm. Many research works are conducted to improve the
Therefore harmonics can be considered as a pollutant that power quality depending on THD in the literature. The
pollutes the entire power system [3]. Traditionally passive authors in [9] presented SAPF based on (dq0) detecting
filters are used to reduce harmonics, but these filters have method with pulse width modulation (PWM) current control
problems and disadvantages such as large size and weight, technique; to improve the power quality by reactive power
higher cost, fixed compensation, and resonance problems compensation and harmonic filtering. The THD obtained
with loads. Therefore the electrical power system has from the source current was 2.35 %. The authors in [10]
required an emphasis on a power electronic solution, that presented SAPF based on (PQ) theory with hysteresis
is, active power filters (APF) [4]. current control technique. They reduced the THD of the
APF is a very suitable solution for power quality source current from 25.24% to 0.81%. The research work in
problems for its smaller physical size and flexibility. Also, it [11] used the SAPF based (PQ) theory to harmonic
is slightly lower in cost and operating loss compared to eliminator deals with the compensation of odd harmonics,
passive filter [5]. These filters eliminate voltage and current reduces the THD, and improves the power quality.
harmonics by improving the power factor and cancel out the Simulation results show that the THD of the source current
negative and zero sequence components. APFs can be reduced from 26.5% to 3.6%.
classified depending on inverter type voltage source (VSI) Most of the previous methods did not address
and current source(CSI) active filters. VSI active power filter comparison between (PQ) and (DQ) method depending on
is a favorite type because of its high efficiency, low cost, PWM and hysteresis current control technique. Also, the
and lightweight [6]. APFs are also classified depending on effect of SAPF on different non-linear load current
the connection type into four kinds, shunt, series, hybrid, (controlled and uncontrolled rectifiers).
and universal [7]. In this paper four control techniques are presented, (PQ)
and (DQ) with hysteresis and PWM current control

78 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 97 NR 9/2021

techniques to generate compensation current in the power
system to mitigation the source current harmonics resultant
 
from the non-linear load (controlled and uncontrolled ica   1 0 
rectifier) and improve the power quality by reducing the  icb   2  1 3  icα 
(8)  
THD.  icc  3 2 2   icβ 
   1 3
Shunt active power filter design   
A. SAPF based on (PQ) theory  2 2 
In this technique, the reference currents are estimated
based on the active and reactive power components. Also, Then the three-phase compensation current is used as
the reference current is used to generate the compensating a reference signal for the SAPF controller. Fig. 2, shows the
current by switching the inverter [12]. This theory depends PQ theory block diagram [16].
on a transformation from a stationary reference system in a-
b-c coordinates to an α-β coordinates system [13].
The three-phase system voltages and three-phase load
current in the a-b-c coordinates are transforming to the α-β
coordinates by using the Clarke transformations [14] as
follows:
 1  Va 1
1    
Vα  2 2 2  Vb 
(2)
Vβ   3  3

3  
0   Vc 
 2 2 

 1 1 
1  
 
ia
iα  2 

 ib 
2 2
(3)
 iβ   3  3 3   Fig.2. Shunt active power filter PQ theory
0    ic 
 2 2  B. SAPF based on (DQ) theory
Then, calculate the value of instantaneous active and In this technique, the reference current is found based
reactive power for the three-phase system as follows [15]: on the instantaneous active and reactive current
components id & iq of the non-linear load.
 P   Vα Vβ  iα  These reference currents are used to generate the
(4)
Q    Vβ Vα  iβ  switching state of the inverter. Clarke and park
transformation is used to transform the non-linear load
current from a-b-c coordinates to α-઺ coordinates, then the
where: P is the instantaneous real power, Q is the transformation to d-q coordinates as shown in Fig. 3, [17].
instantaneous reactive power.
Observing equation (4), the P and Q can be put in the
following form:
~
(5) PPP
~
(6) Q QQ
where: P – is the DC part of P, and related to fundamental
~
active current conventional, P – is the AC part of P, and
related with harmonic caused by the AC component of
instantaneous real power. Also, Q – is the DC part of Q, Fig.3. Clarke and park transformation
and related to the reactive power generated by the These transformations are defined by equations as
~ follows:
components fundamental currents and voltages, Q – is the
AC part of Q, and related to harmonic currents caused by
 1 1 
the AC components instantaneous reactive power.
 1    ia 
iα  2 2 2  ib 
The low pass filter was used to extract the oscillating
(9)
 iβ   3  3

