†hfv‡e cÖkœ n‡e :

G‡¶‡Î `k ev Z‡ZvwaK ev‡K¨i GKwU Text _vK‡e| Text wU‡Z `kwU k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡e †hLv‡b Bracket G
wb‡`©kbv †`qv _vK‡e Noun/Verb -†K Premodify bv Postmodify Ki‡Z n‡e| k–b¨¯’vbMy‡jv‡K Numbering Kivi
Rb¨ a-j e¨envi Kiv n‡e| Gevi j¶ Ki :
 Read the following text and use modifiers in the blank spaces as directed. 0⋅5×10 = 5
I experienced a very interesting incident (a) — (Post-modify the verb.) on my way to Dinajpur. My friend Tamalika, (b)
— (post-modify the noun with an appositive.) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of
the road it stopped and remained standing. In a minute Tamalika had to change her course but she didn't have (c) —
(pre-modify the noun.) time and space to do that. Tamalika tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked (d) —
(post-modify the verb.) back a few steps. To save (e) — (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun.) cow Tamalika
had to move in the right. She lost her control and bumped the car with a (f) — (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the
noun.) tree. (g) — (Use a participle to pre-modify the verb.) Tamalika was shocked but she was (h) — (Use an
intensifier to pre-modify the adjective.) happy (i) — (Use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). She patted the (j)
— (Pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter. [NCTB Sample Question]
†hfv‡e DËi wjL‡Z n‡e :
cix¶v_©xiv Number D‡jÐLc–e©K Modifier e¨envi K‡i Gap c–iY Ki‡e| cÖwZwU mwVK I A_©c–Y© Dˇii
Rb¨ 0.5 Marks cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| †gvU Marks _vK‡e 05|
Solution: (a) last week (b) a famous athlete (c) enough (d) slowly (e) that (f) jackfruit
(g) Seeing the damage in her new car (h) very (i) to save the cow (j) naughty

wb‡Pi Passage wU j¶ Ki : Pahela Baishakh bears a (a) special significance to us. The day is celebrated (b)
enthusiastically all over the world. It is a (c) unique festival to the people of all classes and communities in Bangladesh. On
(d) this day the shopkeepers open their new accounts book and celebrate it through arranging Halkhata festival. They invite
their customers and clients (e) offering sweetmeats in (f) different places. The village people of all classes enjoy them (g)
very much. In the capital city the day opens with the celebration of Chhayanat, (h) a leading cultural organisation. The
Institute of Fine Arts of Dhaka University brings out a (i) colourful procession wearing various masks. They welcome the day
in a very (j) gorgeous way.
Dc‡ii Passage wU‡Z (a) special (adjective), significance (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m Gi m¤•‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Q; (b) enthusiastically (adverb), celebrated (verb) Gi c‡i e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (c) unique (adjective),
festival (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (d) this (demonstrative), day (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K
we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (e) offering (participle), invite (verb) Gi c‡i e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (f) different (adjective),
places (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (g) very (intensifier), much (adjective) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K
we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (h) a leading cultural organization (appositive), Chhayanat (noun) Gi c‡i e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ
K‡i‡Q| (i) colourful (adjective), procession (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; (j) gorgeous (adjective),
way (noun) Gi c–‡e© e‡m G‡K we‡klvwqZ K‡i‡Q; G‡`i‡K modifiers e‡j|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, †hme word, phrase ev clause Ab¨ †Kvb word, phrase ev clause m¤•‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i modifiers e‡j|

Modifiers †h kã‡K modify K‡i Zvi Av‡M ev c‡i em‡Z cv‡i| Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx modifiers †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v−
(i) Pre-modifiers (ii) Post-modifiers

†hme modifiers, modified element ev k‡ãi c–‡e© e‡m Zv‡`i modify K‡i, †mme modifiers †K pre modifiers e‡j|
†hme modifiers, modified element ev k‡ãi c‡i e‡m Zv‡`i modify K‡i, †mme modifiers †K post-modifiers e‡j|

