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OST - Module 3
1 Mark Questions:

1. What is apache license?

Apache license is a free software license authored by the Apache Software foundation (ASF) .
It requires preservation of the copyright notice and disclaimer, but it is not a copyleft license –
it allows use of the source code for the development of free and open source software as well as
proprietary and closed source software.

2. Write any two features of Apache.

Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different actual websites.
It is supported by several Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) which permit easier, more intuitive
configuration of the server.

3. List any four versions of BSD.

4BSD, 4.1BSD, 4.2BSD, 4.3BSD, 4.3BSD- Tahoe, 4.3BSD- Reno, 4.4BSD etc..

4. What are Free BSD and NetBSD?

Free BSD is the major open source effort focusing on performance and the ×86 platform.
NetBSD is an open source BSD with an emphasis on portability and clean design.

5. What is BSD License?

BSD licenses represent a family of permissive free software licenses.

6. What is Mozilla Firefox?

Mozilla Firefox is the web browser project descended from the Mozilla application suite,
managed by the Mozilla Corporation.

7. What is Wikipedia and Joomla?

Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that anyone can add or edit.
Joomla is an award winning Content Management System (CMS) that will help you build
websites and other powerful online applications. It is an open source solution that is freely
available to everyone.

8. Expand GCC and FSF.

GCC – GNU Compiler Collection
FSF - Free Software Foundation

9. What is open office?

OpenOffice.org (OO.o or OOo) is an office application suite available for the number of
different computer operating systems.

10. List any four components of open office

Writer, Calc, Impress, Base, Draw, Math, QuickStarter, The macro recorder

11. Expand IIS and GWS.

IIS – Internet Information Services
GWS – Google Web Server

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12. Expand CLA and CCLA.
CLA – Contributor License Agreement
CCLA – Corporate Contributor License Agreement

13. Expand DARPA and CSRG.

DARPA – Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
CSRG - Computer Systems Research Group

14. List any four significant BSD Descendants.

FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, DragonFlyBSD, PC-BSD

15. What are the three different things that used the term “Mozilla” alone.
• the codename for the Netscape Navigator software project
• the official name of what was renamed Mozilla Application Suite
• the Mascot of Netscape

16. What are the different Mozilla Project?

Mozilla Foundation
Mozilla Corporation
Mozilla Messaging

17. Write any four Mozilla software.

Firefox, Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, Bugzilla, Camino, Sunbird, Minimo

18. Write any two features of Mozilla Firefox.

• Users can customize Firefox with extensions and themes.
• Firefox provides an environment for web developers in which they can use built in
tools, such as the Error Console or the DOM Inspector, or extensions, such as Firebug.
• Mozilla Firefox supports many web standards, including HTML,XML, XHTML,
SVG1.1, CSS, DOM, DTD.

19. Write any two features of Joomla.

Multilingual: Joomla is one of the most popular and widely supported open source multilingual
CMS platforms in the world, which offers more than 70 languages.
Well-Supported: The team of Joomla is the combination of individuals, groups of world-class
developers, and business consultants who actively help at no cost in the forums.
Easy Updates: There is always a challenge for the developers to keep the software up to date.
Joomla consists of an in-built updater to make the updation process easy for the users, and it does
not require any professional skills.

20. Write any four ways of using Joomla.

• Corporate websites or portal
• Online commerce
• Small business websites
• Government applications
• School and church websites
• Community based portals
• Magazines and newspapers
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21. Write any four examples of Joomla extension.

Components, Modules, Plugins, Templates, Languages, Packages, Files and Libraries

22. Write any two features of Open Office.

• Openoffice.org can read and write most of the file formats found in Microsoft Office, and
many other applications, an essential feature of the suite for many users.
• Openoffice.org has been found to be able to open files of older versions of Microsoft
Office and damaged files that newer versions of Microsoft Office itself cannot open.

23. Why BSD licenses have been referred to as copy center?

The BSD licenses have been referred to as copycenter, as a comparison to standard copyright
and copyleft free software.