3  
parts of the real and reactive power. The compensated 0    ic 
currents in α-઺ coordinates are calculated as follows:  2 2 

icα  1 Vα Vβ   P 
~ id   cos sin  i 
(7)  ~
(10)
 iq    - sin cos   i 
 icβ  2 Vβ - Vα  Q 
Vα  Vβ 
2
Finally, these currents are transformed from α-઺ The Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) is used to obtain the
coordinates to the a-b-c coordinates as follows: phase angle (ી) and frequency of source voltage for the d-q
transformation [18]. The d-q rotating reference frame is
used to obtain the fundamental and harmonic currents. The
resultant current is transformed to the DC component, while

PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 97 NR 9/2021 79

a harmonic component is transformed to the AC on, while the lower switch is turned off. As a result, the
component. Thus, the AC components can be filtered out current starts to flow. If the controlled current error signal is
by a low-pass filter (LPF). Then, inverse transformation is smaller than zero, the lower switch is turned on, and the
used to transform the currents from two-phase synchronous upper switch is turned off. As a result, the electric current
frame d-q into two-phase stationary frame α-઺ as follows: decays [23].

i  cos - sin  id  B. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) current control
(11)
i    sin cos   iq  technique
Switching signals to drive the MOSFETs of the inverter
Lastly, transformation backs the currents from the two- are generated by comparing the controlled current error
phase stationary frame α-઺ to the three-phase stationary signal with a triangular reference waveform. The reference
frame a-b-c and obtains the compensation reference signal must be selected such that, the current signal is
currents ica, icb, and icc as follows. continuously kept within the positive and negative peaks of
the triangular waveform, or else the process of natural
  sampling no longer occurs and some intersections between
ica   1 0  the reference signal and an error signal will be lost. The
 icb   2  1 3  iα  result is that some switching pulses to the MOSFETs drive
(12)  
 icc  3 2 2   iβ  circuit will be dropped and inaccurate control [24].
   1 3
The PWM current control technique is shown in Fig. 6.
  
 2 2 
Fig. 4, shows the DQ theory of shunt active power
filter(SAPF).

Fig.6. PWM current control technique

Switching losses
To estimate inverter switching losses, the data of the
switching devices, the MOSFET, given in [25], are
considered. Inverter losses are divided into two categories,
switching losses and conduction losses. Conduction loss is
calculated using the actual currents flowing through the
MOSFET [26]. Switching loss involves MOSFET turn-on
plus turn-off losses (Psw) obtained using the following
expressions:
f  V dc  I sw (peak)  ( t sw (on)  t sw (off))
(13) P sw 
Fig.4. Shunt active power filter based DQ theory 2π
Where: t sw (on) and t sw (off) are the MOSFET turn-on
SAPF control techniques
and turn-off times respectively from IRFP460N MOSFET
The target of active power filter control is to generate
suitable gate drive signals to switch MOSFETs based on [25], I sw (peak) is the peak current switched by MOSFET,
estimated compensation reference signals. The f is switching frequency.
performance of active power filters is affected significantly
by the choice of control techniques [19]. The choice of the
control technique is very important for getting high filter
performance [20]. There are many kinds of control
techniques, such as PI control, sinusoidal PWM, and
hysteresis control [21]. In this work, two techniques are
presented:

A. Hysteresis current control technique

The switching signals of the active power filter switches
are generated by comparing the compensation currents
with feedback inverter currents [22], as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig.7. Three phase full-bridge full controlled rectifier

