THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ADVANCED SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY

REPORT
TEAM 3

Supervisor:

Da Nang, 2024
Objectives
At the end this lab, you will be able to:

Parts for This Lab

Separate and identify the following from your parts kit:

• Breadboard
• Jumper Wire Kit
• Mystery Resistor, glass, yellow marking "MIS60G 8251F T1
1%"
• Various 1/4 W 5% resistors, marked with color code
• 0.1 μ Farad Ceramic Disc Capacitor (optional procedure)
• 100mH Inductor (optional procedure)
• 1000  potentiometer (1/4 Watt)
• Potentiometer adjustment tool
• 9 V battery and connector
• 1.5 V battery and connector
+ +

+ +
 Figure 1 - Breadboard connectivity diagram
The breadboard (Figure 1) is typically a white piece of plastic with
lots of tiny little holes in it. You stick wires and component leads
into the holes to make circuits. Some of the holes are already
electrically connected with each other. The holes are 0.1 inch apart,
which is the standard spacing for leads on integrated circuit dual in-
line packages. You will verify the breadboard internal connections
in this lab.

Breadboards are sometimes supplied with an adhesive back and a

separate metal backing plate. Go ahead and stick the plate onto the
back of the breadboard - it will act as a ground plane and cut down
on stray circuit noise. Noise is NOT a problem in EE 215 labs, but
may be important when you use the breadboard in later courses.

Figure 2 - Jumper Wire Kit with breadboard

The arrowed green lines in Figure 1 show how the holes are
connected internally in the breadboard. Note how all of the holes in
one outer row (with polarity mark + or – and with a red or blue
line) are connected together. The + rows are typically connected to
the positive terminal of a battery or power supply. The – rows are
typically connected to the negative terminal. Thus the rows act as
power supply buses, running the length of the breadboard. The
central section of the breadboard is split into two. Each half
consists of 63 columns of 5 holes. The 5 holes in each of these
columns are connected together. The gap between each set of 63
columns allows a Dual Inline Package (DIP) integrated circuit to be
used on the breadboard without its opposing pins being connected
together.

The jumper wire kit (Figure 2) contains assorted lengths of pre-

stripped wire. (Stripping means removing the insulation from an
end of a wire.) Working with pre-cut and pre-stripped wire is much
easier than cutting and stripping your own wire. The wire lengths
are color-coded using the same colors as the resistor color code. For
example a short yellow jumper wire will connect two holes that are
four holes apart. Similarly a long orange jumper wire will connect
two holes that are thirty holes apart.

Figure 3 - Various resistors. Larger resistors have higher power

ratings. The resistor circuit symbol is shown on the right.

Resistors (Figure 3) are the small, usually light brown tubular

things with wires (leads) sticking out of each end and four colored
rings on the body. The colored rings correspond to the resistor's
value. Use the resistor color code guide supplied in the lab kit to
determine a resistor value.
Figure 4 - Different types of capacitors. Ceramic disk capacitors are
on the right in the photograph.
The capacitor circuit symbol is on the right of the figure.
The ceramic disc capacitor is the light brown circular component
with two wires. It is marked in black with the numbers “104”.
These numbers represent its value in pico (1x10-12 ) Farads, pF.
The third number, 4, represents the number of zeroes, so 104 is
equal to 10 x 104 x 10-12 Farads or 0.1 x 10-6 Farads or 0.1 micro
Farads (0.1 μF, sometimes written uF). There are several different
types of capacitors, each with its own characteristic shape. Some
different types are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 5 -
Potentiometers. On the left in the picture is a typical knob-operated
potentiometer, found on volume controls. In the center are two
multi-turn potentiometers. On the right is a one-turn potentiometer.
On the right side of the page is the potentiometer circuit symbol.
It's a continuously variable voltage divider.
The 1000  potentiometer (sometimes called a "pot") (Figure 5) is
the rectangular or cubic blue device. It is a variable resistor that can
be adjusted with a small screwdriver or adjustment tool (supplied in
lab kit). There are two different types of pot in the lab kit. The
rectangular one requires 15 – 20 turns to go from zero resistance to
maximum. The cubic one requires only about ¾ of a turn.
Figure 6 - Types of inductors. The LJ 410 is second from the left.
On the right is the inductor circuit symbol.