24. List any four web standards supported by Mozilla Firefox.

HTML, XML, XHTML, SVG 1.1, CSS, DOM, MathML, DTD, XSLT, XPath

25. What are plugins?

A plug-in is a piece of software that adds new features or extends functionality on an existing
application.

3 Mark questions
1. What is Apache? Briefly Explain about it.
The Apache License (Apache Software License previous to version 2.0) is a free software license
authored by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). The Apache License (versions. 1.0, 1.1,
and 2.0) requires preservation of the copyright notice and disclaimer, but it is not a Copyleft
license it allows use of the source code for the development of free and open source software as
well as proprietary and closed source software.
There are currently two forms of the Apache in wide use today: versions 1.1 and 2.0. The Apache
web server is currently the most popular web server in the world. Nearly 70% of all websites are
served by Apache.
Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend
the core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language support to
authentication schemes. Some common language interfaces support mod_per mod python, Tel,
and PHP. Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different actual websites.
one machine, with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve. For
example,www.example.com, www.test.com, test47.test-server.test.com, etc.
Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, and
content negotiation. It is also supported by several Graphical User Interfaces (CUIS) which
permit easier, more intuitive configuration of the server.
Apache is considered open source software, which means the original source code is freely
available for viewing and collaboration. Being open source has made Apache very popular with
developers who have built and configured their own modules to apply specific functionality and
improve on its core features. Apache has been around since 1995 and is responsible as a core
technology that helped spur the initial growth of the internet in its infancy.
One of the pros of Apache is its ability to handle large amounts of traffic with minimal
configuration. It scales with ease and with its modular functionality at its core, you can configure

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Apache to do what you want, how you want it. You can also remove unwanted modules to make
Apache more lightweight and efficient.
Some of the most popular modules that can be added are SSL, Server Side Programming Support
(PHP), and Load Balancing configs to handle large amounts of traffic. Apache can also be
deployed on Linux, MacOS, and Windows. If you learn how to configure Apache on Linux, you
can administer Apache on Windows and Mac. The only difference would be directory paths and
installation processes.

2. Write a note on history and Features of Apache.

History: The first version of the Apache web server was created by Robert McCool, who was
heavily involved with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications web server known
simply as NCSA Https. When Rob left NCSA in mid-1994, the development of https stalled,
leaving a variety of patches for improvements circulating through e-mails.
Rob McCool was not alone in his efforts. Several other developers helped form the original
"Apache Group" : Brian Behlendorf, Roy T. Fielding, Rob Hartill, David Robinson Cliff
Skolnick, Randy Terbush, Robert S. Thau, Andrew Wilson, Eric Hagberg, Frank Peters
and Nicolas Pioch.
Version 2 of the Apache server was a substantial re-write of much of the Apache l code, with a
strong focus on further modularization and the development of a portability layer, the Apache
Portable Runtime. The Apache 2.x core has several major enhancements over Apache 1x. These
include UNIX threading, better support for non-Unix platforms (such as Microsoft Windows), a
new Apache API, and IPv6 support. The first alpha release of Apache 2 was in March 2000, with
the first general availability release on 6 April 2002 Version 2.2 introduced a new authorization
API that allows for more flexibility. It als features improved cache modules and proxy modules.

Features: Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which
extend the core functionality. These can range from server-side programming language support
to authentication schemes. Some common language interfaces support mod_per mod python,
Tel, and PHP. Popular authentication modules include mod_access, mod_auth and mod digest.
A sample of other features include SSL and TLS support (mod_ssl), 4 proxy module, a useful
URL re-writer (also known as a re-write engine, implemented unde mod re-write), custom log
files (mod_log_config), and filtering support (mod_include and mod_ext_filter).
Popular compression methods on Apache include the external extension module mod_gzip,
implemented to help with reduction of the size (weight) of web pages serve over HTTP Apache
logs can be analyzed through a web browser using free scripts such AW Stats/W3Perl or Visitors.
Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different actual websites. one
machine, with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve. For
example,www.example.com, www.test.com, test47.test-server.test.com, etc.
Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, and
content negotiation. It is also supported by several Graphical User Interfaces (CUIS) which
permit easier, more intuitive configuration of the server.

