ul

ak
iy
ar
I ss
at
Linkage Between
n OTcl
OT
OTc and C++ in

w
NS2
NS 2

er
Te
by
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 1
Pr
 ul
ak
iy
Outline

ar
ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lClass,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 2
Pr
 ul
ak
NS2 C++ and OTcl Composition
ositi
itio

iy
ar
• Two language architecture

ss
• C++ Q: What
What is the NS2 component

I
which link C++ and OTcl ?

at
– Compiler
C il
hange
– Fast to run; Slow to change

w
er
• OTcl

Te
– Interpreter
– Slow to run; Fast
Fas
a to change
by
• Hierarchy
y
– C++ = Compiled
Compi
mpi Hierarchy
ed

– OTcl
cl = In
Interpreted Hierarchy
ar

• Why
hy tw languages? Î C++ coding styles
y two
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 3
Pr
 ul
Three C++ Coding
g Styles
y

ak
iy
1. Basic C++

ar
– Compile and create “prog
prog.exe
exe”

ss
– Recompile for every minor changess (e.g., number of nodes,
link speed)

I
at
2. C++ coding with input arguments
gumen

w
er
– Use parameters input argum
argument
gume (argv,argc)
(argv argc)
– E.g., “prog <num_node>
ode> <link
<link_speed>”
–
– What
h if f there
h Te
Invocation “prog 100 3”
are too many parameters?
by

3 C++ coding
3. g wit
with input files Í NS
NS2
ed

– Put input
nput pa
parameters in a configuration file
ar

– Noo need to change C++ code

– One iinput argument—the filename.
ep

4
– E.G., “prog config.txt”
Pr
 ul
ak
NS2 and C++ Coding Styles
yles
es

iy
ar
ss
• C++ coding with input files

I
• E.G., “ns
ns myfirst
myf rst_ns.tc
ns.tcl“

at
• C++ codes: Located under
nder ~
~/ns/*

w
• C++ executable file: ns

er
• The input argument=?:
ment= (myfirst_ns.tcl )
• A configuration
ation Te
n file=?: (myfirst_ns.tcl
(myfirst ns tcl )
by
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 5
Pr
 ul
Why
y Tcl/OTcl?

ak
iy
ar
• Problem 1:

ss
– Reading Tcl files from C++ is hard!

I
– Use Tcl

at
w
• Problem 2:

er
sses Î Tcl is not OOP
– C++ contains classes
– Use OTcl
Te
by
• Problem 3::
ed

– Some e comp
components are easy to implement
– C+++ mak
make things complicated
ar

– De
Define
fi them
h in OTcll
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 6
Pr
 ul
ak
C++/OTcl Architecture
ure
e

iy
ar
• C++: Internal
nternal mechanism
mechan sm

ss
• OTcl: User interface Files:

I
p (input);
Tcl script p
– Monitor

at
Output file

w
– Keyboard

er
– Tcl
T l Si
Simulation
l ti S Script/Output
Scrip
i tt/O t t fil
file

Te
by
User
Interface
ed
ar
ep

Keyboard Screen
7
(input) (output)
Pr
 ul
ak
C /OT l C
C++/OTcl Components:
mp n nts: C
C++ Cl
Classes
asses
sss s

iy
ar
ss
• Provide an access to OTcl from C
C++

I
• 6 main classes:

at
– Class Tcl: Access to Tcl/OTcl
cl/OTc interpreter

w
– Class InstVar: Define e C++ class variables which is

er
b
boundd to OTcll class
lass variables
var bl

Te
– Class TclObject:t: C++ object + OTcl interface
– Class
Cl T lCl s: Bind
TclClass: Bi
B dC C++ and
d OT
OTcll Cl
Classes
by
Comman Global command
– Class TclCommand:
– Class Embed
EmbeddedTcl:
bed Translate OTcl to C++
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 8
Pr
 ul
ak
C++/OTcl Component Functionality
nality
ity

iy
ar
- Tcl:
T l Invoke
I k Tcl
T l from
f C++
C

ss
om OTc
- TclCommand: Invoke C++ from OTcl

I
- EmbeddedTcl: Translate OT
OTcl to C++

at
C++ OTcl

w
er
-TclObject:
TclObject: C+++ & Tcl
Tc
T interfaces
-TclClass:: Bind c
classnames
C++ Class
Te OTcl Class
by
InstVar: Bind variables
In
ed

