Introduction

 Microprocessor is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) etched on a

single chip. A single Integrated Circuit (IC) has all the
functional components of a CPU namely Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), Control Unit and registers. The 8085 microprocessor is
an 8-bit processor that includes on its chip most of the logic
circuitry for performing computing tasks and for
communicating with peripherals.
 What about micro? • Micro is a new addition. – In the late
1960’s, processors were built using discrete elements. • These
devices performed the required operation, but were too large
and too slow. – In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented.
All of the components that made up the processor were now
placed on a single piece of silicon. The size became several
thousand times smaller and the speed became several hundred
times faster. The “Micro”Processor was born.
Definition of the Microprocessor:
The microprocessor is a programmable
device that takes in numbers, performs on
them arithmetic or logical operations
according to the program stored in memory
and then produces other numbers as a result.
Programmable device: The microprocessor can perform different
sets of operations on the data it receives depending on the sequence
of instructions supplied in the given program. By changing the
program, the microprocessor manipulates the data in different
ways. –
Instructions: Each microprocessor is designed to execute a specific
group of operations. This group of operations is called an
instruction set. This instruction set defines what the microprocessor
can and cannot do.
Takes in: The data that the microprocessor manipulates must come
from somewhere. • It comes from what is called “input devices”. •
These are devices that bring data into the system from the outside
world. • These represent devices such as a keyboard, a mouse,
switches, and the like.
Numbers: The microprocessor has a very narrow view on life. It
only understands binary numbers. A binary digit is called a bit
(which comes from binary digit). The microprocessor recognizes
and processes a group of bits together. This group of bits is called a
“word”. The number of bits in a Microprocessor’s word, is a
measure of its “abilities”.
Arithmetic and Logic Operations:
Every microprocessor has arithmetic operations such as add and subtract as
part of its instruction set. – Most microprocessors will have operations such as
multiply and divide. – Some of the newer ones will have complex operations
such as square root. • In addition, microprocessors have logic operations as
well. Such as AND, OR, XOR, shift left, shift right, etc. • Again, the number
and types of operations define the microprocessor’s instruction set and
depends on the specific microprocessor.
Stored in memory : First, what is memory? – Memory is the location where
information is kept while not in current use. – Memory is a collection of
storage devices. Usually, each storage device holds one bit. Also, in most kinds
of memory, these storage devices are grouped into groups of 8. These 8 storage
locations can only be accessed together. So, one can only read or write in terms
of bytes to and form memory. – Memory is usually measured by the number of
bytes it can hold. It is measured in Kilos, Megas and lately Gigas. A Kilo in
computer language is 210 =1024. So, a KB (KiloByte) is 1024 bytes. Mega is
1024 Kilos and Giga is 1024 Mega.
When a program is entered into a computer, it is stored in memory. Then as
the microprocessor starts to execute the instructions, it brings the instructions
from memory one at a time. • Memory is also used to hold the data. – The
microprocessor reads (brings in) the data from memory when it needs it and
writes (stores) the results into memory when it is done.
 A Microprocessor-based system
 From the above description, we can draw the following block
diagram to represent a microprocessor-based system:
Machine Language
The number of bits that form the “word” of a microprocessor
is fixed for that particular processor. – These bits define a
maximum number of combinations.
For example an 8-bit microprocessor can have at most 28
= 256 different combinations.
However, in most microprocessors, not all of these
combinations are used. – Certain patterns are chosen and
assigned specific meanings. – Each of these patterns forms an
instruction for the microprocessor. – The complete set of
patterns makes up the microprocessor’s machine language.
 The 8085 Machine Language
The 8085 (from Intel) is an 8-bit microprocessor. – The 8085
uses a total of 246 bit patterns to form its instruction set. – These
246 patterns represent only 74 instructions. The reason for the
difference is that some (actually most) instructions have multiple
different formats. Because it is very difficult to enter the bit
patterns correctly, they are usually entered in hexadecimal
instead of binary. For example, the combination 0011 1100
which translates into “increment the number in the register called
the accumulator”, is usually entered as 3C.
00111100 translates to 3C in hexadecimal (OPCODE)
– Its mnemonic is: “INR A”.
– INR stands for “increment register” and A is short for
accumulator.
 Assembly Language
• It is important to remember that a machine language and its
associated assembly language are completely machine dependent. –
