PMT

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Paper 2 Mark scheme

Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
1 C 1
2 C 1
3 D 1
4 A 1
5 C 1
6 B 1
7 A 1
8 C 1
9 C 1
10 D 1
(Total for Multiple Choice Questions = 10 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number

11 (a) • The energy equivalent to the mass deficit (1)

• When nucleons bind together to form an atomic nucleus (1)
2
11 (b) • Calculation of mass difference in kg (1) Example of calculation:
• Use of E = c2 Δm (1)
• E = 2.77 × 10-11 J (1) (235.0439 + 1.008665) u – (140.9144 +
91.9262+ (3×1.008665)) u = 0.186u
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(0.1860 u × 1.66 × 10-27 kg) × (3 × 108 m s-1)2 =

2.77 × 10-11 J 3

(Total for Question 11 = 5 marks)

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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
12 (a) • Use of L = λ/2 (1) Example of calculation:
• Use of v = fλ (1)
• f = 180 Hz (1) λ = 2 × 0.45 m = 0.90 m
f = v/λ = 160 m s-1/0.9 m = 178 Hz 3
12 (b) An explanation that makes reference to:

Either
• The oscillating frame causes the lead spheres to deform
plastically (1)
• And this removes energy from the oscillating frame (1)
• So the amplitude of oscillations decrease with time as
shown by the graph (1)

OR
• Spheres collide/vibrate (1)
• Hence energy dissipated (1)
• So the amplitude of oscillations decrease with time as
shown by the graph (1) 3

(Total for Question 12 = 6 marks)

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Question
!%

Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark

number
13 * Guidance on how the mark scheme should be
This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent
applied:
and logically structured answer with linkages and fully-
sustained reasoning. The mark for indicative content should be added to
the mark for lines of reasoning. For example, an
Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the answer with five indicative marking points which is
answer is structured and shows lines of reasoning.
partially structured with some linkages and lines of
The following table shows how the marks should be awarded reasoning scores 4 marks (3 marks for indicative
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for indicative content. content and 1 mark for partial structure and some
linkages and lines of reasoning).
Number of Number of If there are no linkages between points, the same five
indicative marks awarded indicative marking points would yield an overall
marking for indicative score of 3 marks (3 marks for indicative content and
points seen in marking points
no marks for linkages).
answer
6 4
5–4 3
3–2 2
1 1
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0 0
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Question
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Additional guidance Mark

number
13* The following table shows how the marks should be awarded
(continued) for structure and lines of reasoning.

Number of marks awarded

for structure of answer and
sustained line of reasoning
Answer shows a 2
coherent and logical
structure with
linkages and fully
sustained lines of
reasoning
demonstrated
throughout
Answer is partially 1
structured with some
linkages and lines of
reasoning

Answer has no 0
linkages between
points and is
unstructured
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
13* Indicative content ●
(continued)
• Sound waves incident upon surfaces within the concert hall
will be reflected.

• Some frequencies will arrive from different directions with a

phase difference of (any odd multiple of) π radians (1) OR
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path difference is odd number of half wavelengths

• Destructive superposition/interference will occur, causing

the waves with those frequencies to be quieter than others.

• Other frequencies arrive with a phase difference of zero or

(any multiple of) 2π radians (1) OR a whole number of
wavelengths

• Constructive superposition/interference will occur, causing

waves with those frequencies to be louder than others.
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• Problem arises due to reflections from walls, so use

absorbing material on surfaces to reduce reflections.
6
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
13* Alternative approach based on standing waves:
(continued)
• Sound waves incident upon surfaces within the concert hall
will be reflected.

• Reflections from walls set up standing waves (in room)

• Nodes and antinodes are formed for certain frequencies of

sound

• Nodes are areas of zero/low amplitude so the frequencies of

those sound waves will be quieter than others

• Antinodes are areas of maximum amplitude so the

frequencies of these sound waves will be louder than others

• Problem arises due to reflections from walls, so use

absorbing material on surfaces to reduce reflections
(Total for Question 13 = 6 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
14 (a) • Use of n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2 (1) Example of calculation:
• c = 67° (1)
1.56 × sin c = 1.44 × sin90 o
• Determines the angle of incidence is 70° (1)
c = 67.4o
• so i > c so the ray does totally internally reflect (1)
4
Two construction rays from: Example of diagram:
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14 (b)(i)
• ray from tip of object parallel to principal axis drawn then
refracted through the focal point (1)
• ray drawn from tip of object through centre of lens (1)
• ray drawn from focal point through tip of object and then
refracted parallel to the principal axis (1)

