Python Programming

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Data Types
-

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Need of Data Types

É==
§ Data type is an attribute associated with a piece of data that tells a computer system how to interpret
its value
§ Understanding data types ensures that data is collected in the preferred format and the value of each
property is as expected
§ It helps to know what kind of operations are often performed on a variable

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Python Data Types

Data Types
=

① ② ③ ④ ⑤
Numeric Dictionary Boolean Sequence Set
= ← = ←

se

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Integer ① Integer
Cleo list

Float Tuple
Float ② Geo

Complex
Geeeeo string et
Complex

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Literals

§ Literal is a raw data given in a variable or constant

§ Numeric Literals
§ Numeric Literals are immutable (unchangeable)
§ Numeric literals can belong to 3 different numerical types:
§ Integer (value = 100)
§ Float (salary = 15.50)
§ Complex (x = 10 + 5j)

§ String literals

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§ A string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes [: ]
"
" " "

§ We can use both single, double, or triple quotes for a string

§ E.g., name = “steve” or name = ‘steve’

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Literals

§ Boolean literals

←
§ A Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False
§ E.g., can_vote = True or can_vote = False

to ☐ an

§ Special literal
§ Python contains one special literal i.e. None
§ We use it to specify that the field has not been created
§ E.g., value = None

§ Literal Collections
§ Used to declare variables of collection types
§ There are four different literal collections List literals, Tuple literals, Dict literals, and Set literals
IF I

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Type Hinting

§ Due to the dynamic nature of Python, inferring or checking the type of an object being used is
especially hard
§ This fact makes it hard for developers to understand what exactly is going on in code they haven't
written. As a result they resort to trying to infer the type with around 50% success rate.
§ Why type hints?
§ Helps type checkers: By hinting at what type you want the object to be the type checker can easily detect if,
for instance, you're passing an object with a type that isn't expected
§ Helps with documentation: A third person viewing your code will know what is expected where, ergo, how
to use it without getting them TypeErrors
§ Helps IDEs develop more accurate and robust tools: Development Environments will be better suited at
suggesting appropriate methods when know what type your object is

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Type Conversion

§ The process of converting the value of one data type (integer, string, float, etc.) to another data type is
called type conversion -

§ Python has two types of type conversion.

§ Implicit Type Conversion
§ Python automatically converts one data type to another data type

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§ This process doesn't need any user involvement
§ E.g.
§ result = 10 + 35.50
§ Explicit Type Conversion
§ Users convert the data type of an object to required data type
§ We use the predefined functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to perform explicit type conversion
§ E.g. . . .

§ num_str = str(1024)

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Type Conversion

§ Type Conversion is the conversion of object from one data type to another data type
§ Implicit Type Conversion is automatically performed by the Python interpreter
§ Python avoids the loss of data in Implicit Type Conversion
§ Explicit Type Conversion is also called Type Casting, the data types of objects are converted using
predefined functions by the user
§ In Type Casting, loss of data may occur as we enforce the object to a specific data type

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0
Operators

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Operators

§ Operators are special symbols in Python that carry out arithmetic or logical computation
§ The value that the operator operates on is called the operand
§ Types
§ Arithmetic operators
§ Comparison operators
§ Logical operators
§ Bitwise operators
§ Special operators
§ Membership operators

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Arithmetic Operators

Operator Meaning Example

+ Add two operands or unary plus x+y+2

÷ - Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus x–y
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* Multiply two operands x*y

%
/ Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float) x/y

% Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the right x%y

Floor division - division that results into whole number adjusted to

÷
// x // y
the left in the number line

** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right x**y

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Comparison operators
-

Operator Meaning Example

>
O Greater than - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

<
O Less than - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

==
O Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y

!=
O Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or

>=
O x >= y
equal to the right

Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to

<=
O x <= y
the right

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Logical operators

Operator Meaning Example

0
and True if both the operands are true x and y

0
or True if either of the operands is true x or y

0
not True if operand is false (complements the operand) not x

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And
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True

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True True
True True True True
not false =

the false false

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false false
false false false
False

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Assignment Operators

Operator Meaning Example Operator Meaning Example

= x=5 x=5 **=

0 x **= 5 x = x ** 5

+= x += 5 x=x+5 0
&= x &= 5 x=x&5

-= x -= 5 x=x-5 o
|= x |= 5 x=x|5

0
*= x *= 5 x=x*5 0
^= x ^= 5 x=x^5

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/= x /= 5 x=x/5 >>= x >>= 5 x = x >> 5