C variable
C++ i bl OT l variable
OTcl i bl
ar
ep

9
Pr
 ul
ak
C++/OTcl Components and
d

iy
NS2 Directories

ar
ss
~tclcl
~ns

I
at
w
er
Te
by
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 10
Pr
 ul
ak
iy
Outline

ar
ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lClass,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 11
Pr
 ul
ak
Cl ss Tcl
Class T l

iy
ar
ss
• Access OTcl from C++

I
• 5 Main Functionalities

at
– Obtain the Tcl instancee

w
– Invoke OTcl statement
ment
ent from
f C++

er
– Pass/Receive results
esults to/from the OTcl
– Report error Te
by
– Retrieve tthe
he ref
reference to TclObjects
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 12
Pr
 ul
ak
Class
a Tcl: Ma
Main
n Functionalities
Fun na s

iy
• Obtain the Tcl instance W
What is the

ar
difference

ss
between?
• Invoke OTcl procedures

I
– Tcl::eval(char* str)

at
w
– Tcl::evalc(const
onst char*
ch str)T
by
ed

– Tcl::evalf(const
valf(c char* format,…)
ar

13
e

Textbook: T. Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
Pr
 ul
ak
Class
a Tcl: Ma
Main
n Functionalities
Fun na s

iy
• Pass results to the OTcl

ar
– Tcl::result(const
cl result(const char
char* str):
str)

ss
tI
Suppose $d =10.

w
What would

er
– Tcl::result(const char*
har* fmt
fmt) appear

Te
on the screen as
a result of ?
by
• Receive results
sult ffrom the OTcl
ed

– Tcl::result()
esult()
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariy 14
Pr
 ul
ak
iy
Outline

ar
ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lClass,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 15
Pr
 ul
ak
Class TclCommand

iy
ar
• Invoke C++ from the OTcl cl (r
(reverse
(rev

ss
of Class Tcl)

I
• Available globally.
globally

at
w
• Not recommended (non OOP).
ed (no

er
• Use command in Tc TclObject
(discussed later)
atter) Te
by
• Exampless
– ns-version
ns version
rsion
ion
ed

– ns-random
rando
ar

• See
ee fi
fil ~/ns/common/misc.cc
file / / / i
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 16
Pr
 ul
ak
iy
Outline

ar
ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lClass,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 17
Pr
 ul
ak
C mp n nt Binding
Component Bindin

iy
ar
• Applicable only to bounded hierarchy
iera
erarc

I ss
at
w
er
Te
by
• Three major
jor com
components
ame Î TclClass
– Class name
ed

– Object (o instance) Î TclObject

ject (or
ar

– Class
lass
ass variable
v Î InstVar
ep

18
Pr
 ul
ak
C mp n nt Binding
Component Bindin

iy
ar
• Every C++
C bounded class has a corresponding
correspond
resp
espon ng OOTcl
cl

ss
class
• What happen when the following
ing OT
OTcl statement

I
is executed?

at
w
er
• C++ counterpart is created
created!! (shadowing process)

Te
Î How? Î TclCL
• Main binding components:
ompo
p
by
– Located in ~tclcl
tclcl
– TclClass: Bind cl
classname
ed

– TclObject:
ect: Bin
Bind the instance (or object)
– InstVar: Bind class variables
Var: Bi
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 19
Pr
 ul
ak
iy
Outline

ar
ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lCl ss,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 20
Pr
 ul
I. Class TclClass

ak
riy
• Bind Classname (e.g., Agent/TCP Ù
TcpAgent)

sa
Is
?