And
• rays extended back to locate tip of image on the same side as the
object (1)
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3
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
14 (b)(ii) • Use of m = v/u (1) Example of calculation:
1 1 1
• Use of + = and substituting for v or u (1) v
u v f = −3.5 ∴ v = −3.5u
u
• u = 6.1 cm (1)
1 1 1 3.5 − 1 1
+ = ∴ =
u − 3.5u 8.5 3.5u 8.5
3.5u
∴ = 8.5
2.5
8.5 × 2.5
u= = 6.07 cm
3.5 3
(Total for Question 14 = 10 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
15 • Use of pV = NkT (1) Example of calculation:
• Conversion of temperature to Kelvin (1)
p1 p 2
• p = 95.4 kPa (1) =
T1 T2
• Calculation of excess pressure (1)
• Use of p = F/A (1) p2 = p1 ×
T2
= 102 × 10 3 Pa ×
(273 + 3.3)K
• F = 995 N (1) T1 (273 + 22.5)K
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• Sensible comment, e.g. this is a large force so could make the = 95.37 ×103 Pa
door hard to open (1) p = (102 95.37) kPa = 6.63 kPa
ΔF = AΔp = 0.15 m 2 × 6.63 × 10 3 Pa = 994.5 N
7
(Total for Question 15 = 7 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
16 • Use of F = k x (1) Example of calculation:
• k = 14.4 N m-1 (1)
k = mg/ x = 66× 10-3 kg × 9.81m s-2)/4.5 × 10-2 m =
14.4 N m-1
m
• Use of T = 2π (1)
k T = 2π(0.066/14.4.0)1/2 = 0.425 s
• Use of f = 1/T (1) f=1/T = 1/0.425 = 2.35 Hz

• f = 2.4 Hz (1)
5
(Total for Question 16 = 5 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
17 (a) An explanation that makes reference to:

• the temperature is constant when the puree boils because the

average kinetic energy of the molecules in the puree is constant.
(1)
• when boiling occurs, the thermal energy supplied increases the
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potential energy of the molecules causing the molecules to move

further apart (producing steam) (1) OR when boiling occurs, the
thermal energy supplied increases the potential energy of the
molecules breaking molecular bonds. (1)
2
17 (b) • Use of ΔE = mcΔθ with a temperature change of 80°C (1) Example of calculation:
• c = 3.94 ×10 J kg C (1)
3 −1 −1
Temperature rise = (101 – 21)°C
175000J = 0.444kg × c × (101 − 21)C
2
c = 3.94 ×10 3 J kg −1 C −1
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17 (c) • Use of ΔE = m L (1) Example of calculation:

• Convert peak voltage and current to r.m.s. values (230 V and ΔE =
mL =
0.225kg × 2.37 × 10 6 J kg −1 = 5.33 × 10 5 J
8.77 A) (1) OR use P=IpeakVpeak/2 (1)
• Use of E = VI t (1) V = 325 V/ 2 = 230 V and I = 12.4 A/ 2 = 8.77 A
• t = 264 s (1)
E 5.33 ×10 5 J
t= = = 264 s 4
VI 230 V × 8.75 A
(Total for Question 17 = 8 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
18 (a)*
This question assesses a student’s ability to show a coherent Guidance on how the mark scheme should be
and logically structured answer with linkages and fully- applied:
sustained reasoning.
Marks are awarded for indicative content and for how the
answer is structured and shows lines of reasoning. The mark for indicative content should be added to
the mark for lines of reasoning. For example, an
The following table shows how the marks should be awarded answer with five indicative marking points which is
for indicative content. partially structured with some linkages and lines of
reasoning scores 4 marks (3 marks for indicative
Number of Number of content and 1 mark for partial structure and some
linkages and lines of reasoning).
indicative marks awarded
marking for indicative If there are no linkages between points, the same five
points seen in marking points indicative marking points would yield an overall
answer score of 3 marks (3 marks for indicative content and
6 4 no marks for linkages).
5–4 3
3–2 2
1 1
0 0

6
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18 (a)* The following table shows how the marks should be awarded
)%

(continued) for structure and lines of reasoning.

