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Module2(ML)

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Shashank shekhar
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21 views

Module2(ML)

Uploaded by

Shashank shekhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Feature Selection and ANN

Feature selection Mechanisms, Imbalanced data, Outlier detection- Artificial neural networks
including
backpropagation- Applications give me a little bit detailed explanation of these topics

Here’s a detailed explanation of the requested topics:

1. Feature Selection Mechanisms

Feature selection involves choosing the most relevant features (or variables) for building a predictive
model. It's crucial for reducing model complexity, improving performance, and avoiding overfitting.

Types of Feature Selection Methods:

Filter Methods:
Use statistical tests to select features independent of the machine learning model.
Examples: Pearson correlation, Chi-square test, Mutual Information.
Wrapper Methods:
Evaluate subsets of features using a specific machine learning algorithm.
Examples: Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Forward Selection, Backward Elimination.
Embedded Methods:
Feature selection is part of the model training process.
Examples: LASSO (L1 Regularization), Tree-based methods (e.g., feature importance in
Random Forest).

Applications:

Reduces dimensionality for faster computations.


Removes irrelevant/noisy features for better model interpretability.
Improves predictive performance by focusing on important features.

2. Imbalanced Data

Imbalanced data refers to datasets where the classes are not represented equally, e.g., 95% of one class
and 5% of another. This is common in real-world applications like fraud detection, medical diagnosis, or
churn prediction.

Challenges:

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Standard metrics like accuracy can be misleading (e.g., always predicting the majority class may
yield high accuracy but fail to identify minority cases).

Handling Techniques:

Data-Level Methods:
Oversampling: Increase minority samples using techniques like SMOTE (Synthetic Minority
Oversampling Technique).
Undersampling: Reduce majority class samples.
Hybrid Sampling: Combine oversampling and undersampling.
Algorithm-Level Methods:
Modify algorithms to handle imbalanced data.
Examples: Cost-sensitive learning, ensemble methods like Random Forest with balanced
weights.
Evaluation Metrics:
Use metrics like Precision, Recall, F1-Score, ROC-AUC, or PR curves to evaluate performance.

3. Outlier Detection

Outliers are data points significantly different from others. They can arise due to variability in the data or
errors during data collection.

Techniques for Outlier Detection:

Statistical Methods:
Z-score: Measures how far a data point is from the mean.
IQR (Interquartile Range): Data points outside 1.5 × IQR are considered outliers.
Machine Learning Approaches:
Clustering methods (e.g., DBSCAN, K-means with distance thresholds).
Isolation Forest: Detects anomalies by isolating instances.
Visualization Tools:
Box plots, scatter plots, and histograms.

Applications:

Fraud detection, network security, quality control, financial analysis.

4. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

Structure:

ANNs are computational models inspired by the human brain.


Components:
Input Layer: Receives input features.
Hidden Layers: Perform computations using weights and biases.
Output Layer: Provides the final prediction or classification.

Backpropagation:

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A key algorithm for training ANNs.
Steps:
1. Forward pass: Compute output and loss.
2. Backward pass: Calculate gradients using the chain rule.
3. Update weights using Gradient Descent or its variants (e.g., Adam).

Activation Functions:

Sigmoid, ReLU, Tanh, Softmax.

5. Applications of ANNs

ANNs have a wide range of applications due to their ability to model complex patterns and relationships
in data.

Examples:

Computer Vision: Image recognition, object detection, and face recognition.


Natural Language Processing (NLP): Sentiment analysis, language translation, chatbots.
Healthcare: Predicting diseases, drug discovery, medical imaging.
Finance: Fraud detection, algorithmic trading, credit scoring.
Autonomous Systems: Self-driving cars, robotics.

If you'd like, I can dive deeper into any specific section!

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