9.1 Find out the modifiers used in the sentences.

(i) Elderly people are the seasoned section of our society. They play important roles that are very helpful for the next
generation. So, they should not be treated with disrespect. They should be provided with all kinds of human right. We
are the young generation. We can extend our helping hand towards the elders. Social awareness can be raised for the
old.
(ii) Traffic jam is a common affair in urban life. It is one of the major problems of our country. This problem often occurs in
the congested areas of the busy cities. Traffic jam occurs for many causes. The numbers of licensed vehicles is
increasing by leaps and bounds that should be controlled.
(iii) Eid-ul-Fitr is a religious festival of the Muslims. We eagerly await this day after having a fasting for thirty days. The day is
celebrated with religious gravity. People get up early in the morning. People say eid prayer with congregation. They eat
special dishes on this day.

(i) Noun Gi c–‡e© k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Determiner, Predeterminer, Present Participle, Past Participle, Adjective,
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Noun ev Nominal Compound em‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Determiner : Determiner : Determiner n‡”Q Ggb wKQz kã
The boys and girls are walking side by side. †hMy‡jv Noun ev Noun phrase Gi c–‡e© e‡m Noun
 Sabbir is an ideal student. [DinajB '17] ev Noun phrase My‡jvi msL¨v, cwigvY ev †mMy‡jvi
He has some good qualities. [BB '17] wbw`©óZv wb‡`©k K‡i| Determiner mvaviYZ
Here a nutritionist can help us. [CB '17] wbæiƒc nq:
Most of the people in our country do not know the Articles : a/an, the
Demonstratives : this, that, these, those, which
importance of English. [JB '16] Possessives : my, your, his, her, our, their, its, whose,
(b) Predeterminer : Rahim’s, Karim’s etc
All the boys except two are present. Quantifiers : (a) few, fewer, (a) little, many, most, much,
Both the books are out of print. more, some, any etc.
Numbers : one, two. three etc.
All my friends came to the party. Ordinals : first, second, third, 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc
Either of the pens will do. Predeterminer : Predeterminer †Kv‡bv determiner Gi
Neither of the boys got the prize. c–‡e© e‡m H determiner ‡K modify K‡i A_ev Zvi cieZ©x
(c) Present Participle : noun m¤c‡K© Av‡iv Z_¨ †`q| †hgb: All their belongings
The boy got into the running train. were captured. GLv‡b ‘their’ GKwU determiner hvi c–‡e©
He noticed a flying bird in the sky. ‘all’ kãwU e‡m ‘their’ ‡K modify Ki‡Q| myZivs GwU
A darkening sky may bring showers. GKwU Predeterminer|
They need wood for building houses. Predeterminer My‡jv n‡”Q : all, any, another, both, each,
A barking dog seldom bites. either, every, few, little, many, more, much, neither, other, some,
(d) Past Participle : several, such BZ¨vw`|
The injured students were sent to hospital. Present Participle: Verb Gi g–j iƒ‡ci mv‡_ ‘ing’ †hvM
A burnt child dreads the fire. K‡i Present participle MVb Kiv nq|| GwU ev‡K¨ g–jZ
The ants eat their stored food in winter. ‘adjective/ adverb’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges active Gi gZ
The worried man could not attend the guests. A_© cÖKvk K‡i| wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv †`L:
The destroyed bridge should be repaired. Rana get into the running bus.
(e) Adjective : Rumi noticed a flying bird in the sky.
A village doctor is a very familiar person in the Present Participle Phrase: Present Participle Phrase
rural areas of Bangladesh. [JB '17] ev‡K¨ adjective wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU v1 + ing + Ab¨ kã
Rabindranath Tagore was a great poet of Bengali †hv‡M MwVZ nq| †hgb:
Going to the nearest market I bought a mobile phone. GLv‡b
literature. [DB '16]
An intelligent girl worked out the sum in a few †gvUv A¶‡i †jLv Ask ‘Going’ GKwU Present Participle Ges
underline Kiv cy‡iv AskwU GKwU Present Participle
minutes.
Phrase|
Shefali is a beautiful girl.
The old man is helpless. Adjective: †Kv‡bv noun †K eY©bv Kivi Rb¨ †h kã
(f) Noun : e¨envi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv adjective| | †hgb :
Manik is an honest cowboy. He has a black cow.
The sea level is rising and many parts of the world Adverb: †h word My‡jv verb wKfv‡e m¤cbœ nq Zv
are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. eY©bv K‡i Zv‡K Adverb e‡j| †hgb:
[DB '17] He showed really a wonderful attitude.
He was a rebel poet. [SB '17] She completely rejected his proposal.
His literary works have enriched Bengali literature. Noun Adjective: †Kv‡bv noun hLb Ab¨ noun Gi c–‡e©
[SB '17] e‡m D³ noun †K eY©bv K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Noun Adjective
We went to the football stadium yesterday. e‡j| †hgb: He bought a leather bag. GB ev‡K¨ leather noun
Sakib Al Hasan is a famous cricket player. wU bag noun Gi c–‡e© e‡m Zvi eY©bv w`‡”Q| GwU
(g) Nominal compound : GKwU Noun Adjective|
She is a record-breaking typist. Nominal Compound: `ywU g–j kã‡K †hvM K‡i
Mark the wheat-producing countries in the map. compound words MVb Kiv nq| GKwU Noun Gi m‡½ Avi
Try to use this labour-saving method. GKwU Noun, GKwU Noun Ges GKwU Adjective, GKwU
We live in a two-storeyed building. Noun Ges GKwU Verb, GKwU Gerund Ges GKwU Noun,
A low cost house is not easily available in Dhaka. GKwU Adverb Ges GKwU Noun †hv‡M GB Nominal
Compound MVb Kiv hvq| wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki:
Steam Engine - Noun + Noun
Black Board - Adjective + Noun
Earth quake - Noun + Verb
Washing machine - Gerund + Noun
Over confidence - Adverb + Noun

