# AMPS and ETACS :- - AMPS CAdvanced Mobile Phone System) and ETACS (Extended Total Access Communication System) are two analog cellular telephone systems that were popular in the 1980s and 1990s. AMPS was the first standardized cellular telephone system in the United States and was introduced in 1983. It used FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology and operated in the 300 MHe frequency band. AMPS was later replaced by digital cellular technologies such as CDMA and GSM. ETACS was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1985 and was also based on FDMA technology. It operated in the 900 MHz frequency band and was used in many other countries as well. ETACS was eventually replaced by newer digital cellular technologies such as GSM and 3G. Both AMPS and ETACS were analog systems, which meant that they had limitations in terms of call quality, capacity, and security, However, they played an important role in the early days of cellular communication and paved the way for the development of modern digital cellular technologies. or AMPS and ETACS were early analog cellular telephone systems that played an important role in the history of wireless communication. These systems were the first to introduce the concept of cellular networks, which allowed mobile phones to connect to a network of cell sites to make and receive calls. AMPS used FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) technology, which divided the available frequency spectrum into multiple channels, each of which could be used by a single call at a time, This limited the number of simultaneous calls that could be supported on the network. AMPS also used analog modulation techniques, which provided limited call quality andsecurity. ETACS, on the other hand, also used FDMA technology but operated in a different frequency band than AMPS. It operated in the 900 MHz frequency band and was used in many countries around the world. Like AMPS, ETACS used analog modulation techniques, which provided limited call quality and security. Both AMPS and ETACS were eventually replaced by digital cellular technologies such as GSM, CDMA, and 3G, which provided better call quality, higher capacity, and improved security, However, AMPS and ETACS played an important role in the development of wireless communication and paved the way for modern cellular networks. # United states digital cellular CiS- 54 & 1S 136):- - In the United States, the digital cellular systems 1S-S4 and |S-136 were introduced to replace the analog AMPS system. These systems provided better coll quality, capacity, and security than their analog predecessors. 1S-54, also known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), was introduced in 1992 and used TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) technology. It divided each frequency channel into three time slots, each of which could be used to ‘support a single call. This allowed more calls to be supported on the same Frequency band compared to AMPS, 15-S4 also used digital modulation techniques, which provided better call quality and improved security. 1S-136, also known as North American TDMA (NA-TDMA), was introduced in 1994 and was based on TDMA technology like IS-S4, However, IS-136 provided some improvements over IS-S4, such as the ability to support up to three calls per time slot instead of one. This allowed even more calls to be supported on the same frequency band.Both 15-54 and IS-136 were eventually replaced by newer digital cellular technologies such as CDMA, GSM, and LTE, However, these systems played ‘an important role in the transition from analog to digital cellular networks in the United States and provided a foundation for the development of modern wireless communication technologies # IEEE Standards:- - The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an organization that develops and publishes standards for a wide range of industries, including wireless communication. The Following are some of the IEEE standards related to wireless communication: IEEE 302.1): This standard, also known as Wi-Fi, defines the specifications for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It specifies the protocols for communication between devices and the wireless access points that connect them to the network, IEEE 302.15: This standard defines the specifications for wireless personal area networks ChPANs). It includes standards for short-range wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and 2ighee. IEEE 302.16; This standard, also known as WiMAX, defines the specifications for wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANS). It specifies the protocols for high-speed wireless data communication over long distances, IEEE 302.22; This standard defines the specifications for wireless regional area networks CWRANs). It specifies the protocols for wireless communication in rural areas, where traditional wired networks may not be available, IEEE 302.20: This standard defines the specifications for mobile broadbandwireless access (MBWA). It specifies the protocols for high-speed wireless data communication for mobile devices. These IEEE standards have played on important role in the development of wireless communication technologies and have helped to ensure interoperability and compatibility between different wireless devices and networks. #Global system for Mobile (GSM): = Global System for Mobile (GSM) is o digital cellular technology that is widely used for mobile communication around the world. It was developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and was first introduced in the early 1990s. H#Services, Features: GSM provides a range of voice and data services, including