3. Write the History of BSD.

The History of the Berkeley Software Distribution begins in the 1970s.
BSD (PDP-11): The earliest distributions of Unix from Bell Labs in the 1970s included the
source code to the operating system, allowing researchers at universities to modify and extend
Unix.
A VAX computer was installed at Berkeley in 1978, but the port of Unix to the VAX architecture,
UNIX/32V, did not take advantage of the VAX's virtual memory capabilities.
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4BSD (November 1980) offered a number of enhancements over 3BSD, notably job control in
the previously released cash, deliver mail (the antecedent of sendmail), "reliable" signals, and
the Curses programming library.
4.1BSD (June 1981) was a response to criticisms of BSD's performance relative to the dominant
VAX operating system.
The official 4.2BSD release came in August 1983. It was notable as the first version released
after the 1982 departure of Bill Joy to co-found Sun Microsystems; Mike Karels and Marshall
Kirk McKusick took on leadership roles within the project from that point forward.
4.3BSD was released in June 1986. Its main changes were to improve the performance of many
of the new contributions of 4.2BSD that had not been as heavily tuned as the 4.1BSD code.
In June 1993, 4.4BSD-Encumbered was released only to USL licensees.

4. Write a note on significant BSD Descendants.

A selection of significant Unix versions and Unix-like operating systems that descend from
BSD includes:
• FreeBSD, an open source general purpose operating system.
• NeXT NEXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, based on the Mach kernel and 4BSD; the ancestor
of macOS
• Apple Inc.'s Darwin, the core of macOS and iOS; built on the XNU kernel (part Mach,
part FreeBSD, part Apple-derived code) and a userland much of which comes from
FreeBSD.
• MidnightBSD, another fork of FreeBSD
• DragonFly BSD, a fork of FreeBSD to follow an alternative design, particularly related
to SMP.
• NetBSD, an open source BSD focused on clean design and portability.
• OpenBSD, a 1995 fork of NetBSD, focused on security.
• DEC's Ultrix, the official version of Unix for its PDP-11, VAX, and DECstation systems
• OSF/1, a hybrid kernel based Unix developed by the Open Software Foundation,
incorporating a modified Mach kernel and parts of 4BSD
• Tru64 UNIX (formerly DEC OSF/1 AXP or Digital UNIX), the port of OSF/1 for DEC
Alpha-based systems from DEC, Compaq and HP.
• 386BSD, the first open source BSD-based operating system and the ancestor of most
current BSD systems
• DEMOS, a Soviet BSD clone
• BSD/OS, a (now defunct) proprietary BSD for PCs

5. What is Mozilla Firefox? Explain

Mozilla Firefox is nothing but a Web Bowser, with which one can access the internet. The web
browser lets one access information in form of text, audio, images, and videos from all around
the world. Mozilla Firefox was developed by Mozilla Foundation in 2002 under the Phoenix
community. Nowadays, it is called Firefox only as it is derived from Mozilla Web Browser it is
also known as Mozilla Firefox.
Mozilla Firefox can also be used to browse via android and ios. Firefox officially was released
on Nov 2004 and gave tough competition to Microsoft’s Internet Explorer with its add-ons,
security, and speed. Firefox got it’s the highest popularity at the end of 2009 when it had reached
32+% of total market usage. But after the introduction of Google Chrome, the popularity of
Firefox declined. As of now, it has around 5%, market users.

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6. Write a note on Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a free, open content online encyclopedia created through the collaborative effort of
a community of users known as Wikipedians. Anyone registered on the site can create an article
for publication; registration is not required to edit articles.
Wikipedia is an encyclopedia that anyone can edit.
Anyone can edit Wikipedia's text, references, and images. What is written is more important than
who writes it. The content must conform with Wikipedia's policies, including being verifiable by
a published reliable source. Editors' opinions, beliefs, personal experiences, unreviewed
research, libelous material, and copyright violations will not remain. Wikipedia's software allows
easy reversal of errors, and experienced editors watch and patrol bad edits. Begin by simply
clicking the Edit button at the top of any non-protected page.