Fig.5. Hysteresis current control technique Simulation and results

To validate the proposed methodology, four cases have
This controller is designed for three-phase. The been investigated for different kinds of load by using the
switching logic for each phase is developed as follows, in Matlab/Simulink power system toolbox. The simulation
case of the controlled current error signal is greater than or starts with R-L (linear) load connected to a three-phase
equal to zero, the upper switch of the inverter arm is turned three-wire balance system. Then, after 0.03 seconds, the

80 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 97 NR 9/2021

non-linear load was added to generate the harmonics in the b- Three phase full-bridge full controlled rectifier feed
source current. In this study, the non-linear load R-L load as shown in Fig. 7.
considered was:-
a- Three phase full-bridge uncontrolled rectifier feed
R-L load.

Fig.8. Schematic block diagram of three-phase SAPF system design

Case 1 : SAPF based on PQ theory with hysteresis PCC point to reduce the source current distortion and
current control technique harmonic mitigation to improve the THD. Fig. 12, shows the
Fig. 8, shows the SAPF Simulink block source current waveform phase (a) with and without SAPF
diagram in Matlab. at 0.2 pu, 1 pu non-linear (uncontrolled) load current, and at
30°, 75° firing angles for (controlled) non-linearload.
The PQ theory block diagram is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig.9. Schematic control block diagram (PQ theory)

The hysteresis current control block diagram is shown in Fig.11. Source voltage without and with SAPF
Fig. 10.
In this case, the SAPF reduced the THD of source
current from 10.9% to 0.46%, and from 19.38% to 0.19% at
0.2 pu, and 1 pu load current respectively. From 22.28% to
2.33%, and from 34.04% to 0.44% at 30°, and 75° firing
angles respectively.

Fig.10. Schematic block diagram of hysteresis current control

technique
The simulation results of voltage, current, and THD are
obtained by MATLAB software to analyze the effectiveness
of SAPF with different non-linear loads. Fig. 11, presents
the source voltage (VS) waveform with and without SAPF,
in which it is found that there is no distortion.
But in the waveform of source current (IS) at 0.03
second when the non-linear load was added caused Fig.12. the source current with & without SAPF at (A&B-
distortion and increased the THD. The SAPF starts at 0.03 uncontrolled load = 0.2 pu &1 pu respectively, C&D- controlled load
seconds to inject the electric current in the system at the α = 30°& 75° respectively) (PQ with hysteresis technique).

PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 97 NR 9/2021 81

Case 2 : SAPF using PQ theory with PWM current
control technique
Fig. 13, shows the PWM current control block diagram.

Fig.13. Schematic block diagram of PWM current control technique Fig.16. The source current with & without SAPF at (A&B-
uncontrolled load = 0.2 pu &1 pu respectively, C&D- controlled load
The triangular reference waveform frequency used is 10 α = 30°& 75° respectively) (DQ with hysteresis technique)
kHz. The source current with and without SAPF at different
non-linear loads is shown in Fig. 14. Case 4 : SAPF using DQ theory with PWM current
control technique
The source current with and without SAPF at different
non-linear loads is shown in fig. 17.

Fig.14. the source current with & without SAPF at (A&B-

uncontrolled load = 0.2 pu &1 pu respectively, C&D- controlled load
α = 30°& 75° respectively) (PQ with PWM technique)
Fig.17. The source current with & without SAPF at (A&B-
This method, reduced the THD of source current from
uncontrolled load = 0.2 pu &1 pu respectively, C&D- controlled load
10.9% to 3.47%, and from 19.38% to 1.54% at 0.2 pu, and α = 30°& 75° respectively) (DQ with PWM technique)
1 pu load current respectively. From 22.28% to 2.95%, and
from 34.04% to 3.18% at 30°, and 75° firing angles In this technique, the SAPF reduced the THD of source
respectively. current from 10.9% to 3.91%, and from 19.38% to 1.81% at
0.2 pu, and 1 pu load current respectively. From 22.28% to
Case 3 : SAPF using DQ theory with hysteresis current 3.23%, and from 34.04% to 3.56% at 30°, and 75° firing
control technique angles respectively.
The DQ theory block diagram is shown in Fig. 15. Table (1) and Fig. 18, summarizes the effect of SAPF by
using different techniques to the source current at different
non-linear (uncontrolled rectifier) load currents.
Table 1. THD of source current at different load current with and
without SAPF at different techniques
THD% THD% With SAPF
Current
Without SAPF PQ DQ
(Pu)
Hyst. PWM Hyst. PWM
0.2 10.9 0.46 3.47 0.46 3.91
0.4 15.34 0.34 2.6 0.34 2.95
0.6 17.27 0.28 2.15 0.28 2.48
0.8 18.44 0.23 1.84 0.23 2.14
1 19.38 0.19 1.54 0.19 1.81

