UNIT-IV Industrial IoT: CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEM

Introduction to Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Architecture of CPS- Components, Data science and
technology for CPS, Emerging applications in CPS in different fields. Case study: Application of CPS in
health care domain.

Introduction to Cyber Physical Systems (CPS):

Cyber Physical system (CPS) is a new generation of digital systems, composed of computational and
physical capability that engages with humans like never before. It’s designed to act like a network of
multiple variables with both physical input and output – rather than standalone technology. This type of
concept is closely related to sensor networks, such as robotics, that function according to computational
intelligence. This ability to interact and communicate, by expanding the capabilities of the physical world
through computation, is a major step for future technology.
Cyber Physical System requires what is referred to as embedded systems – a combination of
transdisciplinary approaches, mechatronics, and design. Thus, Cyber Physical Systems represent a complex
combination between physical and computational elements, and can be found in a multitude of areas such as
manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, transportation, etc.

CPS can be found in various domains, including transportation,

manufacturing, healthcare, energy,and smart cities. They are designed to
improve efficiency, productivity, safety, and reliability inthese domains by
leveraging advanced technologies such as sensors, actuators, embedded
systems,communication networks, and data analytics.

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A cyber-physical system (CPS) or intelligent system is a computer system in
which a mechanism is controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms.
In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are deeply
intertwined, able to operate on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibit
multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interact with each other in
ways that change with context. CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches,
merging theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design and process science.The
process control is often referred to as embedded systems. In embedded
systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements, and
less on an intense link between the computational and physical elements.
CPS is also similar to the Internet of Things (IoT), sharing the same basic
architecture; nevertheless, CPS presents a higher combination and
coordination between physical and computational elements.
Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems,
medical monitoring, industrial control systems, robotics systems, and
automatic pilot avionics. Precursors of cyber-physical systems can be found
in areas as diverse as aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil
infrastructure, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, transportation,
entertainment, and consumer appliances.

Architecture of Cyber Physical System:

CPS is the integration of physical or mechanical system and network or
computations system. According to Liu et.al (Liu et al.,2011), there are four
main characteristics of CPS; physical system, information system, the product
of integration and

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 heterogeneous systems and requirement of security, real-time capability and
predictability. The physical system is a mechanical part such as actuator or
electromechanical system that is used in production
line or processing system.

Fig 5.1: Architecture of CPS

Information system is more on network, data storage, and memory management.

Meanwhile, heterogenous systems is the interaction controlling between physical and
network. External communication network is a common system. This external
communication system may disturb by a malicious cyber-attack. Requirement of security,
real-time capability and predictability is one of the important characteristics in CPS. It is
to avoid any issued occurred that caused the unpredictable system's behaviour
(Jamaludin et al., 2018). Figure 5.1 shows CPS basic architecture.

According to the above figure the physical system consist of physical sensing will
send an analogue signal to the cyber space. The analogue signal will be converted into
digital data. This data needs to be protected from malicious attack. Data encryption and
integration will be involved to protect the data credential, privacy and integrity. Cyber
space will control, stored and process the data. Control centre will send a control
command to the actuator network. This is a close-loop processes. Another important
characteristic in CPS is global reference time. Global reference time helps to make sure the
CPS performance are conductedin a synchronous or asynchronous. This will help to
ensure the data from physical system to actuator are send properly and accurately
through cyber world.

Prototypes of CPS:

Hitachi, Ltd. has developed a prototype Cyber Physical System (CPS) for supporting the
PDCA*1 cycle in facility operation geared toward a community-based shopping mall, which
is a starting point of community revitalization. The prototype presents effective operational
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methods through AI analysis after incorporating the following data into Digital Twin*2 in
cyberspace:

Sales data of each outlet based on POS System*3

Customer (human) flow data acquired from LiDAR sensor*4 Daily operational
strategy data Knowledge and views of site experts

This enables the shopping mall owner, site supervisors and tenant owners to devise
their own convincing operational methods which fit the status quo of each outlet, such as
customer base and geographical characteristics. Hitachi carried out a demonstration
experiment at nonowa Kunitachi, a shopping mall adjacent to JR Kunitachi Station and
operated by JR Chuo Line Community Design. The company confirmed that traditionally
incomprehensive purchase trends and effects of operational methods are quantifiable,
which has lead Hitachi to discover effective operational methods. Going forward, Hitachi
aims to put this CPS into practical use as a solution supporting operational methods
tailored to characteristics of domestic and global shopping malls. Hitachi is enthusiastic
about contributing to regional community revitalization.