In other words, they are not transferable from one microprocessor to
a different one. • For example, Motorolla has an 8-bit
microprocessor called the 6800. – The 8085 machine language is
very different from that of the 6800. So is the assembly language. –
A program written for the 8085 cannot be executed on the 6800 and
vice versa. “Assembling” The Program • How does assembly
language get translated into machine language? – There are two
ways: – 1st there is “hand assembly”. • The programmer translates
each assembly language instruction into its equivalent hexadecimal
code (machine language). Then the hexadecimal code is entered into
memory. – The other possibility is a program called an
“assembler”, which does the translation automatically.
 Intel 8085 Microprocessor
• Microprocessor consists of:
– Control unit: control microprocessor operations.
– ALU: performs data processing function.
– Registers: provide storage internal to CPU.
– Interrupts
– Internal data bus
In addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the ALU includes
the accumulator, which is part of every arithmetic & logic
operation. • Also, the ALU includes a temporary register used
for holding data temporarily during the execution of the
operation. This temporary register is not accessible by the
programmer.
General Purpose Registers • B, C, D, E, H & L (8 bit registers) • Can
be used singly • Or can be used as 16 bit register pairs – BC, DE, HL •
H & L can be used as a data pointer (holds memory address)
Special Purpose Registers • Accumulator (8 bit register) – Store 8 bit
data – Store the result of an operation – Store 8 bit data during I/O
transfer
Flag Register 8 bit register – shows the status of the microprocessor
before/after an
operation
– S (sign flag), Z (zero flag), AC (auxillary carry flag), P (parity flag)
&
CY (carry flag)
– Sign Flag
• Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator
• The sign flag is set if negative (1 – negative)
• The sign flag is reset if positive (0 –positive)
 Introduction to 8085 Instructions
Since the 8085 is an 8-bit device it can have up to 28 (256) instructions. • However,
the 8085 only uses 246 combinations that represent a total of 74 instructions. –
Most of the instructions have more than one format.
– These instructions can be grouped into five different groups: • Data Transfer
Operations • Arithmetic Operations • Logic Operations • Branch Operations •
Machine Control Operations
Each instruction has two parts. – The first part is the task or operation to be
performed. • This part is called the “opcode” (operation code).
– The second part is the data to be operated on • Called the “operand”
These operations simply COPY the data from the
source to the destination.
– MOV, MVI, LDA, and STA
– They transfer:
• Data between registers.
• Data Byte to a register or memory location.
• Data between a memory location and a register.
• Data between an I\O Device and the accumulator.
– The data in the source is not changed.
 Features
8 bit microprocessor (8085 microprocessor can read or write or perform
arithmetic and logical operations on 8-bit data at time)
It has 8 data lines and 16 address lines hence capacity is 216 = 64 kB of memory
Cock frequency is 3 MHz
It requires +5V power supply.
It is a single chip NMOS device implemented with 6200 transistors.
It provides 74 instructions with five addressing modes.
It provides 5 hardware interrupt and 8 software interrupts.
Pin Configuration
 40 pins classified into 6 groups:
1. Data bus
2. Address bus
3. Control & status lines
4. Externally generated
5. Serial interface
6. Power supply & clock
1) Address Bus (A15-A8 and AD7-AD0):
The microprocessor 8085 has 16 bit address
lines from A15-A8 and AD7-AD0. These lines are
used to transfer 16 bit address of memory as well as
8-bit address of I/O ports.
2) Data Bus:
The lower 8 lines (AD7-AD0) are often called
as multiplexed data lines.
CONTROL LINES
 RD : Read: This is active low signal which indicates that the
selected I/O or memory device is to be read and also is
available on the data bus.
 WR : Write: This is active low signal which indicates that the
data on data bus are to be written into a selected memory
location.
 IO/ M : (Input / Output / Memory): This is used to select
either Input / Output devices or memory operation. When it is
high it indicates an I/O operation and when it is low, it
indicates a memory operation.
STATUS LINES
 Status Pins (S1, S0): The microprocessor 8085 has two status
pins as S1, S0 which is used to indicate the status of
microprocessor or operation which is performed by
microprocessor.
SPECIAL SIGNAL
 ALE (Address Latch Enable): The ALE signal is
used to enable or disable the external latch IC
(74373/8212).
 The external latch IC is used for the de-multiplexing
of AD7-AD0 lines, i.e., it is used to separate the
address and data from AD7-AD0 lines.
 If ALE = 1/0 then external latch IC is enabled /
disabled respectively.
 Architecture 0f 8085
8. Interrupt Control
1. ALU
9. Serial I/O Control
2. Timing and Control Unit
10. Address Bus
3. General Purpose
11. Data Bus
Registers
4. Program Status word
5. Program Counter
6. Stack Pointer
7. Instruction Register and
Decoder
PROGRAMMING MODEL OF 8085
REGISTERS
The Registers are of 8-bit & 16-bit size used for different
purposes
A- Accumulator – This is an special
purpose register. All the ALU operations are
performed with reference to the contents of
Accumulator.

