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Real and Complex Analysis (Lesson 03)

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45 views12 pages

Real and Complex Analysis (Lesson 03)

Uploaded by

Nur Nabi Rashed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAT 370: Real and Complex Analysis

Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif


Lecturer in Mathematics
Department of General Education
Canadian University of Bangladesh
Former Lecturer, World University of Bangladesh

Lesson 03
Lecture Outline

Roots of Complex Numbers

Euler’s Formula

Exponential Form of Complex Number

Dot and Cross Product

Variables and Functions

Single and Multiple-Valued Functions

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Roots of Complex Numbers
A number 𝑤 is called an 𝑛th root of a complex number 𝑧 if 𝑤 𝑛 = 𝑧, and we write 𝑤 = 𝑧1/𝑛 .

Recall the De Moivre’s theorem: 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃)

From De Moivre’s theorem we can show that if n is a positive integer,

𝑧1/𝑛 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 1/𝑛

1/𝑛
𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝑘𝜋
=𝑟 cos + 𝑖 sin , 𝑘 = 0, 1, 2, … , (𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 𝑛

from which it follows that there are 𝑛 different values for 𝑧1/𝑛 , i.e., 𝑛 different 𝑛th roots of 𝑧,

provided 𝑧 ≠ 0.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Roots of Complex Numbers
1/3
Find the indicated roots and locate them graphically: −1 + 𝑖
𝑧 1/3 = −1 + 𝑖 1/3

𝑧 = −1 + 𝑖
1 3𝜋
Modulus of 𝑧, 𝑧 = −1 2 + 12 = 2 and Argument of 𝑧, arg 𝑧 = tan−1 −1 + 𝜋 = 4

3𝜋 3𝜋
∴ −1 + 𝑖 = 21/2 cos + 2𝑘𝜋 + 𝑖 sin + 2𝑘𝜋
4 4

3𝜋 3𝜋
+ 2𝑘𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
−1 + 𝑖 1/3
= 21/6 cos 4 + 𝑖 sin 4
3 3

1) If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑧1 = 21/6 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋/4 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋/4)


2) If 𝑘 = 1, 𝑧2 = 21/6 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 11𝜋/12 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 11𝜋/12)
3) If 𝑘 = 2, 𝑧3 = 21/6 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 19𝜋/12 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 19𝜋/12)

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Euler’s Formula
Statement: For any real number 𝜃, 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
Proof: The Taylor series for 𝑒 𝑥 is,
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 4 𝑥 5 𝑥 6
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + + + + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
𝑖𝜃 𝑖𝜃 2 𝑖𝜃 3 𝑖𝜃 4 𝑖𝜃 5
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 1+ + + + + +⋯
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
𝜃 2 𝑖𝜃 3 𝜃 4 𝑖𝜃 5 𝜃 6 𝑖𝜃 7 𝜃 8
= 1 + 𝑖𝜃 − − + + − − + +⋯
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8!
𝜃2 𝜃4 𝜃6 𝜃8 𝜃3 𝜃5 𝜃7
= 1− + − + −⋯ +𝑖 𝜃− + − +⋯
2! 4! 6! 8! 3! 5! 7!

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃

This formula is one of the most important contributions to complex analysis and it will be very helpful when
you are trying to solve equations with complex numbers!
Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03
Exponential Form of Complex Number
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 be a complex number, then 𝑒 𝑧 is called exponential function and we get,

𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝑦

For each 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, complex number 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 is defined as

𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦 (𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎)

For 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦)

The polar form of a complex number, 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) can be written in the following exponential form:

𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃

Re 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 , Im 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑥 = Re 𝑧 , arg 𝑒 𝑧 = 𝑦 = Im 𝑧

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Dot and Cross Product
Let 𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 be two complex numbers (vectors).

Dot Product: The dot product (also called scalar product) of 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 is defined as the real number

𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 cos 𝜃 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 𝑅𝑒{𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 }

where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 which lies between 0 and 𝜋.

Cross Product: The cross product of 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 is defined as the vector

𝑧1 × 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 = 𝐼𝑚{𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 }

where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 which lies between 0 and 𝜋.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Dot and Cross Product
Problem: Suppose 𝑧1 = 3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −4 + 3𝑖, then find
𝑎 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 , 𝑏 𝑧1 × 𝑧2 and 𝑐 |𝑧1 × 𝑧2 |
Solution:
𝒂 𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 = 𝑅𝑒 3 + 4𝑖 −4 + 3𝑖 = 𝑅𝑒 −24 − 7𝑖 = −24
Another Method:
𝑧1 ∙ 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 = 3 −4 + −4 3 = −24

𝒃 𝑧1 × 𝑧2 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧2 = 𝐼𝑚 3 + 4𝑖 −4 + 3𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 −24 − 7𝑖 = −7
Another Method:
𝑧1 × 𝑧2 = 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑥2 = 3 3 − −4 −4 = −7

𝒄 𝑧1 × 𝑧2 = −7 = 7

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Variables and Functions
A symbol, such as 𝑧, which can stand for any one of a set of complex numbers is
called a complex variable.

Suppose, to each value that a complex variable 𝑧 can assume, there corresponds
one or more values of a complex variable 𝑤. We then say that 𝑤 is a function of 𝑧
and write 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) or 𝑤 = 𝑔(𝑧) etc. The variable 𝑧 is sometimes called an
independent variable, while 𝑤 is called a dependent variable.

The value of a function at 𝑧 = 𝑎 is often written 𝑓 𝑎 . Thus, if 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 , then


2
𝑓 2𝑖 = 2𝑖 = 4𝑖 2 = −4.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Single and Multiple-Valued Functions
If only one value of 𝑤 corresponds to each value of 𝑧, we say that 𝑤 is a single-valued
function of 𝑧 or that 𝑓(𝑧) is single-valued. If more than one value of 𝑤 corresponds to
each value of 𝑧, we say that 𝑤 is a multiple-valued or many-valued function of 𝑧.

A multiple-valued function can be considered as a collection of single-valued functions,


each member of which is called a branch of the function.

Example:

a) If 𝑤 = 𝑧 2 , then to each value of 𝑧 there is only one value of 𝑤. Hence, 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2


is a single-valued function of 𝑧.

b) If 𝑤 2 = 𝑧, then to each value of 𝑧 there are two values of 𝑤. Hence, 𝑤 2 = 𝑧 defines a


multiple-valued (in this case two-valued) function of 𝑧.

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Inverse Functions
If 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 , then we can also consider 𝑧 as a function, possibly multiple-valued, of 𝑤,
written 𝑧 = 𝑔 𝑤 = 𝑓 −1 𝑤 . The function 𝑓 −1 is often called the inverse function
corresponding to 𝑓. Thus, 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧) and 𝑤 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑧) are inverse functions of each other.

(𝒂) The additive inverse of the complex numbers 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is − 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦

Example: Additive inverse of 4 − 3𝑖 is −4 + 3𝑖.


1
(𝒃) The multiplicative inverse of any complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is
𝑥+𝑖𝑦

Example: Multiplicative inverse of 4 − 3𝑖 is

1 1 4 + 3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 4 3
= × = = = = + 𝑖
4 − 3𝑖 4 − 3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 4 − 3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 16 − 9𝑖 2 25 25 25

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03


Next Lecture
 Derivatives

 Analytic Functions

 Cauchy-Reimann Equations

 Harmonic Functions

 Geometric Interpretation of the Derivative

 Rules of Differentiation

 Derivatives of Elementary Functions

Real and Complex Analysis Md. Kawsar Ahmed Asif Lesson 03

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