Course Code: CSE 1111

What is computer?
 Computer is an electronic device that is
designed to work with Information. The
term computer is derived from the Latin
term ‘computare’, this means
to calculate or programmable
machine. Computer can not do anything
without a Program. It represents the
decimal numbers through a string of binary
digits. The Word ‘Computer’ usually refers
to the Center Processor Unit plus
Internal memory.
describe
 The computer is an electronic device
that takes input from the user and
processes these data under the control
of a set of instructions (called program)
and gives the result (output) and saves
future use. It can process both
numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic
and logical) calculations.
Block Diagram of Computer
Defination
Input (Data):
 Input is the raw information entered into a computer
from the input devices. It is the collection of letters,
numbers, images etc.

 Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after
data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can
save these results in the storage devices for the future
use

 Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction.
It is totally internal process of the computer system.
Advantages of Computers
Following are certain advantages of
computers.
High Speed
 Computer is a very fast device.

 It is capable of performing calculation of

very large amount of data.

 The computer has units of speed in

microsecond, nanosecond, and even the
picosecond.
 It can perform millions of calculations in a few
seconds as compared to man who will spend
many months to perform the same task.
Accuracy

 In addition to being very fast, computers are

very accurate.

 The calculations are 100% error free.

 Computers perform all jobs with 100%

accuracy provided that the input is correct.
Storage Capability

 Memory is a very important characteristic of

computers.

 A computer has much more storage capacity

than human beings.

 It can store large amount of data.

 It can store any type of data such as images,

videos, text, audio, etc.
 Diligence

 Unlike human beings, a computer is free

from monotony, tiredness, and lack of
concentration.

 It can work continuously without any error

and boredom.

 It can perform repeated tasks with the

same speed and accuracy.
Versatility

 A computer is a very versatile machine.

 A computer is very flexible in performing the

jobs to be done.

 This machine can be used to solve the

problems related to various fields.

 At one instance, it may be solving a complex

scientific problem and the very next moment
it may be playing a card game.
Reliability
 A computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have long
lives.
 Computers are designed to make
maintenance easy.
Automation
 Computer is an automatic machine.

 Automation is the ability to perform a given

task automatically. Once the computer
receives a program i.e., the program is stored
in the computer memory, then the program
and instruction can control the program
execution without human interaction.
Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

 The use of computers for data processing in

an organization leads to reduction in paper
work and results in speeding up the process.

 As data in electronic files can be retrieved as

and when required, the problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files
gets reduced.

 Though the initial investment for installing a

computer is high, it substantially reduces the
cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages of Computers
Dependency
 It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully
dependent on humans.

Environment
 The operating environment of the computer should be dust
free and suitable.

No Feeling
 Computers have no feelings or emotions.

 It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste,

experience, and knowledge unlike humans.
Computer Fundamentals ─
Applications
Business
 A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence,
accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it
an integrated part in all business organizations.
 Computer is used in business organizations for:
 Payroll calculations
 Budgeting
 Sales analysis
 Financial forecasting
 Managing employee database
 Maintenance of stocks, etc.
Banking
 Today, banking is almost totally dependent
on computers.
 Banks provide the following facilities:
 Online accounting facility, which includes
checking current balance, making deposits
and overdrafts, checking interest charges,
shares, and trustee records.

 ATM machines which are completely

automated are making it even easier for
customers to deal with banks.
Education

 The computer provides a tool in the education system

known as CBE (Computer Based
 Education).

 CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

 Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of

number of computer students.

 There are a number of methods in which educational

institutions can use a computer to educate the students.

 It is used to prepare a database about

 performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this
basis.
Healthcare

 Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect

data and identify the cause of illness.

 Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and

the reports are prepared by computer.

 Patient Monitoring System - These are used to

check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in
Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.

 Pharma Information System - Computer is used to

check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects,
etc.