9.2. Fill in the gaps with pre modifiers.

(a) — students are playing cricket in the field. (b) — my friends attended the party. (c) A — stone gathers no moss. (d)
The — people should educate the uneducated. (e) Everybody likes an — man. (f) Rana is working in the — garden. (g)
Bangladesh is one of the largest — countries in the world. (h) — boy who stood first is my brother. (i) She gave you a
few — papers. (j) Most of the — people are farmers.

(ii) Adjective Gi c–‡e© k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Intensifier/ Adverb em‡Z cv‡i|
Raja is very gentle. [BB '17]
She felt very weak, almost giving up hope. [RB '16]
Sumon was born in a highly educated family.
She lives in a nicely decorated house.
Dhaka is a densely populated city.
Tiger are extremely storng.
(iii) Verb Gi c–‡e© k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Adverb em‡Z cv‡i|
Adverb :
He gets up early so that he can get enough time to study. [BB ' 17]
Sumon usually wakes up at six O'clock.
 A village doctor generally sits in a small dispensary attached to his house.
Arsenic problem is seriously found in North Bengal.
We can easily store different kinds of data, records and information in computer.
Tea is now commonly used for the entertainment of guests in our country.
(iv) GKwU evK¨vs‡ki c–‡e© Gap _vK‡j †mLv‡b present participle/ past participle phrase em‡Z cv‡i|
Present Participle :
Seeing them, we became very excited. [CB '16]
Leaving the female uneducated, no nation can prosper.
Seeing the damage in his new car, Rana was shocked.
Closing the door, Bithi went to sleep.
Going to market, Hasan bought a shirt.
Hearing the news, Smriti began to weep.