The 100 mH inductor (Figure 6) is the blue cylindrical device with

two wires. It is marked in black with LJ 410. Inside the blue plastic
case is a coil of enameled copper wire. Real (non-ideal) inductors
typically have a resistance of several ohms, as well as an ideal
inductance.

The 9V battery connector is the black plastic cap with two snaps
mounted on it and a couple of wires coming out of its side. The
snaps fit with the snaps on the top of the 9V battery. The red wire is
from the positive terminal of the battery, the black from the
negative terminal. The 1.5 V battery connector is a black plastic
case.

EE 215 - Laboratory 1 - Introduction to Circuit

Analysis

Procedure 1

a
b
c
d
e
f
Figure P1-1 - Partial breadboard

a) Resistance between two holes in row 5 of connected

holes:
R = 1.012Ω
Resistance between two holes of opposite ends of long
side row:
R = 1.101Ω
b) The resistance between two unconnected holes is
very large, and the multimeter reads infinity value (0
MΩ).
c) It will not make any difference which probe goes in
which hole.

Procedure 2

a) Circuit schematic diagram

b) The measured voltage v across RM: v1 = 1.58 V

c)
The measured current i across RM: i1 = 0.285mA

d) vs = 9V
+ The measured voltage v across RM: v2 = 9.05 V
+ The measured current i across RM: i2 = 1.64mA

e) vs = 9V + 1.5V = 10.5V
+ The measured voltage v across RM: v3 = 10.59 V
+ The measured current i across RM: i3 = 1.9
 f) The graph of measured values above:

Chart Title
10.59
9.05

1.58 1.64 1.9

0.285
1 2 3

Voltage (V) Current (mA)

g) The resistance calculated by Ohm’s Law for each set:

+ Set 1: RM (c) = 𝑣1 = 5544Ω

𝑖1

+ Set 2: RM (c) = 𝑣2 = 5518Ω

𝑖2
+ Set 3: RM (c) = 𝑣3 = 5545Ω
𝑖3

h) The measured value of RM: RM (m) = 5535Ω

i) Theerror between the average of the calculated

value and measured value:

Procedure 3

a)Circuit schematic diagram

 Applying voltage divider:

v30k attains maximum value when R10k min, R30k max:

v30k attains minimum value when R10k max, R30k min:

The range of voltage between R30k with resistors

tolerances:
v30k 𝜖 [6.577; 6.915] V
b) Measurement
 + The measured source voltage: vs (m) = 9.036 V
+ The measured value of R30k: R30k (m) = 29.657kΩ
+ The measured value of R10k: R10k (m) = 9.817kΩ
c)Applying voltage divider:
 The computed value v30k (c) is still within the
range of calculated value in part b.
d)The measured voltage across R30k:
v30k (m) = 6.803 V
*Comment: The measured value is a little bit smaller
than the computed value in part d leading to very
small error.

Procedure 4: Current divider

a)

b) Applying Ohm’s Law:

vs
i 300= = 30 (mA)
R 300

vs
i1 k= = 9 (mA)
R1k
 i = i + i = 39 (mA)
300 1k

When i max and i min, i gain maximum value :

1k 300

1 1
i max= v s (i + = 42 (mA)
1 k (max) i300(min)

When i min and i max, i gain minimum value :

1k 300

1 1
i min= v s (i + = 34 (mA)
1 k (min) i300(max )

The range of the current i with resistor tolerance:

i  [34,42] (mA)
c)
- The measured source voltage : v s( M ) = 9,012(m)
- The measured value of 300 Ω resistor: R300( M )=300,103(Ω)

- The measured value of 1k Ω resistor : R1 k (M )

=1000,085(Ω)
d) Applying Ohm law:
v s( M )
i 300(C)= = 30.030 (mA)
R 300(M )

v s (M )
i 1 k(C)= = 9.011 (mA)
R 1 k(M )

I(C) = i 300(C) +i 1 k(C) = 39.041 (mA)

The computed value I(C) is still within the range of calculated
value in part b.
e)
- The measured value of i : i 300 300(M ) = 30,105 (mA)
- The measured value of i : i 1k 1 k(M ) = 9.056 (mA)
- The measured current leaving source : I(M)= 39.161 (mA)
f)
*The power dissipated in each resistor:
-P =i300 300(M ) . v = 0.271 (W)
s( M )

-P =i1k . v = 0.081 (W)

1 k(M ) s( M )

The resistor is little bit hot because it transformed electrical

energy to heat but it was not too hot since the power are still
smaller than their theoretical values.

