Scribd
Upload
17 views16 pages

Introduction Housing

Uploaded by

moo.a.qassem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views16 pages

Introduction Housing

Uploaded by

moo.a.qassem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Livesto

ck Dr. Hala El Daous

Housin Lecturer at Animal Hygiene and Management Department


Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha University
Aim and purpose of animal housing:
 To protect the livestock from different stressors and extremes (disease
causing factors, predators, weather and climate…….etc).
 To provide better control on the animals’ environment and better hygiene.
 To provide animals with their maximum requirements (feed, temperature,
ventilation, disease control, grooming and management programs….etc).
 To reduce labor work and have more convenient effort in observation and
management of the flock.
 To produce the most efficient and clean animal product.
 To protect the area of grazing and making use of untraditional type of food
for the animals.
Farm buildings are generally divided into two main
parts:

1. Animal accommodation.

2.Supplementary buildings (feed storing room, machinery

room, offices, W.C…… etc).


Factors to be considered in designing a farm:
1. Factors related to the available land (type of soil, altitude, attitude, size
and shape and its distance from the main road).
2. Factors related to the climate (temperature, humidity, direction of the
prevailing wind, air velocity and possibility of different air pollutants).
3. Factors related to the available fund (capital costs, maintenance costs,
labor and farm crew costs, costs of power and utilities including the water
source, costs of transportation of the product to the market … etc.).
4. Factors related to the animal species (general requirements, normal
behavior, type of production and size of the flock or herd).
5. Factors related to the farm management program (machinery use,
program of disposal of waste products, bio-security program …. etc.).
Basic housing types
1. Climatic house
• It is the most suitable choice for sheep, goat, cattle over 6 months and might be used for poultry
(occasionally). It is characterized by its low capital costs, low maintenance, poor ability to cope
with the animal needs and requirements, the floor space for the animal should be twice or more
that of the controlled house. (extensive)

2. Environmentally controlled house


• It is the system of choice for poultry and pig especially under highly intensive systems of
production. It is very expensive both in capital and maintenance costs, have double the stocking
density of the opened system and have better control on disease elements and microclimatic
factors to cope with the needs of the livestock.
3. Kennel house
• It is a mid way between the two above mentioned types. It is
divided into two accommodations, one closed confinement
which could be roughly considered as environmentally
controlled unit and another climatic unit in which animals move
around, eat and exercise. It is characterized by its lower costs,
health is promoted by separation of the animals into small
groups and separation of animal from their excreta.
General construction of livestock
buildings
• Foundation: It is made from concrete, the soil should be digged to a suitable
depth according to the soil type to support the building. A damp proof layer of
asphalt should be used to about 10 cm above the ground level to prevent
condensation and dampness inside the building.

• Wall: The materials used for construction depend on many factors including flock
type, climatic factors, degree of thermal insulation and personal preference.
Timber, concrete block work, brick work, asbestos, metal galvanized sheets and
prefabricated wall materials could all be used for wall construction. The wall
should have internal smooth surface for easy cleaning
• and disinfection, in the meantime the connection of the wall with the floor should
be sloped to avoid accumulation of waste products in the corners.

• Floor: Should be durable, non-slippery, impervious, easily cleaned and


disinfected, withstand hard wear, resistant to the chemical effect of urine and
other chemicals used in cleaning.

• Floor should be constructed from the suitable material when thermal insulation is
recommended. Concrete is the mostly used for floor construction, dirty floor and
sand could be occasionally used.
• Slatted floor over either shallow or deep manure pit could be used as an
alternative to the traditional convenient type of floor, the size of the slates and
shape vary according to animal species and different materials could be used
for the construction of such type of floor.
• Roof and ceiling: Different materials could be used for roof construction e.g.
timber, corrugated asbestos, steel and aluminum sheets. The material used
for roof construction should be easily fixed, cheap, fire resistant, have long life
span, withstand the effect of sun and rain, roof should be constructed with the
suitable material when insulation is recommended.
Two basic styles of roof are generally
in use for animal buildings:
 The ordinary horizontal roof, which has a sloping degree of about 1% toward
the eaves.
 Sloping roof, which may be single (mono-pitched roof) or double sloping (gable
roof), the angle of the eaves should be 45º and the roof skirt should project
about 60 cm beyond the wall.
 All types of roof should be well drained and provided with a gutter and the whole
building should be surrounded with a well drained land to prevent accumulation
of the rainwater around the building.
 Roof could be used as an air outlet to improve ventilation of the animal building
(opened roof).
• Windows: The main function for windows is to provide the animal building with
light and air. For ventilation a Sheringham valve iron tilting windows or hopper
system could be used to open the windows to the inside directions and the size
of the opening should be adjustable in the meantime the sides of the window
should be protected with a cheek to prevent down drafts.

• Different barrier could be used to protect the animals from direct air drafts.
• Windows should occupy an area of not less than 1/20 to 1/10 from the
floor area to give an efficient lighting for the animal building (depending on
animal species and their requirements), an extra light could be provided
either by painting the walls with white paint or providing an artificial source
of light.

• Windows should be constructed as to have their lower edge about one


meter above the animal back.
• Doors: Should be constructed to be opened to the outside, have a suitable
dimension according to the animal species and the different dimensions of
machines used in feeding, litter removal or disposal of manure. The door
should be tightly closed with no projections or knobs. Three styles of doors
are generally used in farm buildings namely

• hinged,

• sliding

• divided doors.
Thermal insulation
• Thermal insulation is essential in the environmentally controlled animal
buildings to cope with the requirements of the animal in both cold and hot
weather.

• Vapor barriers are essential in thermally insulated building to prevent


condensation and deterioration of the insulating material.

• Thermal insulation increases the feed efficiency and growth rate of


different livestock by reducing unnecessary food intake as a source of
energy to warm up.
Thermal insulation

• Thermal resistance (R): Most building elements as roof, walls, windows


and floors are not made of single material but are of composite
construction made up of layers of materials often separated by air space,
each component has its own well defined thermal resistance (R), which
depends on the material thermal conductivity (K) and thickness (I) as: R =
I / K.
• The reciprocal of the thermal resistance is thermal transmittance (U) as:
U = 1 / R.
• Both the above terms are used to describe the heat transfer characteristics
of building structural elements, in Europe U value is commonly used, while
in other parts of the world R value may be preferred.
• Reflective insulation: Bright shiny materials as aluminum
sheets or white painted surfaces could be used to reflect the
heat radiation.

• Vapor barriers: Are waterproof materials used to treat the


insulating material to prevent condensation of moisture within
the insulated structure e.g. polyethylene film, aluminum foil and
asphalt.

You might also like