Number of marks
awarded for structure
of answer and
sustained line of
reasoning
Answer shows a coherent and 2
logical structure with linkages
and fully sustained lines of
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reasoning demonstrated
throughout
Answer is partially structured 1
with some linkages and lines of
reasoning

Answer has no linkages 0

between points and is
unstructured
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
18 (a)*
(continued) Indicative content

• a polarising filter restricts the (electric field) vibrations of the

(transverse) light wave to a single plane
• including the direction of propagation of the light
• the light incident on the filter must be plane polarised
• when the angle of rotation is a multiple of π rad (including zero),
the plane of polarisation of the incident light is perpendicular to
the transmission axis of the polarising filter hence the intensity
of the transmitted light is zero
• when the angle of rotation is an odd multiple of π/2 rad the plane
of polarisation of the incident light is the same as that of the
transmission axis of the polarising filter hence maximum light is
transmitted
• the intensity of the transmitted light varies from a minimum to a
maximum as the angle of rotation varies as shown by the graph
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
18 (a)* Alternative answer
(continued)
• a polarising filter restricts the (electric field) vibrations of the
(transverse) light wave to a single direction
• perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light
• the light incident on the filter is plane polarised
• when the angle of rotation is a multiple of π rad (including zero),
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the plane of polarisation of the incident light is perpendicular to

the transmission axis of the polarising filter hence the intensity
of the transmitted light is zero
• when the angle of rotation is an odd multiple of π/2 rad the plane
of polarisation of the incident light is the same as that of the
transmission axis of the polarising filter hence maximum light is
transmitted
• the intensity of the transmitted light varies from a minimum to a
maximum as the angle of rotation varies as shown by the graph
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18 (b) • Pass light through one lens of the glasses and view the light Allow full credit for a suitably annotated diagram.
through the lens of the second pair of glasses. Rotate one pair of
glasses through 90° (1)
• If the light intensity varies then the glasses use polarising filters
(1) 2
(Total for Question 18 = 8 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
19 (a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to:
• quantisation of energy is the idea that energy is emitted/radiated
in discrete packets/photons (1)
• each photon has an energy which is related to frequency OR
2
suitable reference to E = hf (1)
19 (a)(ii) • Model A is successful at long wavelengths because the curve for
model A follows the experimental curve (1)
• But model A breaks down for short wavelengths, since it
suggests that the intensity tends to infinity as the wavelength
gets shorter (1)
• Model B is successful for short wavelengths because curve B
follows the experimental curve (1)
• But model B indicates higher than expected intensities at larger
wavelengths (1) 4
19 (b) • Use of c=fλ and E=hf (1) Example of calculation:

• Converts eV to J (1) hc 6.63 ×10 −34 J s × 3 ×10 8 m s −1

E= = −7
= 7.831×10 −19 J
λ 2.54 ×10 m
• Use of E = W + KEmax (1)
Work function = 6.51 10-19 J
• KEmax = 1.3 10-19 J (1)
=E W + KE max
KEmax = 7.83 × 10 -19 J − 6.51× 10 - 19J = 1.32 × 10 -19 J
4
(Total for Question 19 = 10 marks)
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
20 (a) • The wavelength change is bigger the further away the galaxies
are (1)
• The further away galaxies are the faster they are moving, so all
distant galaxies are moving away from each other (and the
universe is expanding) (1)
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• There is a large amount of scatter in Hubble’s original data set.

(1)
• The original data set covers a very small range of distances [only
the closest galaxies considered] (1)
• Hence, on the basis of the original data, the conclusion drawn by
Hubble was quite speculative (1)

5
20 (b) • Use of λmaxT = 2.9 × 10 −3 (1) Example of calculation:
• T = 5800 K [accept 5780 K and 6000 K] (1)
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2.9 × 10 -3 mK
• Use of L = 4πr 2σT 4 (1) T= = 5780 K
5.02 × 10 -7 m
• r = 6.9×108 m (1)
3.85 × 10 26 W
r= = 6.91 × 10 8 m
4π × 5.67 × 10 Wm K × (5800K )
−8 −2 −4 4

4
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Question
Acceptable answers Additional guidance Mark
Number
20 (c)(i) • 8 alpha decays reduce the proton number by 16 (1) Example of calculation:
• proton number decreases by only 10, so there must be 6 decays
82 Pb + 8× 2 α + N × −1 β
238 −
(1) 92 U→ 206 4 0

OR 92 = 82 + (8×2) – N
• balanced equation written for overall decay (1) 92 = 82 + 16 – N
• explicit solution to give 6 β- decays (1) N = 98 - 92 = 6

Proof must be given to obtain these marks. 2

20 (c)(ii) • use of λ t1 / 2 = ln 2 (1) Example of calculation:
• use of
0.693
N = N 0 e − λ t (1) λ==
9.24 × 10 −6 y −1
75000
• N/N0 = 0.1 (1) ⎛ N⎞
• t = 2.5 × 105 years (1) λ t = − ln⎜⎜⎟⎟
⎝ N 0
⎠
− ln(0.1)
∴t = − 6 −1
= 2.49 × 10 5 y
9.24 × 10 y 4
(Total for Question 20 = 15 marks)
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