EE 215 - Laboratory 2 - Nodal Analysis and

Thévenin Equivalents

Objectives
At the end of this lab, you will be able to:
• Construct, analyze and measure multiple-source circuits
• Model transistors as dependent sources, and confirm the model
with measurements
• Develop Thévenin equivalent models of real world
components (a potato battery!)
• Design an experiment to determine a Thévenin equivalent
model (of a diode)
Parts for This Lab
• Copper and tin (galvanized) nails
• Red Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT), NPN, 2N3904

Procedure 1 (25 points) Node and Mesh Analysis, Thévenin

Equivalent
a) Calculate the voltage v across the 22 kΩ resistor using
node voltage analysis.
V −9 V V −1.5
8.2+10
+ 22∗10
3+
10∗10
3 =0

→V = 3.216 (V)
b) Calculate the current I through the 22 kΩ resistor using
mesh current analysis.
V 3.1448
I = 22∗10 = 22∗10 = 0.146 (mA)
−3 −3

c) Measure the voltage v across the 22 kΩ resistor. Measure

the current i through the 22 kΩ resistor. Are these values
consistent with your calculations in parts a and b?
Explain any differences. (Remember to return your meter
to voltage measurement or off as soon as you have
completed the current measurement.)

V measured = 3,1963 (V)

I measured = 0.162 (mA)

The calculated and measured values are quite close, but

there is a slight difference:
- Voltage difference = 0.0515 (V)
- Current difference = 0.04 (mA)
This can cause by resistors and other components have
manufacturing tolerances (often ±1%, ±5%, or more),
meaning their actual values may slightly differ from the
nominal values used in calculations.
d) Compute the values of the Thévenin equivalent seen by
the 22 kΩ resistor using circuit analysis techniques.
Draw the equivalent circuit and list the values.

- Applying source transformation technique

( 10 k +8.2 k )∗10 k
R =
10 k + 8.2 k +10 k = 6.454 (kΩ)
eq
 - Applying KCL
9−V V −1.5
a
10 k +8.2 k
-a
10 k
=0
→ Va = 4.159 (V)

- Equivalent circuit

e) Remove the 22 kΩ resistor from the circuit you built and

measure the open circuit voltage v. Replace the 22 kΩ
resistor with a short circuit (your multimeter set on
current works nicely) and measure the short circuit
current i. Use these values to compute a Thévenin
equivalent. Compare to the Thévenin equivalent from
part e.

- The measured voltage between two terminals of the

removed 22 kΩ resistor:
 V th =4.125 (V)

- The measured current between two terminals of

the removed 22 kΩ resistor:

i th =0.625 ( mA )

V th
→R = th
i th = 6.6 (kΩ)

The resistor difference = 6.6 - 6.454 = 0.146 (kΩ)

The difference occurs due to the resistor’s tolerance

and
The accuracy of the measuring device also directly
affects the result.

Procedure 2 (25 points) Thévenin Equivalents as Models

a) Connect a 100 Ω resistor and the 1.5 V AA battery as
shown in Figure P2-1. Measure the open circuit voltage
and the short circuit current at the circuit terminals,
marked a and b in Figure P21. Do NOT short circuit the
battery all by itself, i.e. always have the 100 Ω resistor in
the circuit. If you like, you can find current by measuring
the voltage across the resistor and applying Ohm's Law.
This is a safer way of measuring current than using an
ammeter. If you do this, consider whether you should use
the nominal or measured value of the resistance.
 - The measured voltage :
V = 1.52 (V)
m

- The measured current :

I = 0.015 (mA)
m

b) Using the measurements made in part a, calculate the

Thévenin Equivalent circuit for the battery and series
resistor taken together. Then calculate the internal
resistance of the battery. Draw the Thévenin Equivalent
of the battery, only. Label values

- The Thevenin equivalent resistance:

Vm
Rth = Im = 101.3 (Ω)
- Internal resistance of the source:
R = R - 100 = 1.3 (Ω)
s th
Procedure 4 (25 points) Experiment Design

a) Write an experimental procedure to determine a Thévenin

equivalent model for an LED that is in the On (light-emitting)
state. Include a circuit diagram and the steps of your
procedure.