 Surgery - Nowadays, computers are also used in

performing surgery.
Engineering Design

 Structural Engineering - Requires stress and

strain analysis for design of ships, buildings,
budgets, airplanes, etc.

 Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with

design, implementation, and improvement of
integrated systems of people, materials, and
equipment.

 Architectural Engineering - Computers help

in planning towns, designing buildings,
determining a range of buildings on a site
using both 2D and 3D drawings.
Military
Computers are largely used in defence.
Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc.
Military also employs computerized control
systems. Some military areas where a
computer has been used are:
 Missile Control
 Military Communication
 Military Operation and Planning
 Smart Weapons
Communication
Communication is a way to convey a
message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is
received and understood clearly and correctly
by the person for whom it is meant. Some
main areas in this category are:
 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing
Government
Computers play an important role in
government services. Some major fields in
this category are:
 Budgets
 Sales tax department
 Income tax department
 Computation of male/female ratio
 Computerization of voters lists
 Computerization of PAN card
 Weather forecasting
What Is Data?

 Data is defined as a collection of individual facts or

statistics. (While “datum” is technically the singular
form of “data,” it’s not commonly used in everyday
language.) Data can come in the form of text,
observations, figures, images, numbers, graphs, or
symbols. For example, data might include individual
prices, weights, addresses, ages, names,
temperatures, dates, or distances.
 Data is a raw form of knowledge and, on its own,
doesn’t carry any significance or purpose. In other
words, you have to interpret data for it to have
meaning. Data can be simple—and may even seem
useless until it is analyzed, organized, and
interpreted.
 There are two main types of data:
 Quantitative data is provided in
numerical form, like the weight, volume,
or cost of an item.
 Qualitative data is descriptive, but non-
numerical, like the name, sex, or eye
color of a person.
What Is Information?
 Information is defined as knowledge gained through
study, communication, research, or instruction.
Essentially, information is the result of analyzing and
interpreting pieces of data. Whereas data is the
individual figures, numbers, or graphs, information is
the perception of those pieces of knowledge.
 For example, a set of data could include temperature
readings in a location over several years. Without
any additional context, those temperatures have no
meaning. However, when you analyze and organize
that information, you could determine seasonal
temperature patterns or even broader climate trends.
Only when the data is organized and compiled in a
useful way can it provide information that is
beneficial to others.
The Key Differences Between
Data vs Information
 Data is a collection of facts, while information puts those
facts into context.
 While data is raw and unorganized, information is
organized.
 Data points are individual and sometimes unrelated.
Information maps out that data to provide a big-picture
view of how it all fits together.
 Data, on its own, is meaningless. When it’s analyzed and
interpreted, it becomes meaningful information.
 Data does not depend on information; however,
information depends on data.
 Data typically comes in the form of graphs, numbers,
figures, or statistics. Information is typically presented
through words, language, thoughts, and ideas.
Examples of Data vs Information

 To further explore the differences between data and

information, consider these examples of how to turn data
into insights:
 At a restaurant, a single customer’s bill amount is data.
However, when the restaurant owners collect and
interpret multiple bills over a range of time, they can
produce valuable information, such as what menu items
are most popular and whether the prices are sufficient to
cover supplies, overhead, and wages.
 A customer’s response to an individual customer service
survey is a point of data. But when you compile that
customer’s responses over time—and, on a grander
scheme, multiple customers’ responses over time—you
can develop insights around areas for improvement within
your customer service team.
 The number of likes on a social media post is a
single element of data. When that’s combined with
other social media engagement statistics, like
followers, comments, and shares, a company can
intuit which social media platforms perform the
best and which platforms they should focus on to
more effectively engage their audience.
 On their own, inventory levels are data. However,
when companies analyze and interpret that data
over a range of time, they can pinpoint supply
chain issues and enhance the efficiency of their
systems.
 Competitors’ prices are individual data elements,
but processing that data can reveal where
competitors have an advantage, where there may
be gaps in the market, and how a company can
rise above its competition.