voice calls, SMS (Short Message Service), and data transfer. It also supports features such {as call waiting, call forwarding, caller 1D, and conference calling. # System Architecture and Channel Types:- - GSM uses a cellular network architecture, consisting of a number of cell sites that are connected to a central base station controller. Each cell site is responsible for communicating with mobile devices within its coverage ‘area, The system supports several types of channels, including traFhic channels, control channels, and synchronization channels. Frame Structure for GSM: GSM uses a time division multiple access (TDMA) technology, where each Frequency channel is divided into eight time slots, Each time slot carries a burst of information, such as a voice call or a data transmission, H#Speech Processing in GSM:- = GSM uses a speech coding technique called linear predictive coding (LPC), which compresses speech signals to reduce the amount of data that needs to be transmitted over the network. This allows for more efficientuse of the available bandwidth. HGPRS/EDGE specifications and features:- -GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) are data transfer technologies that were introduced to provide higher data rates over GSM networks. GPRS allows for the transmission of packet-based dato, such as emails and web pages, while EDGE provides higher data rates by using more advanced modulation techniques. GPRS and EDGE support several features, including always-on connectivity, multiple simultaneous data connections, and high-speed data transfer rates. These technologies have been widely adopted by mobile operators around the world and have paved the way for newer data transfer technologies such as 3G and 4G LTE. # 3G systems: UMTS & CDMA 2000 standards and specifications:- Third Generation (3G) wireless communication systems were introduced in the early 2000s as an upgrade to the 2G systems such as GSM. 3G systems provide higher data transfer rates and support multimedia services such as video calling and mobile internet browsing. There were two main 3G standards: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) and CDMA2000. UMTS Standard and Specifications: UMTS is a 3G cellular technology that was developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It uses a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) technology, which allows multiple users to share the ‘same frequency channel by using different codes. UMTS supports a range of data transfer rates, from 384 kbps up to 2 Mbps, and provides advanced multimedia services such as video calling and mobile internet browsing.UMTS also includes a range of advanced features such as Quality of Service (QoS), which enables service providers to prioritize different types of data traffic based on their requirements, UMTS also includes advanced security features such as encryption and authentication to ensure the privacy and integrity of user data. CDMA2000 Standard and Specifications: CDMA2000 is a 3G cellular technology that uses code division multiple access (CDMA) technology. It was developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (36PP2) and is used primarily in the Americas and parts of Asia, CDMA2000 supports data transfer rates of up to 2 Mbps and provides advanced multimedia services such as video calling and mobile internet browsing. CDMA2000 also includes advanced features such as QoS and security Features such as encryption and authentication, It provides a range of voice ‘and data services, including voice calls, SMS, and packet-based data services, Both UMTS and CDMA2000 have played an important role in the development of 3G wireless communication systems and have paved the way for newer technologies such as 4G LTE ond SG. HCDMA Digital standard (IS 95) :- - Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is digital cellular technology that uses spread spectrum techniques to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel, The first CDMA digital standard was 1S-45, also known as CDMAOne. = 15-45 has been largely replaced by newer technologies such as €DMA2000 and 4G LTE, but it played an important role in the development of digital cellular technology and paved the way for the widespread adoption of CDMA-based cellular networks.Frequency and Channel Specifications: - IS-95 uses a frequency band from 800 MHz to 900 MHe for cellular communication, The bandwidth of each channel is 1.25 MHz, and each channel can accommodate up to 64 users. #Forward CDMA Channel:- - The forward CDMA channel is used to transmit signals from the base station to the mobile device. The forward channel uses a spread spectrum technique called direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), which spreads the signal over a wider bandwidth to reduce interference and improve reliability. The forward channel uses a power control mechanism to adjust the power level of the signal based on the distance between the mobile device and the base station, #Reverse CDMA Channel:- - The reverse CDMA channel is used to transmit signals from the mobile device to the base station. The reverse channel also uses DSSS to spread the signal over a wider bandwidth. The reverse channel uses a power control mechanism to adjust the power level of the signal based on the distance between the mobile device and the base station. #Wireless Cable Television:- - IS-95 also includes a feature called wireless cable television, which allows video programming to be transmitted over the CDMA network, The video programming is transmitted on a separate channel using a different modulation technique, and is received by a set-top box that is connected to @ television set.