Circuit Diagram:

Step of the Procedure

1. Connect the LED in series with a resistor (R) on a

breadboard.
 2. The anode of the LED connects to the positive terminal of
the power supply, and the cathode connects to one terminal
of the resistor.
3. The other terminal of the resistor connects to the negative
terminal of the power supply.
4. Set the power supply to a low voltage and ensure the LED
is in on.
5. Gradually increase the power supply voltage in small
increments, use the multimeter to measure V(LED) and
I(LED).

Calculate the resistance Rth

VLED
Rth = ILED

EE 215 - Laboratory 4 - First Order Circuits

Objectives

At the end of this lab, you will be able to:

• Confirm the steady state model of capacitors and inductors

• Determine time constants from observed data

• Determine inductance from time response

• Use an op amp as a comparator

• Design time delay circuits using RC time constants

Parts for This Lab

The only new part used in this

lab is the Single Pole Double
Throw (SPDT) switch. Single
Pole means that

there is only one moving switch

arm. Double Throw means that the arm can connect to two
different nodes. Figure 1 shows the circuit symbol for an SPDT
switch.

The switch is a black rectangular slide switch with three prongs.

The prongs fit into breadboard holes. When the slide knob is at
one end of the switch, the center prong is connected to the
prong at that end, and the prong at the other end is unconnected
(an open circuit).

Procedure 1: RC Circuit
a) Compute the value of capacitor voltage vc if the switch is in
the down position (2) for a long time. Measure vc and compare
to your computed value. How long is "a long time" for this
circuit?

-When the switch is in the down position (2), the capacitor is

connected in parallel with the 20 kΩ resistor. This forms a
simple RC circuit.

-A "long time" for this circuit is approximately 100 s (5 time

constants), as this is the time required for the capacitor to reach
99.3% of its final value.
-Therefore, the value of the capacitor voltage Vc when the
switch is in the down position (2) for a long time is
VC = 9 (V).

b) Compute the value of vc if the switch is in the up position (1)

for a long time. Use the measured value of the battery voltage.
Measure vc and compare.

When the switch is in the up position (1), the capacitor is

disconnected from the circuit. Therefore, the voltage across the
capacitor will remain the same as it was when the switch was in
the down position (2).
Vc measured = 8.939 V.

c) Prepare to write down the value of vc every 15 seconds. This

is easiest using alligator clips and monitoring voltage
continuously. After the switch has been in the up position (1)
for a long time, switch it to the down position (2) and
simultaneously start timing. (For example, throw the switch
when the second hand on a watch is at zero seconds, or at the
 same time as the stopwatch feature on a digital watch is
started.) Record the value of vc every 15 seconds for three
minutes. Graph the voltage values. Characterize the graph - is
it linear, quadratic, or exponential? Determine the circuit time
constant from the graph. Calculate the ideal time constant
using nominal component values. Find the % error between
the ideal and measured values.

Time 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

Vc 9.89 6 3.7 2.3 1.45 0.9 0.59 0.3 0.25 0.17 0.1 0.08 0.05

Graph
 Ideal time constant

τ = RC = 20 seconds.

Circuit time constant from the group at t= 60s:

⇒T
−t
V(t) = V o eT de ≈ 24.43s

% Error = | T id |
T de−T id
=¿ |(24.43 s - 20 s) / 20 s| × 100%

= 22.15%

d) After the switch has been in the down position (2) for a long
time, switch it to the up position (1) and record a value of vc
every 15 seconds for three minutes. Graph the voltage values.
Characterize the graph - is it linear, quadratic, or exponential?
 Determine the circuit time constant from the graph. Calculate
the ideal time constant using nominal component values. Find
the % error between the ideal and measured values.

Time 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180

Vc 8.1 3.58 5.54 6.8 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.58 8.74 8.81 8.86 8.9 9.92

Ideal time constant

τ = RC = 20 seconds.

Circuit time constant from the group at t= 60s:

(1-e ) ⇒ t(de) ≈ 19.34s

−t
V(t) = Vo T
 |
% Error = T id |
T de−T id
=¿ |(19.34s - 20 s) / 20 s| × 100%

= 3.