B,C,D,E,H,L – General purpose registers.

These registers can also used for 16-bit
operations in pairs. The default
pairs are BC, DE & HL.
F – Flag register – This register indicates
the status of the ALU operation.

PC – Program Counter – This is a 16-bit

register used to address the memory
location from where an instruction is going
to be executed.
SP – Stack pointer - This is a 16-bit register
used to address the top of the stack memory
location.
Temporary register, W & Z – These registers
are only used by 8085 and are not available for
the programmer.
ALU – Arithmetic & Logic Unit
ALU of 8085 performs 8-bit arithmetic & logical
operations. The operations are generally performed
with Accumulator as one of the operands. The result
is saved in accumulator register.
Timing & Control Unit
This unit works as the brain of the CPU and
generates all the timing and control signals to
perform all the internal & external operations of the
CPU.
Instruction Decoder & Machine Cycle Encoder Unit
This unit decodes the op-code stored in the
Instruction Register (IR) and encodes it for the timing
& control unit to perform the execution of the
instruction.
The 8085 Bus Structure
The 8-bit 8085 CPU (or MPU – Micro Processing Unit) communicates with the
other units using a 16-bit address bus, an 8-bit data bus and a control bus.
 Over all structure

Chip Selection
A15- A10 Circuit

8085
CS
A15-A8

ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
Latch Memory
AD7-AD0 A7- A0 Chip

WR RD IO/M D7- D0
RD WR
 MPU Communication and Bus Timing

Figure 3: Moving data form memory to MPU using instruction MOV

C, A (code machine 4FH = 0100 1111)
 Instruction Set
 Broadly classified into two types:
 Based on word size:
 One word- Opcode only (CMA, ADD B)
 Two word- Opcode ,an operand (MVI A,32H)
 Three word- Opcode, operand, operand (LDA 4200, STA 4500)
 Based on function:
 Data transfer group (MOV A,B; MVI A,32H;MOV
C,4500)
 Arithmetic operations (ADD B, SBI 32H,INC D, DEC B)
 Logical operations (ANA B, ORI 05H, RLC, RAR)
 Branching operations (JUMP, JMP, JNZ, JC, CALL,
RETURN)
 Machine control instructions (HLT, NOP,EI,DI,SIM,RIM)
 Addressing Modes
 Immediate (MOV A,B ;ADD B; SUB E;ANA C)

 Register (MVI A,05H;LXI B, 20AEH; ADI 05H;ORI 07H)

 Direct (LDA 4500H;STA 7500H;IN 09H;OUT 70H)

 Indirect (MOV A, M;MOV M,A;ADD M;ORA M)

 Implied(implicit) (HLT; NOP;RST;RET)

 Timing diagrams
 The 8085 microprocessor has 7 basic machine cycle.
They are
1. Op-code Fetch cycle(4T or 6T).
2. Memory read cycle (3T)
3. Memory write cycle(3T)
4. I/O read cycle(3T)
5. I/O write cycle(3T)
6. Interrupt Acknowledge cycle(6T or 12T)
7. Bus idle cycle