Fig5.2: Prototyping of CPS

Applications of Cyber Physical System

: Networking Systems

Video-based sensing application which equipped camera in mobile phones used for
capture, send and receive real-time videos have been a popular platform for social
communication (Burke et al., 2006). In 2008, a group of researcher presented a network
architecture known as AnySense that facilitates the internet hosts in CPS and 3G mobile

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phones. (Xing et al., 2008). AnySense, integrates transcoding of video streams which is
open to 3G mobile service providers through the interface of internet and the 3G cellular
framework.
In 3G network video modelling, the Perceptual Evaluation of Video Quality (PEVQ) is an
important factor to consider and the key challenge in this video modelling is to remove the
impact of video encoders which affect the score for PEVQ. As a consequence, 3G networks
from various providers are not accessible to an encoder-dependent video quality model.
Optionally, without the dependency of encoding schemes, a video quality model can only
convey the effect of network transmission variables. To this end, Xing and his team
Researcher propose a new reference-based modelling approach that can effectively
minimize the effect of encoding on video quality quantification. AnySense's approach is by
associating the 3G networks of circuit-switched (CS) and the packet-switched (PS)
Internet. Figure 7 is the architecture of AnySense.CPU and radio are the significant
sources of power operating expenses on cyber-physical wireless networks. To deal with
this, intensively research to implement this practice have been done (Rhee et al., 2008) but
unfortunately bring to another challenge in embedded applications. Therefore, Darmawan
(Darmawan, 2019) described a method to utilize the energy consumption in wireless CPS
for real-time applications.
His work proves by implementing the radio sleep configuration for wireless sensor nodes
and computer execution modes could optimize the power consumption on a CPS device
system. Different schemes were proposed based on various wireless network topologies to
reduce the expenditure of energy through maintaining the timing limit and limit of
precedent. In practice, this technique is effective, though it's pseudo-polynomial algorithm.

Fig 5.3: Networking

Social Networking and Gaming:

The application of CPS technology in social networks and entertainment will bring about a
revolutionary effect. For example, computer games that integrate CPS improve upon the
virtual world that they create with added physical signals, such as those from sensing
devices. This configuration will enhance the users' engagement and provide a more
realistic experience. CenceMe is a technology order to facilitate information collected from
mobile sensors to be shared through social networks (Miluzzo et al., 2008). In order to do
this, CenceMe detects a single user's behaviour in various environments, after which a
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social network such as Facebook or Myspace will share the information received by the
user's sensors and actuators.
Various sensing element such as the GPS, camera, accelerometers, Bluetooth and
microphone were used in expanding the capabilities of mobile phone. However, the usage
of Bluetooth and GPS application serves a high number of energy usage. Therefore, power
conservation is an important driver to be considered in the implementation of the
CenceMe application. By carrying multiple sensors on the human body, also known as
body-sensor networks (BSN), the human motion could be captured. Data from the body
sensors are captured and transmitted in real-time. An idea of a CPS network whereby
users can practise traditional Chinese particular skill, Tai Chi, was discussed in a study in
2010 (F.-J. Wu et al., 2010).
By implementing the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), any group of people could make-up
Tai Chi exercises and lessons anywhere and anytime lead by a Tai Chi master. This
platform provides users to communicate by sharing conventional messages and images
and even some sensory signal across several interesting ways. Figure 5 illustrates the
architecture of this

virtual-physical Tai chi social network.

Fig 5.4: Social Networking

Wearable cyber physical systems and applications

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are collections of physical and computer components that
are integrated with each other to operate a process safely and efficiently. Examples of CPS
include industrial control systems, water systems, robotics systems, smart grid, etc.
CPSs are characterized by integration, across technologies, industrial domains, and the
life- cycle, and by “smartness.” CPS can be described using a corresponding set of
characteristics: technical emphasis, cross-cutting aspects, level of automation, and life-
cycle integration. “This requires three fundamental attributes to be present, also known as
the three Cs – communication, control and computing. Unless these three elements are
present you will not have a system where physical processes can affect computations and
vice versa.” Each includes smart networked systems with embedded sensors, processors
and actuators that sense and interact with the physical world and support real-time,
guaranteed performance in safety-
critical applications. Standards, protocols and test methods that support the discovery,
interoperability and composition of components used to build these cyber physical
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systems will promote innovation, improve economic viability at the same time allowing
systems to become more efficient and reduce resource-use.”