9.3. Fill in the gaps with pre modifiers.

(a) Rahmat lives a — simple life. (b) Ripon — goes to bed at 9 pm. (c) —, Hasan went to sleep. (d) Our headmaster is a
— minded person. (e) The teachers of our school are — qualified. (f) —, we can keep fit. (g) Dishonest people are —
responsible for corruption. (h) Smoking is — detrimental to health. (i) All the districts of Bangladesh are not —
developed. (j) —, the man fell asleep.

(i) Noun Gi c‡i k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Present Participle phrase, Past Participle phrase, Infinitive Phrase, Adjective
Phrase, Appositive, Nominal clause ev Relative clause em‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Present Participle Phrase : GUv H Noun Gi Infinitive :
GKwU infinitive, verb ‡_‡K MwVZ nq wKš‘ Zv Sentence
m¤•‡K© AviI Z_¨ hy³ K‡i| G verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i bv| Infinitive ‘to + V1’ Gi
Besides, latrines standing on ponds and rivers mgš^‡q MwVZ nq hv ev‡K¨ Noun, Adjective ev Adverb
cause water pollution. [DinajB '16] wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ‡hgb:
The students saw their teacher coming. I love to sing. (Noun)
My cousin reading at Jahangirnagar University She didn’t have permission to go. (Adjective)
will join the party tonight. He plays cricket to become a cricketer. (Adverb)
Infinitive/ Infinitive phrase hLb ev‡K¨ modifier wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
I found an old man standing at the door.
nq ZLb Zv †Kv‡bv noun Gi c‡i e‡m H noun †K eY©bv Kiv
I used to watch the flower plant growing
ev †Kv‡bv verb Gi c‡i e¨eüZ n‡q H verb Gi D‡Ïk¨ ev KviY
everyday. cÖKvk K‡i|
I saw my cousin playing in the field. Infinitive Phrase :
(b) Past Participle Phrase : Infinitive Phrase g–jZ to + v1 + other word (s) wb‡q MwVZ nq|
A tiger killed by the hunter was left in the jungle. Infinitive Gi g‡Zv Infinitive Phrase-I ev‡K¨ Noun, Adjective ev
I saw a man injured by an accident. Adverb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| †hgb:
He has got the money sent by his father. He helped to build the roof. (Noun)
I have got the letter written by you. I need a book to read on holiday. (Adjective)
I went to market to buy a mobile phone. (Adverb)
The bridge destroyed by floods has been rebuilt.
Infinitive/Infinitive phrase hLb ev‡K¨ modifier wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
(c) Infinitive Phrase : nq ZLb Zv †Kv‡bv Noun Gi ci e‡m H Noun †K eY©bv K‡i
They left for towns to earn money. [RB '17] ev †Kv‡bv Verb Gi ci e¨eüZ n‡q H Verb Gi D‡Ïk¨ ev KviY
Rafiq was the last man to leave the campus too. cÖKvk K‡i|
Fatima was surprised to hear the news.
She got a nice bat to play with. Appositive :
Here is a chair to sit on. n‡”Q noun ev noun phrase ev noun clause hv
Appositive
(d) Preposition Phrase : Ab¨ GKwU noun Gi c‡i e‡m H noun m¤c‡K© AwZwi³
A man with white beard came here yesterday. Z_¨ †`q ev noun wU‡K eY©bv K‡i| Appositive Gi ïiy
He is a man of great honour. Ges †k‡l Kgv (,) _v‡K| wb‡Pi D`vniYMy‡jv j¶ Ki :
We saw a girl with a small dog. Mr. Jamal, the chairman of the company, was rewarded.
We found the clues of the cruel murder. We, the people of Bangladesh, are peace loving.
We saw a gentleman with sunglasses. Prepositional phrase :
(e) Appositive : GKwU Preposition Ges GKwU Noun A_ev Pronoun wb‡q †h
Nazrul, the national poet, won the attention of Phrase MwVZ nq Zv‡K Prepositional phrase e‡j| D‡jÐL¨
everyone in his early childhood. [SB '17] Preposition Gi c‡ii Noun wU Noun, Noun Phrase A_ev Noun
We, the teachers and students, are proud of him. Clause n‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY:
Mr Kabir Hossain, our headmaster, presided over He has come from Paris. (Preposition + Noun)
the meeting. The book is on the table. (Preposition + Noun Phrase)
I have quoted here everything from what he said. (Preposition +
Rabindranath Tagore, a great poet, was born in Noun Clause)
1861. I am thinking of sleeping. (Preposition + Gerund)
We, the people of Bangladesh, are peace loving. g‡b ivL‡e, Prepositional phrase ev‡K¨ Adjective A_ev Adverb
(f) Nominal clause : wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
The report that he was murdered is true. Relative clause :
Our hope that he would come back home proved Relative clause †Kvb Noun ‡K Post modifiy Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv
false. nq| Relative clause wU c–‡e© e¨eüZ Noun ‡K eY©bv K‡i ev
The idea that she did it was wrong. Noun wU m¤c‡K© Z_¨ †`q| GKwU Relative clause memgq
The announcement that a new airport is to be GKwU Relative Pronoun (who, which, that, whose) w`‡q ïiy nq|
built nearby aroused immediate opposition. D`vniY:
(g) Relative clause : I bought a new car that is very fast. (Relative Clause wU ‘car’
This is the pen which I lost yesterday. noun ‡K eY©bv Ki‡Q| )
 I know the man who came here. I got a mobile which was very expensive. (Relative Clause wU
The book which you gave me is very good. ‘mobile’ noun †K eY©bv Ki‡Q| )
He is the man whom we all respect. Nominal clause :
The reason why I did it is obvious. Nominal clause ev Noun clause ev‡K¨ memgq GKwU noun
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Noun clause My‡jv nq main clause Gi
subject Avi bv nq object| g‡b ivL‡e GKwU noun clause
me©`v GKwU c–Yv©½ evK¨ wb‡q nq| †hgb: Our
expectation that Rumi would get A+ proved false. GLv‡b †gvUv
A¶‡i ‡jLv AskwU GKwU Noun clause| GB AskwU main
clause wUi object hv GKwU c–Yv©½ sentence|

