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Module1(ML)

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18 views

Module1(ML)

Uploaded by

Shashank shekhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ML Concepts and Applications

Introduction to Machine Learning (ML); Feature engineering; Learning Paradigm, Generalization of


hypothesis, VC Dimension, PAC learning, Applications of ML.

Here’s a concise explanation of the topics you've mentioned:

1. Introduction to Machine Learning (ML)

Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that focuses on building systems capable of
learning from data and improving their performance over time without explicit programming. The core
idea is to create algorithms that identify patterns in data and make predictions or decisions.

Key Types of ML:

Supervised Learning: Learning from labeled data (e.g., classification, regression).


Unsupervised Learning: Learning from unlabeled data to identify structure (e.g., clustering,
dimensionality reduction).
Reinforcement Learning: Learning through trial and error, optimizing actions to maximize a
reward.

2. Feature Engineering

Feature engineering involves selecting, transforming, and creating input variables (features) to improve
the performance of machine learning models.

Feature Selection: Choosing the most relevant features.


Feature Transformation: Applying techniques like scaling, encoding categorical data, or
normalizing.
Feature Creation: Combining existing features or generating new ones to better represent the
problem.

Example: For a housing price prediction model, creating a new feature like "price per square foot" from
"price" and "area."

3. Learning Paradigms

Refers to the frameworks or strategies used in ML:

Instance-based learning: Memorizes training examples and uses similarity measures (e.g., k-
Nearest Neighbors).
Model-based learning: Builds a generalization or function that maps input to output (e.g., linear
regression, neural networks).

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4. Generalization of Hypothesis

Generalization is the ability of a model to perform well on unseen data, not just the data it was trained
on. It measures how well the model captures the underlying pattern rather than memorizing data. A
poorly generalized model suffers from:

Overfitting: High accuracy on training data, poor on test data.


Underfitting: Poor accuracy on both training and test data.

5. VC Dimension (Vapnik–Chervonenkis Dimension)

A measure of the capacity or complexity of a hypothesis space in terms of the largest set of points it can
shatter (i.e., classify correctly under all possible labeling scenarios).

High VC Dimension: Model is more complex, can overfit.


Low VC Dimension: Model is simpler, may underfit.
It is used to evaluate the expressiveness and generalization ability of a model.

6. PAC Learning (Probably Approximately Correct Learning)

A framework to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of learning algorithms.

A concept is PAC learnable if, with high probability, the algorithm can produce a hypothesis that is
approximately correct (close to true) within a given margin of error.
Focuses on how much data is needed and how efficiently a model learns.

7. Applications of ML

Healthcare: Diagnosing diseases, personalized medicine.


Finance: Fraud detection, stock price prediction.
Retail: Recommendation systems, inventory optimization.
Autonomous Vehicles: Path planning, object detection.
Natural Language Processing: Chatbots, translation.
Computer Vision: Image recognition, face detection.

Would you like a deeper explanation or examples for any of these topics?

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