To Be + Ving Have/Has + V3 Have + Been + Ving PRESENT Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Verbal (+) S + V1 + s/es (+) S + (is/am/are) + Ving (+) S + (have/has) + V3 (+) S + (have/has) + been + Ving (-) S + (do/does) + not + V1 (-) S + (is/am/are) + not + Ving (-) S + (have/has) + not + V3 (-) S + (have/has) + not + been + Ving (?) (do/does) + S + V1 (?) (is/am/are) + S + Ving (?) (have/has) + S + V3 (?) (have/has) + S + been + Ving Nominal (+) S + (is/am/are) + 3C (+) S + (is/am/are) + 3C (+) S + (have/has) + been + 3C (+) S + (have/has) + been + 3C (-) S + (is/am/are) + not + 3C (-) S + (is/am/are) + not + 3C (-) S + (have/has) + not + been + 3C (-) S + (have/has) + not + been + 3C (?) (is/am/are) + S + 3C (?) (is/am/are) + S + 3C (?) (have/has) + S + been + 3C (?) (have/has) + S + been + 3C PAST Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Verbal (+) S + V2 (+) S + (was/were) + Ving (+) S + had + V3 (+) S + had + been + Ving (-) S + did + not + V1 (-)S + (was/were) + not + Ving (-)S + had + not + V3 (-) S + had + not + been + Ving (?) Did + S + V1 (?) (was/were) + S + Ving (?) had + S + V3 (?) Had + S + been + Ving Nominal (+) S + (was/were) + 3C (+) S + (was/were) + 3C (+) S + had + been + 3C (+) S + had + been + 3C (-) S + (was/were) + not +3C (-) S + (was/were) + not + 3C (-) S + had + not + been + 3C (-) S + had + not + been + 3C (?) (was/were) S + 3C (?) (was/were) S + 3C (?) Had + S + been + 3C (?) Had + S + been + 3C FUTURE Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Verbal (+) S + (shall/will) + V1 (+) S + (shall/will) + be + Ving (+) S + (shall/will) + have + V3 (+) S + (shall/will) + have + been + Ving (-) S + (shall/will) + not + V1 (-) S + (shall/will) + not + be + Ving (-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + V3 (-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + been + Ving (?) (shall/will) + S + V1 (?) (shall/will) + S + be + Ving (?) (shall/will) + S + have + V3 (?) (shall/will) + S + have + been + Ving (/) S + (is/am/are) + going to + V1 (/) S + (is/am/are) + going to + V1 Nominal (+) S + (shall/will) + be + 3C (+) S + (shall/will) + be + 3C (+) S + (shall/will) + have + been + 3C (+) S + (shall/will) + have + been + 3C (-) S + (shall/will) + not + be + 3C (-) S + (shall/will) + not + be + 3C (-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + been + 3C (-) S + (shall/will) + not + have + been + 3C (?) (shall/will) + S + be + 3C (?) (shall/will) + S + be + 3C (?) (shall/will) + S + have + been + 3C (?) (shall/will) + S + have + been + 3C PAST Simple Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous FUTURE Verbal (+) S + (should/would) + V1 (+) S + (should/would) + be + Ving (+) S + (should/would) + have + V3 (+) S + (should/would) + have + been + Ving (-) S + (should/would) + not + V1 (-) S + (should/would) + not + be + (-) S + (should/would) + not + have + V3 (-) S + (should/would) + not + have + been + (?) (should/would) + S + V1 Ving (?) (should/would) + S + have + V3 Ving (/) S + (was/were) + going to + V1 (?) (should/would) + S + be + Ving (?) (should/would) + S + have + been + Ving (/) S + (was/were) + going to + V1 Nominal (+) S + (should/would) + be + 3C (+) S + (should/would) + be + 3C (+) S + (should/would) + have + been + 3C (+) S + (should/would) + have + been + 3C (-) S + (should/would) + not + be (-) S + (should/would) + not + be + (-) S + (should/would) + not + have + been (-) S + (should/would) + not + have + been + + 3C 3C + 3C 3C (?) (should/would) + S + be + 3C (?) (should/would) + S + be + 3C (?) (should/would) + S + have + been + 3C (?) (should/would) + S + have + been + 3C FUNGSI 16 TENSES SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous - Kebiasaan / sering dilakukan - Sedang berlangsung / dilakukan - Selesai / baru saja dilakukan, tanpa - Sudah dilakukan pada waktu lampau - Kebenaran umum - Pasti / segera akan dilakukan menyebutkan waktu tapi masih terjadi sampai sekarang - Jadwal umum - Kejadian yg masih berlangsung walau - Menghubungkan lampau – sekarang - Sudah dilakukan tetapi masih - Judul berita tidak sedang dilakukan - Sudah dilakukan pada waktu lampau dilakukan / belum selesai - Perintah / permintaan singkat - Aktivitas yg sudah terjadwal tapi masih terjadi sampai sekarang - Lebih fokus terhadap waktu kejadian - Menyatakan sifat / karakter - Akt. durasi lama tapi sementara - Sudah dilakukan tetapi masih - Deskripsi suatu prosedur - Kebiasaan buruk yg berulang dilakukan / belum selesai Always, never, every, usually, Now, right now, at present, soon, Just, already, once, twice, since, for a Since, all day, a long day, for, the whole AoT seldo , ofte , so eti e, o … today, tonight, this morning, etc. month, for a year day, all afternoon, etc PAST Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous - Kejadian di masa lampau - Kejadian yg sedang berlangsung di - Sudah selesai dilakukan - Kejadian yg berlangsung di masa - Kebenaran umum masa lampau masa lampau - 2 kejadian yg telah terjadi di masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut - Kebiasaan di masa lampau - 2 kejadian yg sedang berlangsung lampau - Suatu kejadian yg berlangsung bersamaan di masa lampau - Indirect speech sebelum kejadian lain terjadi di masa - Kejadian bertahap lampau Yesterday, last night, the day As, when, while Before, just, already, after, as soon as, When, since, for, before, after AoT before, two days ago until FUTURE Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous - Suatu kejadian yg akan - Suatu kejadian yg akan sedang - Suatu kejadian yg akan sudah - Suatu kejadian yg akan sudah dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan dilakukan/terjadi di masa depan tetapi - Pendapat, prediksi, dugaan masih berlangsung - Permintaan - (Penekanan pada durasi waktu) - Ajakan, saran AoT Tomorrow, later, soon, if, e t … When, if, while, at this time 2morrow By tomorrow, by sunday, in two days B the e d of … PAST Simple Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous FUTURE - Kejadian yg telah diprediksi di - Menyatakan suatu rencana / - Menyatakan suatu kejadian - Menyatakan suatu kejadian yg akan masa lampau kejadian yg akan berlangsung, tapi (pengandaian) yang tidak mungkin berlangsung, tapi pada waktu spesifik di - Pengandaian pada waktu spesifik di masa lampau terjadi, karena peristiwanya sudah masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut - Perintah/permintaan scra halus lewat AoT Yesterday, last … To orrow, o … , e t … O /i … last … , at … esterda B last … , b the e d of …