• Mappingg clas
class
las name = TcpClass
ed

• Static
ic =( static mapping variable )=( class_tcp )
ar

• TcpCla
TcpClass derived from (TclClass)
ep

Textbook:
k: T. Iss
Issariy
Issariyakul 21
i k and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
Pr
 ul
Class TclClass

ak
riy
• Bind Classname (e.g., Agent/TCP Ù
TcpAgent)

sa
Is
b

• TclClass tak takes

ake an OTcl class name as an
ed

input argum argument.

ar

• Fn F crea create(.) ( ) returns the h created d TcpAgent

T A
ep

Textbook:
k: T. I i k and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
Issariy
Issariyakul 22
pointer
poi
Pr
 ul
To Bind C++ and OTcl class
ss

ak
iy
1. Define a mapping class as a derived
erived class

ar
of TclClass

ss
2. Declare a static mappingg varia
variable right at

I
the declaration

at
3. Feed the OTcl classname
sname as an input

w
argument to classs Tcl
TclClass
Tc

er
4. Define function
on create(.),
cre returning the
created C++ ob
object.
o
object Te
by
Q: Whatt iis the pu
purpose of having class TcpClass ?
Whatt is nnot p
possible to do without TcpClass?
p
ed

new Agent/TCP
Agen Î create a TcpAgent object
ar

Q: Why do we declare TcpClass as static ?

Q
ep

Textbook: T. Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008. 23
We need unique class mapping objects
W
Pr
 ul
ak
iy
Outline

ar
ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lClass,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 24
Pr
 ul
ak
II Class TclObject
II.

iy
• TclClass:

ar
– C
Create
t a “hook”
“h k” between
b t OTcl
OT l andd C++
C + clas
class
l name

ss
– When creating an OTcl object, NSNS22 cre
creates a C++

I
object
j with the class name defined
ined in TclClass

at
– How to construct such the C++ object ? Î TclObject !!
++ obj

w
• TclObject

er
– C++ object & OTcl functionalities
unctiona

Te
archies
– In the bound hierarchies
• C++: Based class
asss = TclObject; see ~/tclcl/tclcl.h
/tclcl/tclcl h
by
• OTcl: Based
ed class = SplitObject see ~/tclcl/tcl-object.tcl
ed

– A userr createscreate a TclObject from the OTcl

– NS2 auto automatically creates a “shadow” C++ object
ar

– Shado
Shadow
h d Î The
Th same object bj residing
idi iin diff
different class l
ep

Textbook:
k: T. Ishiera
hierarchy
Issariyakul
ssariyaku and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008. 25
Pr
 ul
ak
Class TclObject: Outline
tline

iy
ar
• Object construction: Whatt happ
happen when

ss
“new” is executed.

I
at
• OTcl commands: Invoking
king C
C++ from the

w
OTcl.

er
• C++ and OTcl class
ass var
variable binding
• Others Te
by
– Reference
ce to TclObjects
Tc
– Objectt destruction
dest (similar to the
ed

construction)
struct
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 26
Pr
 ul
TclObject Constructionn

ak
iy
• NS2 creates object using a global
bal OT
OTcl

ar
procedure

ss
new <className> [[<args>]
args

I
• E.g.,
E g “new
new Agent/TCP”

at
rw
TclClass

alloc + init

Te
y
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issar 27
Pr
 ul
TclObject Constructionn

ak
iy
• Procedure “create” invokes

ar
– alloc{…}:
alloc{ }: Allocate memory

ss
ction
– init{…}: OTcl object construction

I
• Example:

at
rw
Invoke the same
instproc of

ee
the parent class

Belong to TclClass:
Invoke C++ function
“crate(
crate(…))”
a
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 28
Pr
 ul
TclObject Constructionn

ak
iy
• Example: TCP

ar
OTcl

ss
C++

I
( SplitObject
p j ) ( Tc
TclObject
j )

at
w
er

…
Te
by
Agent/TCP
t/TCP
TCP TCPAgent
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 29
Pr
 ul
TclObject Constructionn

ak
iy
• Example: Create a TCP object

ar
Q: OTcl command = ( new Agent/TCP
Q g )
)?

ss
Q: What does it do ? 1. ( alloc ), and 2. ( init )

I
at
Constructor of TcpAgent
C

w
Agent/TCP::init

er
$self init

Te
<other stuff>
TcpClass::create shadow
TcpClass::create_shadow
by
new TcpAgent();
d