7. How Wikipedia works? Explain.

Through keyword searches, users locate and read articles, access photos and other graphics, and
follow hyperlinks to resources related to the topic at hand. On certain Wikipedia alerting users
that the content might be less trustworthy than material on unflagged pages. pages, flags indicate
if an article is out-of-date, for example, or contains no references, The site also invites anyone to
be a contributor. Although Wikipedia encourages contributors to create accounts, registration is
not required. Users can edit or create entire articles, make changes to individual sections of
articles, change the structure of an article, add images or links-all with the understanding that
everything in Wikipedia can be changed by other links. The exceptions are articles that are
"protected," a status assigned to entries that are
users.
targets of vandalism (intentionally posting inaccurate or defamatory information) or that
frequently spawn ongoing disagreements among contributors. Pages that fall under protection
include "Al Gore" and "Darfur conflict," but topics including "Mark Twain," "frog," and
"Chevrolet" are also protected. Wikipedia users with administrator rights have the authority to
assign or remove protection status, delete pages, and block individual users from editing articles.
Protected (and semi-protected) pages require users to meet certain conditions to make edits. To
change a semi-protected page, for example, a user must have been registered for at least four
days.
A Discussion tab for each article provides a venue for users to discuss that article, its history and
structure, and ways to improve it. Many articles (or sections of articles) are inherently
contentious, and the Discussion tab is a place where users can have a side bar conversation about
why certain edits to the article have been made or what information might expand an article's
value without expressing a bias. The Discussion tab serves to fill a gap that necessarily exists
given that contributors are disconnected from one another.

8. What is Joomla? Explain

Joomla is an open source Content Management System (CMS), which is used to build websites
and online applications. It is free and extendable which is separated into front-end and back-end
templates (administrator). Joomla is developed using PHP, Object Oriented Programming,
software design patterns and MySQL (used for storing the data).
Joomla is based on Mambo CMS which was developed by an Australian company in 2001 and
initially released on August 17, 2005. The official version of Joomla 1.0 was released on
September 22, 2005.
Advantages:
• It is an open source platform and available for free.
• Joomla is designed to be easy to install and set up even if you're not an advanced user.
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• Since Joomla is so easy to use, as a web designer or developer, you can quickly build
sites for your clients. With minimal instructions to the clients, clients can easily manage
their sites on their own.

• It is very easy to edit the content as it uses WYSIWYG editor (What You See Is What
You Get is a user interface that allows the user to directly manipulate the layout of the
document without having a layout command).
• It ensures the safety of data content and doesn't allow anyone to edit the data.
• By default, Joomla is compatible with all browsers.
• The templates are very flexible to use.
• Media files can be uploaded easily in the article editor tool.
• Provides easy menu creation tool.

9. Write a note on GNU Compiler Collection

The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of compilers produced for
various programming languages by the GNU Project. GCC is a key component of the GNU
toolchain. As well as being the official compiler of the GNU system, GCC has been adopted as
the standard compiler by most other modern Unix-like computer operating systems, including
Linux, the BSD family and Mac OS X. GCC has been ported to a wide variety of computer
architectures, and is widely deployed as a tool in commercial, proprietary and closed source
software development environments. GCC is also used in popular embedded platforms like
Symbian, Playstation and Sega Dreamcast.
Originally named the GNU C Compiler, because it only handled the C programming language,
GCC 1.0 was released in 1987, and the compiler was extended to compile C++ in December of
that year. Front ends were later developed for Fortran, Pascal, Objective C, Java, and Ada, among
others.
Distributed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) under the terms of the GNU General Public
License (GNU GPL) and the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), GCC is free
software.