%= x %= 5 x=x%5 <<= x <<= 5 x = x << 5

//= x //= 5 x = x // 5

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Bitwise operators

F
Operator Meaning Example

& Bitwise AND x & y = 0 (0000 0000)

| Bitwise OR x | y = 14 (0000 1110)

~ Bitwise NOT ~x = -11 (1111 0101)

^ Bitwise XOR x ^ y = 14 (0000 1110)

>> Bitwise right shift x >> 2 = 2 (0000 0010)

<< Bitwise left shift x << 2 = 40 (0010 1000)

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Special operators
-

Operator Meaning Example

is True if the operands are identical (refer to the same object) x is True
-

is not
True if the operands are not identical (do not refer to the same
object) =
x is not
True

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Membership Operators

Operator Meaning Example

in True if value/variable is found in the sequence 5 in x

not in True if value/variable is not found in the sequence =

5 not in x

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Functions

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Functions

§ In Python, a function is a group of related statements that performs a specific task

§ Functions help break our program into smaller and modular chunks
-

§ As our program grows larger and larger, functions make it more organized and manageable
§ Furthermore, it avoids repetition and makes the code reusable
§ Syntax # function declaration / definition
def function C) '

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def function_name(parameters): n2== Number C
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enter n2 : )
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g- """docstring""" gun, , man .

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print (# carcanet { result }

statement(s)
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body

define

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Docstrings

§ The first string after the function header is called the docstring and is short for documentation string
§ It is briefly used to explain what a function does
§ Although optional, documentation is a good programming practice
§ We generally use triple quotes so that docstring can extend up to multiple lines
§ This string is available to us as the __doc__ attribute of the function

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Returning a value

§ The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from where it was called
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§ This statement can contain an expression that gets evaluated and the value is returned
§ If there is no expression in the statement or the return statement itself is not present inside a function,
-

T
then the function will return the None object
IÉÉÉn returns None

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default value

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Function Types

§ Functions can divided into following two types:

§ Built-in functions
§ Functions that readily come with Python are called built-in functions
§ If we use functions written by others in the form of library, it can be termed as library functions
§ E.g., str(), int(), float() etc.

§ User defined functions

§ Functions that we define ourselves to do certain specific task are referred as user-defined functions
§ User-defined functions help to decompose a large program into small segments which makes program
easy to understand, maintain and debug
§ If repeated code occurs in a program. Function can be used to include those codes and execute when
needed by calling that function.
§ Programmers working on large project can divide the workload by making different functions

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Scope of variables

§ Scope of a variable is the portion of a program where the variable is recognized

§ Parameters and variables defined inside a function are not visible from outside the function. Hence,
they have a local scope.
§ The lifetime of a variable is the period throughout which the variable exists in the memory
§ The lifetime of variables inside a function is as long as the function executes
§ They are destroyed once we return from the function. Hence, a function does not remember the value
of a variable from its previous calls.

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Global Scope

§ In Python, a variable declared outside of the function or in global scope is known as a global variable
§ This means that a global variable can be accessed inside or outside of the function

g_var = "global"
def foo():
print(“inside foo”)
print(g_var)

foo()

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Local Scope

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§ A variable declared inside the function's body or in the local scope is known as a local variable

def foo():
local_var = "local"

foo()

→
# error ✗
print(local_var)

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Global Keyword

§ In Python, global keyword allows you to modify the variable outside of the current scope
§ It is used to create a global variable and make changes to the variable in a local context
§ Rules of global Keyword
§ When we create a variable inside a function, it is local by default
§ When we define a variable outside of a function, it is global by default. You don't have to use global keyword
§ We use global keyword to read and write a global variable inside a function
§ Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect

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Nested Function
E-

§ Function within a function is called as nested function or inner function or

- -
local function
§ E.g.

def outer():
print(“inside outer”)
def inner():
print(”inside inner”)
inner()

outer()
# error
inner()

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Anonymous/Lambda Function

§ In Python, an anonymous function is a function that is defined without a name

§ While normal functions are defined using the def keyword in Python, anonymous functions are defined
using the lambda keyword
§ -
Hence, anonymous functions are also called lambda functions
§ Syntax
§ lambda arguments: expression

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§ Characteristics
§ It can only contain expressions and can’t include statements in its body
§ It is written as a single line of execution
§ It does not support type annotations hinting )
§ It can be immediately invoked

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Collections

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 collections

ition①
① ② ③ ④
List

÷
§ Python lists are one of the most versatile data types that allow us to work with multiple elements at
once
-