Medical cyber-physical systems (MCPS) are healthcare critical integration of a network of

medical devices. These systems are progressively used in hospitals to achieve a
continuous high-quality healthcare. Cyber-physical systems and medical CPS structure.
Enormous economic impairment occurs in the case of CPS malfunction which affects the
corresponding systems operation. The CPS has physical infrastructure requirements along
with networking models. The CPS becomes more complex, prevalent, personalized and
reliable.

Fig 5.5: Cyber Physical Systems Applications

Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) is a technology-based approach toward food

production. The aim of CEA is to provide protection and maintain optimal growing
conditions throughout the development of the crop. Production takes place within an
enclosed growing structure such as a greenhouse or building. Plants are often grown using
hydroponic methods in order to supply the proper amounts of water and nutrients to the
root zone. Because of this, CEA does not depend on arable land and food can be produced
in or near major population centers. CEA optimizes the use of resources such as water,
energy, space, capital and labor. CEA technologies include hydroponics, aquaculture, and
aquaponics.
The goal is to develop Smart Cyber-Physical Systems for Controlled-Environment
Agriculture, to optimize the food production quality, quantity and schedule in balance with
operational cost and resource usages. The features of such a system include, but not
limited to, the follows:
sense and control environmental parameters (such as temperature, humidity, carbon
dioxide, light) and soil properties (such as moisture, nutrient concentration and acidity)
monitor the crop health and provide expert advice and decision support for future actions
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minimize the energy cost of lighting, HVAC and irrigation systems with information from
electricity market pricing signals, renewable energy supply, and weather forecasts
implement the potential correlated benefits of including solar photovoltaic panels on
greenhouse structures in terms of energy production, internal shading benefits for both
cooling and heating seasons
optimize food production schedules by connecting with food supply chain and logistics
automate the seeding, phenotyping and harvesting processes for certain crops with
robotics and other intelligent tools
provide recommendation on optimized greenhouse design and operations based on local
weather conditions, food needs, and energy supply profiles

Fig 5.6: Cyber Physical Systems in Agriculture

Case Studies- Augmented Reality Virtual Reality Develop an AR VR application in unity

tool https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105195/

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 UNIT-V : Industrial IoT- Application Domains

Industrial IoT- Application Domains: Healthcare, Power Plants, Inventory Management &
Quality Control, Plant Safety and Security (Including AR and VR safety applications),
Facility Management.

Healthcare and Human computer interactions:

Health care is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention,
diagnosis, treatment, amelioration, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical
and mental impairments in people. Concerned with the design, evaluation and
implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of
major phenomena surrounding them multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design
of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and
computers. computer science and software engineering as well as ergonomics, graphic
and industrial design, sociology, anthropology and educational sciences.

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has four main components:

 the user
 Task
 tools / interface
 the context

Figure 2.15 Human Computer Interaction

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 Humans interact with computers through a user interface. This includes software,
such as what is displayed on the computer monitor, and hardware, such as the mouse,
keyboard and other peripheral devices. In a corporate or factory setting, a poor user
interface could have more severe consequences.

Next Generation Sensors

A sensor is a device that detects the change in the environment and responds to
some output on the other system. A sensor converts a physical phenomenon into a
measurable analog voltage (or sometimes a digital signal) converted into a human-
readable display or transmitted for reading or further processing. Sensors are used to
measure temperature, gauge distance, detect smoke, regulate pressure and a myriad of
other uses. Because analog signals are continuous, they can account for the slightest
change in the physical variable (such as temperature or pressure).

We live in a World of Sensors. You can find different types of Sensors in our
homes, offices, cars etc. working to make our lives easier by turning on the lights by
detecting our presence, adjusting the room temperature, detect smoke or fire, make us
delicious coffee, open garage doors as soon as our car is near the door and many other
tasks. All these and many other automation tasks are possible because of Sensors.

Figure 2.16 Next Generation Sensors

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Figure 2.17 Applications of sensors in smart world

Figure 2.17 Wearable sensors

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IIoT Healthcare Architecture

Benefits of IIoT in Healthcare

Monitor patient’s health condition remotely.
PACU.