10. What are the components of open office? Explain.

OpenOffice.org (OOo), commonly known as OpenOffice, is a discontinued open-source office
suite. Active successor projects include LibreOffice (the most actively developed, Apache
OpenOffice, Online (enterprise ready LibreOffice) and NeoOffice (commercial, and available
only for macOS).
OpenOffice was an open-sourced version of the earlier StarOffice, which Sun Microsystems
acquired in 1999 for internal use. Sun open-sourced the OpenOffice suite in July 2000 as a
competitor to Microsoft Office, releasing version 1.0 on 1 May 2002.
OpenOffice included a word processor (Writer), a spreadsheet (Calc), a presentation application
(Impress), a drawing application (Draw), a formula editor (Math), and a database management
application (Base). Its default file format was the OpenDocument Format (ODF), an ISO/IEC
standard, which originated with OpenOffice.org. It could also read a wide variety of other file
formats, with particular attention to those from Microsoft Office. OpenOffice.org was primarily
developed for Linux, Microsoft Windows and Solaris, and later for OS X, with ports to other
operating systems. It was distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3
(LGPL); early versions were also available under the Sun Industry Standards Source License
(SISSL).

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11. Write a note on Apache licensing of distributions.
Licensing of Distributions
All software produced by The Apache Software Foundation or any of its projects or subjects is
licensed according to the terms of the documents listed below.
1. Apache License, Version 2.0 (current)
The 2.0 version of the Apache License was approved by the ASF in 2004. The goals of this
license revision have been to reduce the number of frequently asked questions to allow the license
to be reusable without modification by any project (including non-ASF projects), to allow the
license to be included by reference instead of listed in every file, to clarify the license on
submission of contributions, to require a patent license on contributions that necessarily infringe
the contributor's own patents, and to move comments regarding Apache and other inherited
attribution notices to location outside the license terms (the NOTICE file).
2. Apache License, Version 1.1 (historic)
The 1.1 version of the Apache License was approved by the ASF in 2000. The primary change
from the 1.0 license is in the 'advertising clause; derived products are no longer required to
include attribution in their advertising materials, only in their documentation.
3. Apache License, Version 1.0 (historic)
This is the original Apache License which applies only to older versions of Apache packages
(such as version 1.2 of the Web server).
4. Contributor License Agreements
The ASF desires that all contributors of ideas, code, or documentation to the Apache projects
complete, sign, and submit (via postal mail, fax or e-mail) an Individual Contributor License
Agreement (CLA)
5. Software Grants
When an individual or corporation decides to donate a body of existing software or
documentation to one of the Apache projects, they need to execute a formal Software Grant
agreement with the ASF.

12. Write a note on Joomla for End Users and Joomla for Developers.
Joomla! for End Users
The basic Joomla! Package is designed to be easy to install, even for non-programmers Most
people have no trouble getting our software up and running, and there is plenty of support
available for newbie's. We have a growing, active community of more than 150,000 friendly
users and developers on our forums eager to help.
Once Joomla! is installed and running, it is simple for even non-technical users to add or edit
content, update images, and to manage the critical data that makes your company or
organization go. Anybody with basic word processing skills can easily learn to manage a
Joomla! Site.
Via a simple, browser-based interface you will be able to easily add new press releases or news
items, manage staff pages, job listings, product images, and create an unlimited amount of
sections or content pages on your site. You can try our simple demo to get quick taste of what
Joomla! is all about.
Joomla! for Developers
Many companies or organizations have requirements that go beyond what is available in the
basic Joomla! Package or in a freely available extension.
Using the core framework, developers can easily build:
• Integrated e-commerce systems
• Inventory control systems
• Data reporting tools
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• Custom product catalogs
• Complex business directories
• Reservation systems
• Communication tools
• Application bridges
• or any kind of application to suit a unique need...

13. Write a note on Mozilla project and features of Mozilla Firefox.

14. Explain features and security of Mozilla Firefox.

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15. Explain Apache Software License Version 1.1.

Apache License, Version 1.1 (historic)
The 1.1 version of the Apache License was approved by the ASF in 2000. The primary change
from the 1.0 license is in the 'advertising clause; derived products are no longer required to
include attribution in their advertising materials, only in their documentation.
Individual packages licensed under the 1.1 version may have used different wording due to
varying requirements for attribution or mark identification, but the binding terms were all the
same.

[The answers given here are chosen from the prescribed text book.]

BY: CHAITHRA KOPPALA