S litObjject::i
SplitObject::init
t i it
re

TcpClass::create-shadow
ass::cre TclClass::create_shadow
a
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulatorclass_tcp.create(…);

k: T. Issariyaku NS2, Springer 2008. 30
Pr
 ul
OTcl Commands

ak
iy
• Example: $ns connect $tcp $sink

ar
• The syntax is

ss
<object> <command_name>
d_naam [<args>]

I
at
• <command_name> can
an be

w
er
11. An instproc of <obj
<object>
<ob

Te
2. OTcl command
mand associated
a with the
<object>
bj t
by
Q: From the e above
ab
bov example
ed

-<object>
bj t = ( $ $ns )
-<command_name>
mand_n = ( connect )
ar

-<args>
gs>
s> = ( $tcp $sink )
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 31
Pr
 ul
ak
OTcl Commands

iy
ar
• The detail of Tcl command is defined
efine in C++
f
function
i

ss
c,arg
gv)
command(argc,argv)

I
at
– argc = no. of argumentss

w
– argv = an argument vecto
vector

er
• argv [0] = cmd,
d,

Te
• argv[1] = <command_name>,
comman
• argv[n]
g [n] = <a
<args>,
g >, n > 1
by
• Return either er Tcl
Tc codes (e.g., TCL_OK,
TCL_ERROR)
_ OR))
ed

• Invoke e the same function of the parent

ar

class..
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 32
Pr
 ul
OTcl Commands

ak
• Q: Which hierarchy do we define ( C++ ) an
and

iy
invoke (OTcl ) an OTcl command ?

ar
• Example:

ss
tI
<command_name>

ee
Returning
g
TCL_OK
by
I vo
Invoking the same function Q: Why?
of
o f the
th parentt class
l What’s the benefit?
Is it still return
ar

a Tcl code?
33
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku
Pr
 ul
ak
OTcl Commands

iy
ar
To define an OTcl command:
omm
mman

ss
1. Define function “command(argc,argv)”
nd
d(arg

I
at
2. Use “if”
“ f” statement too match
mat h

w
<command_name> with a argv[1]

er
3. Return a Tcl code
ode
4. Invoke function
tio
io ““command(…)” Te
command(…) of the
by
parent class
ass if the <command_name> is
not found.
und.
nd.
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 34
Pr
 ul
ak
OTcl Commands

r iy
Q How do we invoke the command
Q: omm
mman

sa
“eventtrace” from the OTcl?

Is
at
ed

$tcp eventtrace <EVENT>

ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 35
Pr
 ul
ak
Component Binding
ng

iy
ar
ss
• Tclclass Î Bind
nd
d classnames
c

I
at
• TclObject Î Bin
Bind objects

w
(shadowing)

er
• OTcl command d Î Bind functions
binding Î Bind variables
• Variable bindin
Te
by
ed
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 36
Pr
 ul
ak
Variable Binding
g

iy
ar
ss
• 2 Tasks

I
1 Binding variables:
1.

at
• ariab Î Auto.
A change in one variable

w
er
change in another
her
er variable
v
• Class InstVar
2. Setting the
he d
Var
Te
default values: The value
by

assigned
nedd tto instvars upon object
ed

struc
construction
ar
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 37
Pr
 ul
ak
Binding Variables

iy
ar
• Syntax
y

ss
bind(“<ovar>”,&<cvar>);
c
cvar>

I
– <ovar> = OTcl class variable
ariab
riabl name

at
– <cvar> = C++ class varia
variable name

w
er
– <ovar> and
d <cvar>
a > need
need nott be
b th
the same
• Other types
– Regular:
Te
b
bind(“<ovar>”,&<cvar>);
i
by
– dth
Bandwidth: bind_bw(“<ovar>”,&<cvar>);
_ ( , );
ed