Healthcare Applications

IIoT Based Electrocardiogram Monitor

Wireless ECG monitor.
lected by ECG sensors.

.
IIoT Based Glucose Level Monitor
Diabetes is metabolic disease, glucose level is high.

evelops continuous glucose monitoring devices.

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IIoT Based Blood Pressure Monitor

blood pressure.

s can be prescribed based on this.

IIoT Healthcare Technology

, WSN are part of IIoT based healthcare.

Remote Equipment Monitoring

In the healthcare sector, remote monitoring of medical equipment is a key

application of Industrial IoT. Sensors on medical devices provide real-time
data on their performance and status, allowing for timely maintenance and
preventing unexpected equipment failure.

Predictive Maintenance for Medical Devices

Similar to other industries, predictive maintenance is making a major impact

in healthcare. By monitoring the condition of medical devices, potential
failures can be predicted and prevented, ensuring uninterrupted patient care.

Safety and Compliance Tracking

Finally, Industrial IoT plays a crucial role in safety and compliance. Sensors
can monitor the environment in healthcare facilities, ensuring it meets safety
and regulatory standards. This helps in preventing health risks, ensuring
patient safety, and maintaining compliance with regulations.

IIoT Healthcare Security Requirement

the data is coming.

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IoT Healthcare Challenges

battery.

challenge.

Introduction

and efficiency.

algorithms are used to analyze the data

Drivers of IIoT in Power Plant

ul chips

TCP/IP and IPV6 protocol.

gence algorithms, and cloud computing software

makes it easier

Digital Power Plant Benefits

- automated devices increases efficiency and reduces

manpower.

- no need of money for manpower, fuel, maintenance.

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Communication Network

in-home IoT devices. Wireless: Zigbee, 6LowPan

sent to gateways.

Distribution domain networks. It includes controller, regulators, and

data collector. Wireless: WiMAX, 3G, 4G. Wired: Eathernet.

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IIoT in Power Plants Applications

consumption by incorporating data.

IIoT in Power Plants Applications

t by mobile application

t metering

connected through internet.

IIoT in Electricity Sector

about power usage.

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 grid.

IIoT in Solar Energy Sector

from the control panel.

related problem or network related problem.

he largest solar grid.

Challenges of IIoT in Power Plant

devices.

of devices are increasing, Increase of data bandwidth.

used.
ard authentication for the edge devices.

Inventory Management

“a usable but idle resource having some economic value” [P. Vrat, Materials
Management]

, overseeing and ordering

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Functions of Inventory Management

-distribution system
against stock outs

discounts

Requirements for Effective Inventory Management

ge lead times and lead time variability

Quality Control

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 the quality of the inventory as it is being developed”
[IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories]

satisfaction to the customers

Eg:RFID TAGS

Plant Safety and Security (Including AR and VR safety applications)

Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are closely related but not the
same. Augmented reality enhances or 'augments' the real world by adding digital
elements – visual, auditory, or sensory – to a real-world view.

AR/VR in Cyber Security

An SOC is a focused facility where security specialists monitor, assess and

defend against computer security issues. Introducing Virtual Reality (VR) and
Augmented Reality (AR) technology into this environment can enhance team
performance, which translates into opportunity gains.

Augmented reality can help provide remote assistance to customers as they

repair or complete maintenance procedures on products. It's also a valuable
training tool to help inexperienced maintenance crew complete tasks and find the
correct service and parts information when they are on-site. Augmented Reality
(AR) adds digital elements to the camera of your smartphone, creating the illusion
that holographic content is a part of a physical world around. Unlike virtual reality
(VR), it is not immersed in an artificial environment.
Facility Management
Facility management (FM) is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines
to ensure functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of the built environment by
integrating people, place, process and technology. In general, facilities managers
are responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of an organization's buildings,
ensuring that they meet legal

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requirements and health and safety standards. Facility managers (FMs) operate across
different business functions, working on both a strategic and operational level.

There are two major types of facilities management, Hard FM and Soft FM. Hard FM
refers to services relating to the actual structures and systems that make a facility
work, and can include fire safety, plumbing, structural, and elevator maintenance.

Facility management (FM) is a profession that encompasses multiple disciplines to

ensure functionality, comfort, safety and efficiency of the built environment by
integrating people, place, process and technology.

Figure 4.11 Facility Management

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