§ For example
§ # a list of programming languages
§ ['Python', 'C++', 'JavaScript’]
§ List is created by placing elements inside square brackets [], separated by commas
- -
-

§ List is mutable

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List - functions

§ append() § index()

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§ adds an element to the end of the list § returns the index of the first matched item
§ extend() § count()
§ adds all elements of a list to another list § returns the count of the number of items passed
as an argument
§ insert()
§ inserts an item at the defined index ✓ § sort()
-

§ sort items in a list in ascending order

§ remove()
§ removes an item from the list § reverse()
§ reverse the order of items in the list
§ pop()
← § copy()
§ returns and removes an element at the given
§ returns a shallow copy of the list
off
index
§
✓ clear()
-

§ removes all items from the list

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Accessing List Members

§ We can use the index operator [] to access an item in a list

§ In Python, indices start at 0. So, a list having 5 elements will have an index from 0 to 4
§ Trying to access indexes other than these will raise an IndexError
§ The index must be an integer. We can't use float or other types, this will result in TypeError
§ Negative indexing
§ Python allows negative indexing for its sequences
§ The index of -1 refers to the last item, -2 to the second last item and so on

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numbers = [ 10,20 , 30,40 , ]
50

→ 0 I 5 3 4

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3 - 2 -
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index = length -
( negative index

numbers f- 3] = numbers [5-3]

numbers Co ] = 10 2-
numbers [a] I 50
List Slicing

§ We can access a range of items in a list by using the slicing operator

=
my_list = ['p','r','o','g','r','a','m','i','z']

# elements from index 2 to index 4

print(my_list[2:5])

# elements from index 5 to end

print(my_list[5:])

# elements beginning to end

print(my_list[:])

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Tuple
=

-
I
§ A tuple is a collection of objects which ordered and immutable
updated
§ Tuples are sequences, just like lists can
NOT be

-
§ The differences between tuples and lists are
§ Tuples cannot be changed unlike lists
§ Tuples use parentheses, whereas lists use square brackets

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Mutable → can be updated

-
new values can be added

-
old values can be removed

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Tuple Operations

§ Creating Tuples
§ Concatenation of Tuples multi
dimesiona
}
single
§ Nesting of Tuples (Tuple of Tuples) ×
dimensional

§ Repetition of Tuples

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( extracting] collection &
§ Packing and Unpacking ✓
collection
§ Indexing in Tuple ivpleq
§ Slicing in Tuple
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Is
lists
✗
✓

lists
lists

tap,eq tuples
tuples

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Set

values
unique
§ A Python set is the collection of the unordered items of
§ Each element in the set must be unique
§ Sets are mutable which means we can modify it after its creation
§ Unlike other collections in Python, there is no index attached to the elements of the set, i.e., we
cannot directly access any element of the set by the index
§ However, we can print them all together, or we can get the list of elements by looping through the set

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Set Operations

§ Union of two Sets

§ Intersection of two sets
§ Difference between the two sets
§ Frozenset
§ Symmetric Difference of two sets

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00
10 30
10 30 50
20 10 30 50
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20 4°
30 50 60 20 40 go
40 6-0
sin S2 sznst
S2
81
intersection

= { 30,40 }

50 10 30 50
10 30

40
20 40 GO 20 60
1°
30 50
10 30 50
2° 40
52 U SO 20 40 Go
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si v82

union sets
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Sj
SI - S2

= { 10,20 , 30,40 , 50,60 } { 10,20 } { 50,60 }

Dictionary

§ Python Dictionary is used to store the data in a key-value pair format

§ The dictionary is the data type in Python, which can simulate the real-life data arrangement where
some specific value exists for some particular key
§ It is the mutable data-structure
§ The dictionary is defined into element Keys and values
§ Keys must be a single element
§ Value can be any type such as list, tuple, integer, etc.
§ In other words, we can say that a dictionary is the collection of key-value pairs where the value can be
any Python object

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Persons tring

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}
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{ age":Ñ
name :
values
key
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→ int
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bobbies : E
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reading books
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movies ?
watching
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]
Dictionary Operations

§ Creating the dictionary

:#
§ Accessing the dictionary values
§ Adding dictionary values
§ Deleting elements using del keyword

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prime
-

* positive ✗
→
1
① is divisible
by →
✗
itself
② number is divisible
by

]
* negative
=
-

① number is not divisible by any other number

-
steps

① start from 2 till the @ umber -

1)
input
② check if
every
number is
dividing the

[input%number==#