– Time:
e: bind_time(“<ovar>”,&<cvar>);
ar

– Boolean:
Boole
oolea bind bool(“<ovar>”
bind_bool( <ovar> ,&<cvar>);
&<cvar>);
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 38
Pr
 ul
ak
Binding Variables

iy
• E.G.,

ar
OTcl C++
C+

I ss
Class Agent/TCP
g CP TcpAgent
p g

at
Object name otcp ctcp

w
er
Class variable t seqno
t_seqno_
seqn
eqno t seq no
t_seq_no_

Te
a
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 39
Pr
 ul
ak
Setting the Default Values
alue
ues

iy
ar
• File ~/ns/tcl/lib/ns-default.tcl
/ns/tcl/lib/ns default.tcl
lt.t
lt.tc

ss
• Not doing so Î warning ng me
message

I
at
• Syntax:

w
<Class Name> set
<Class_Name> et <instvar>
<<in <value>

er
Te
• E.G., y
a
ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 40
Pr
 ul
ak
Reference to TclObjects
ject

iy
ar
I ss
C++ O
OTcl

at
Base class TclObjectt SplitObject

w
Variable name g (e.g.
String (e.g.,
( g , tcp)
p) Stringg (e.g.,
( g , tcp)
p)

er
Reference value Hexadecimal:
exadecim Decimal string:
x al
au
0x<value> _oTe
o<value>
au
by
Example 0xd6f9c0
0xd _o10
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 41
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Outline

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ss
• NS2 C++/OTcl Architecture
e

I
• Environment binding:

at
– Class Tcl

w
er
– Class TclCommand

Te
• Component binding:
ding:
– Cl
Class TclClass,
T lClass,
by
– Class TclObject,
Obbject and
ed

– Class
Cl InstVar
InstV
V
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 42
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III. Class InstVarr

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• Recall: Variable binding
– bind (“<ovar>”,&<cvar>); ty
typee=( regular,integer,real )

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– _
bind_bw ((“<ovar>”,&<cvar>);
, ) type
yp = ( bandwidth )

at
– bind_time (“<ovar>”,&<cvar>); typ
type = ( time )
– bind_bool (“<ovar>”,&<cvar>); type = ( )

w
boolean
• What are the difference? Î Make
Mak it easier for

er
manipulation
l in the
h OTcll

Te
• Derived class
– Real C
Classs InstVarReal
I
– Integer Cla
Class InstVarInt
by
– Boolean Cla
Class InstVarBool
– Bandwidth Class InstVarBandwidth
ed

– Ti
Time Cl
Class I
InstVarTime
V Ti
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 43
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Class InstVar

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• Real and Integer

I
– e<x> Ùx 10<x>

at
rw
– E.G.,

ee
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 44
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Class InstVar

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• Bandwidth = Integer + Unit

ss
• Unit:

I
at
– “k” or “K” = 103

w
– “m” or “M” = 106

er
– b = bi
bits; B = B
Bytes
es
• E.G.,
Te
e
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 45
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Class InstVar

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• Time = Real + Unit

I
• Unit:

at
– “m” = 10-3

w
er
n = 10-99
– “n”

Te
– “p” = 10-12
• E.G.,
EG
by
e
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ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 46
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Class InstVar

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• Boolean = {True or False}

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• See the first Letter only

I
• True (nonzero or T)/ False(0
alse(0
se(0 or F)

at
w
er
Te
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ep

Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 47
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Summary
y

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• NS2 = C++ with input file

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• Execute statements and/orr receive/pass
rece

ss
results

I
at
– From
F C++:
C Invoke
k [TTcl::eval(…)
l l( ) ],
]
Pass/Receive
eceive [ Tcl::result(…) ]

w
er
– From OTcl: [ TclCommand
Comm
omm ]
],
[ TclObject::command(…)
TclObj ]
• Binding/Shadowing
ow
w ng Te
by
– Class name:e: ( Tc
TclClass )
– Objects:
j (TTclObject
j )
ed

– Class vari
variables: ( InstVar )
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 48
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Related files

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• ~/ns/common/misc.cc
/ s/ mm /mis

ss
• ~/tclcl/tcl-object.tcl

I
at
• ~/ns/tcl/lib/ns-default.tcl
.tcl

w
er
Te
by
ed
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Textbook: Issariyakul and E. Hossain, Introduction to Network Simulator NS2, Springer 2008.
k: T. Issariyaku 49
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