Table 2. THD of source current at different firing angles (α) with

Fig. 15. Schematic control block diagram (DQ theory) and without SAPF based on different techniques.
THD% THD% With SAPF
The source current with and without SAPF at different Firing Angles (α) Without SAPF PQ DQ
non-linear loads is shown in Fig. 16. Hyst. PWM Hyst. PWM
This technique, reduced the THD of source current from 15 20.70 0.19 1.52 0.19 1.81
10.9% to 0.46%, and from 19.38% to 0.19% at 0.2 pu, and 30 22.28 2.33 2.95 2.33 3.23
1 pu load current respectively. From 22.28% to 2.33%, and 45 24.21 3.6 4.11 3.6 4.3
from 34.04% to 0.44% at 30°, and 75° firing angles 60 28.10 1.65 2.7 1.65 2.96
respectively. 75 34.04 0.44 3.18 0.44 3.56

82 PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 97 NR 9/2021

 Fig. 21, shows the inverter MOSFETs switching losses
(Psw) at different frequencies. The calculations are made
theoretically by using equation (13).

Fig.18. THD of source current with SAPF based on different

techniques at different load current Fig.21. SAPF inverter MOSFET switching losses at different
switching frequency
Table (2) and Fig. 19, summarizes the effect of SAPF by Fig. 22, shows the inverter MOSFETs switching losses
using different techniques for the source current at different (Psw) at different non-linear (uncontrolled) loads.
firing angles (α) non-linear (controlled rectifier).

Fig.19.THD of source current with SAPF based on different

techniques at different firing angles (α) Fig.22. SAPF inverter MOSFET switching losses at different load

Table (3) shows the inverter MOSFETs switching Fig. 23, shows the inverter MOSFETs switching losses
frequency at different techniques of SAPF. (Psw) at different firing angle (α) non-linear (controlled)
Table 3. SAPF inverter switching frequency. load.
SAPF Current Control Switching
Method Technique Frequency
hysteresis 150-350 KHz
PQ
PWM 10-200 KHz
hysteresis 150-350 KHz
DQ
PWM 10-200 KHz

Fig. 20, shows the THD of source current with SAPF

using PQ and DQ method with PWM techniques at different
switching frequencies of MOSFETs inverter. The PQ
method with PWM is more effective than the DQ method
with the PWM technique at the same frequency but the
switch losses are high.

Fig.23. SAPF inverter MOSFET switching losses at different firing

angle (α)

Conclusion
The proposed work show the comparison between PQ
and DQ theory with hysteresis and PWM techniques to
controlling the SAPF to reduce the source current THD and
improve the power quality. The PQ and DQ theory with
hysteresis current control technique’s is reducing the THD
from 19.38% to 0.19% at uncontrolled non-linear load, and
from 34.04%to 0.44% at controlled non-linear load as
Fig.20. THD of source current with SAPF at different switching shown in Fig. 18, and 19 respectively, but high power
frequency using PWM with PQ and DQ method losses in inverter MOSFET switches because the high

PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY, ISSN 0033-2097, R. 97 NR 9/2021 83

switching frequency about (150-350KHz) that shown in Fig. [11] P. M. Priyadarshi, “Simulation Analysis of Harmonic Eliminator
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