9.4. Fill in the gaps with post modifiers.

(a) The boy — in the field is my brother. (b) The girl — first in the examination is meritorious. (c) The bed is soft —. (d)
The old man — came to meet me yesterday. (e) Humayun Kabir, —, is an honest man. (f) The statement — has proved
false. (g) The book — has lost. (h) I saw the girl — a letter. (i) The boy — the first prize is my brother. (j) We, — went to
picnic last Firday.

(ii) Verb Gi c‡i k–b¨¯’vb _vK‡j, †mLv‡b Adverb/Infinitive Phrase/Preposition Phrase/Present Participle/ Past Participle
em‡Z cv‡i|
(a) Adverb :
Deforestation means cutting down of trees indiscriminately. [DB '17]
The drug addiction has grasped the young generation seriously.
The train arrived late.
He does well in every examination as he does not waste time. [DinajB '17]
At first they used to send money to their parents time to time. [RB '17]
So, don't waste your time and try to learn English regularly from today. [JB '16]
The tortoise walks slowly.
(b) Infinitive phrase :
At the age of seventeen, he went to London to get admitted to a school there. [DB '16]
He wanted to know the matter.
Sumon went to market to buy a shirt.
Rana liked to play cricket in the afternoon.
They tried to win the match.
My parents encouraged me to study.
(c) Preposition Phrase :
Rana goes to school in the morning.
The crow is flying to and fro in search of water.
The car is running at a high speed.
The sun sets in the west.
Birds fly in the sky.
(d) Present/Past Participle :
He wrote letters to Kolkata praising English society. [DB '16]
The boys went out dancing and singing.