ME211B: Thermodynamics

Instructor: Joon Sang Kang

 Chapter 5

MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES

 Objectives

• Develop the conservation of mass principle.

• Apply the conservation of mass principle to various systems including steady-
and unsteady-flow control volumes.
• Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of the conservation of
energy principle to control volumes.
• Identify the energy carried by a fluid stream crossing a control surface as the
sum of internal energy, flow work, kinetic energy, and potential energy of the fluid
and to relate the combination of the internal energy and the flow work to the
property enthalpy.
• Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices such as
nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers, heaters, and heat
exchangers.
• Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with particular
emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for commonly encountered
charging and discharging processes.
CONSERVATION OF MASS

Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot

be created or destroyed during a process.
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a process.
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must keep track of
the amount of mass entering and leaving the control volume.

Mass m and energy E can be converted

to each other according to

c the speed of light in a vacuum

c = 2.9979  108 m/s.

The mass change due to energy

change is negligible.
Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Definition of
average velocity
Volume flow rate

Mass flow rate

biscosty
Conservation of Mass Principle

The conservation of mass principle for a

control volume: The net mass transfer to or
from a control volume during a time interval
t is equal to the net change (increase or
decrease) in the total mass within the
control volume during t.

These equations are often referred to as the

mass balance and are applicable to any
control volume undergoing any kind of process.
Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes

During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a

control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
entering a control volume equal the total amount of mass leaving it.

For steady-flow processes, we are interested

in the amount of mass flowing per unit time,
that is, the mass flow rate.

Multiple inlets
and exits

Single stream

Many engineering devices such as

nozzles, diffusers, turbines, compressors, and
pumps involve a single stream (only one
inlet and one outlet).
Special Case: Incompressible Flow

The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when

the fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids.

Steady,
incompressible

Steady, incompressible
flow (single stream)

There is no such thing as a “conservation of

volume” principle.
For steady flow of liquids, the volume flow rates,
as well as the mass flow rates, remain constant
since liquids are essentially incompressible
substances.
FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY
OF A FLOWING FLUID
Flow work, or flow energy: The work (or energy) required to push the mass into
or out of the control volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a continuous
flow through a control volume.
GQXW =
AUTaK PE TPV …
FLOW WORK AND THE ENERGY
OF A FLOWING FLUID
 Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid

e
=

lm

Flowenergt

The flow energy is automatically taken care of

by enthalpy. In fact, this is the main reason for
defining the property enthalpy.
Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Energy Transport by Mass

When the kinetic and potential energies

of a fluid stream are negligible

When the properties of the mass at

each inlet or exit change with time
as well as over the cross section
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF
STEADY-FLOW SYSTEMS

Steady-flow process: A process

during which a fluid flows through
a control volume steadily. dtdmr = 0
Mass and Energy balances for a
steady-flow process \

Mass balance

Energy balance
 CV
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µ f - HitmV -
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Mass and Energy balances for a
steady-flow process

Conservation of energy
principle:
The water stream experiences
an increase in its total energy
as it flows through the water
heater that is equal to the
electric energy supplied to the
water minus the heat losses.
Energy balance relations with sign conventions
(i.e., heat input and work output are positive)
Waut 7 C

When kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible

wirn

Wont
SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

Many engineering devices operate

essentially under the same
conditions for long periods of time.
The components of a steam power
plant (turbines, compressors, heat
exchangers, and pumps), operate
nonstop for months before the
system is shut down for
maintenance.
Therefore, these devices can be
conveniently analyzed as steady-
flow devices.
Nozzles and Diffusers

A nozzle is a device that increases the

velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the
pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for subsonic
flows and increases for supersonic flows.
The reverse is true for diffusers.

Energy balance for a nozzle or diffuser

Deceleration of Air in a Diffuser
Acceleration of Steam in a Nozzle

= 2.8 kJ/kg

Steam
5 kg/s

2
1 1.4 MPa
1.8 MPa, 400C 275 m/s
0.02 m2
Turbines and Compressors

Turbine drives the electric generator In steam, gas,

or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done
against the blades, which are attached to the shaft.
As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine
produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are
devices used to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Work is supplied to these devices from an external
source through a rotating shaft.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is
mainly used to mobilize a gas.
A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to
very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except
that they handle liquids instead of gases.
Compressing Air by a Compressor

aout ≈
(
G- π ,
)
,
Power Generation by a Steam Turbine

KE
DMTOP
-
Ai tt - Weut =
Throttling valves

Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting

devices that cause a significant pressure drop in
the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a
throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often
accompanied by a large drop in temperature, and
for that reason throttling devices are commonly
used in refrigeration and air-conditioning
applications.

Energy balance
Throttling valves

P ,
> D

,
Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a Refrigerator
Mixing chambers

In engineering applications, the section

where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.
The mixing chamber does not have to be
a distinct “chamber.” An ordinary T-elbow
or a Y-elbow in a shower, for example,
serves as the mixing chamber for the
cold- and hot-water streams.
The conservation of mass principle for a
mixing chamber requires that the sum of
the incoming mass flow rates equal the
mass flow rate of the outgoing mixture.
The conservation of energy equation is
analogous to the conservation of mass
equation.
Mixing of Hot and Cold Waters in a Shower

60C

150 kPa

10C 45C
Heat exchangers

Heat exchangers are devices where

two moving fluid streams exchange
heat without mixing.

Heat exchangers are widely used in

various industries, and they come in
various designs.
Heat exchangers

adiabatic
^
Cooling of Refrigerant-134a by Water

ex ) 5 le
-
Cooling of Refrigerant-134a by Water
 Pipe and duct flow

The transport of liquids or gases in pipes and ducts is of great importance

in many engineering applications.
Flow through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies the steady-flow conditions.
Electric Heating of Air in a House
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES

Many processes of interest, involve changes within the control

volume with time.
Such processes are called unsteady-flow, or transient-flow,
processes.
Most unsteady-flow processes can be represented reasonably well
by the uniform-flow process.
Uniform-flow process: The fluid flow at any inlet or exit is uniform
and steady, and thus the fluid properties do not change with time or
position over the cross section of an inlet or exit. If they do, they are
averaged and treated as constants for the entire process.
ENERGY ANALYSIS OF UNSTEADY-FLOW PROCESSES
Mass balance

state
Energy balance
0
forsteady
=
Charging of a Rigid Tank by Steam
Discharge of Heated Air at Constant Temperature

5 13
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i fQentthntI
Ginth , tmf - Tmourfar)

maea MiOl
-

Wrn - Murfout =
Meathi
.

I ma) CpT
- M= RTPUY
M=
RV2
A1,

⑤ θ
O
Summary

• Conservation of mass
• Flow work and the energy of a flowing fluid
• Energy analysis of steady-flow systems
• Some steady-flow engineering devices
• Energy analysis of unsteady-flow processes