Experiment No 12

Self-induction and Mutual Induction

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to verify the phenomenon of self-induction and mutual
induction.
Apparatus
• Digital Multi-Meter (DMM)
• Connecting Wires
• Self-Induction and Mutual Induction Trainer
Theory

Self-Induction

Any change in current causes an expansion or collapsing of the magnetic field around a
conductor, which in turn induces an e.m.f. in the conductor. This phenomenon is self-induction
induction. The magnitude of the self-induced e.m.f. is proportional to the amplitude and
frequency of the current. By Lenz's Law, we can also find the relationship between the induced
e.m.f. and the applied voltage that causes the current flow is such that the two voltages are
always 180 degrees out of phase. Since the magnitude of the magnetic flux is proportional to
the magnitude of the current in the coil. The self-induced e.m.f. of coil can be expressed by the
Equation. Of course, the magnetic field of a coil can be made stronger, and more flux lines too,
by keeping a soft iron core inside the coil.

𝑑𝑖
𝑒=𝐿
𝑑𝑡

Where L is the inductance of the coil due to which it opposes the change of current flowing
through it. Inductance is attained by a coil due to the self-induced e.m.f produced in the coil
itself by changing the current flowing through it. If the current in the coil is increasing, the self-
induced e.m.f produced in the coil will oppose the rise of current, which means the direction
of the induced e.m.f is opposite to the applied voltage. If the current in the coil is decreasing,
the e.m.f induced in the coil is in such a direction as to oppose the fall of current; this means
that the direction of the self-induced e.m.f is same as that of the applied voltage.
 Figure 12.1: Self-Induction

This property of the coil only opposes the changing current (alternating current) and does not
affect the steady current that is (direct current) when flows through it. The unit of inductance
is Henry (H). The circuit of Figure 12.1 can be used to demonstrate the phenomenon of self-
induction. When the switch is closed, the coil then current changes in the coil and builds a
magnetic field (flux). If the switch is opened, the magnetic flux will collapse rapidly.

Mutual Induction

When the current in a coil is changing a voltage will be induced in another coil placed near to
it. This effect is called mutual-induction. Consider Figure 12.2, current flowing through the
coil of inductance L1 builds up a magnetic field (flux) around itself. A part of this flux that
links only coils 1. The other part links both the 1 and 2 coils and therefore is a component of
mutual flux. This mutual flux sets up an induced e.m.f. in coil L2 given by Equation.
𝑑𝐼1
𝑒𝑚 = 𝑀 ( )
𝑑𝑡
Or
𝑒𝑚
𝑀= ⁄ 𝑑𝐼1
( )
𝑑𝑡
Where, em is the voltage induced in the secondary coil and I1 is the current flowing in the
primary coil. M is the mutual inductance, defined as the property of the coils that enables it to
oppose the changes in the current in another coil and measured in Henry (H).We can use this
formula when we know the value of the mutually induced e.m.f as well as the change of current
in coil two, or the neighboring coil. Now, if em = 1 and dI1 / dt = 1, then on substituting the
value in the given equations, we see that the value of M, that is mutual inductance is 1 Henry.
Thus two coils have a mutual inductance of 1 henry when e.m.f of 1 volt is induced in coil 1
and when the current flowing through coil 2 is changing at the rate of one ampere per second.

Figure 12.2: Mutual Induction

Procedure

1. Set the module for Self Induction.

2. According to Figure 6.3, complete the experiment circuit with short-circuit clips.
3. Observe the states of the lamp while pressing or releasing the switch and conclude your
observation.
4. Set the module for the Mutual Induction.
5. Connecting the battery through a switch at one coil
6. Connect the other coil with the Galvanometer(G)
7. Observe the deflection on the galvanometer while pressing or releasing the switch and
conclude your observation.

Figure 12.3: Connection Diagram of Self-Induction Experiment

 Lab Exercise and Summary
Summary should cover Introduction, Procedure, Data Analysis and Evaluation.
Student’s Signature: ________________ Date: ________________
 LABORATORY SKILLS ASSESSMENT (Psychomotor)

Total Marks: 100

Criteria Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Score

(Max Marks) 0% ≤ S < 50% 50% ≤ S< 70% 70% ≤ S< 90% 90%≤ S ≤100% (S)
Procedural Selects Selects and Selects and applies Selects and
Awareness inappropriate applies the appropriate applies
(20) skills and/or appropriate skills strategies and/or appropriate
strategies and/or strategies skills specific to strategies and/or
required by the required by the the task without skills specific to
task task with some significant errors the task without
errors any error
Practical Makes several Makes few Makes some non- Applies the
Implementation critical errors in critical errors in critical errors in procedural
(30) applying applying applying knowledge of
procedural procedural procedural Self-induction
knowledge of knowledge of knowledge Self- and Mutual
Self-induction Self-induction induction and Induction in
and Mutual and Mutual Mutual Induction perfect ways
Induction Induction
Safety Requires Requires some Follows safety Routinely follows
(10) constant reminders to procedures with safety procedures
reminders to follow safety only minimal
follow safety procedures reminders
procedures
Use of Uses tools, Uses tools, Uses tools, Uses tools,
Tool/Equipment equipment and equipment and equipment and equipment and
(20) materials with materials with materials with materials with a
limited some competence considerable high degree of
competence competence competence
Participation Shows little Demonstrates Demonstrates Actively helps to
to Achieve commitment to commitment to commitment to identify group
Group Goals group goals and group goals, but group goals and goals and works
(10) fails to perform has difficulty carries out effectively to
assigned roles performing assigned roles meet them in all
assigned roles effectively roles assumed
Interpersonal Rarely interacts Interacts with Interacts with all Interacts
Skills in positively other group group members positively with all
Group Work within a group, members if spontaneously group members
(10) even with prompted and encourages
prompting such interaction in
others

Marks Obtained

Instructor’s Signature: ________________ Date: ________________

 LABORATORY SKILLS ASSESSMENT (Affective)
Total Marks: 40

Criteria Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Score

(Max. Marks) 0% ≤ S < 50% 50% ≤ S < 70% 70% ≤ S < 90% 90% ≤ S ≤ 100% (S)

Introduction Very little Introduction is Introduction is Introduction complete

(5) background brief with some nearly complete, and well-written;
information minor mistakes missing some minor provides all necessary
provided or points background principles
information is for the experiment
incorrect
Procedure Many stages of Many stages of The procedure could The procedure is well
(5) the procedure are the procedure be more efficiently designed and all stages
not entered on are entered on designed but most of the procedure are
the lab report. the lab report. stages of the entered on the lab
procedure are report.
entered on the lab
report.
Data Record Data is brief and Data provides Data is almost Data is complete and
(10) missing some significant complete but has relevant. Tables with
significant pieces information and some minor units are provided.
of information. has few critical mistakes. Graphs are labeled. All
mistakes. questions are answered
correctly.
Data Analysis Data is presented Data is Data is presented in Data are presented in
(10) in very unclear presented in ways (charts, tables, ways (charts, tables,
manner. Error ways (charts, graphs) that can be graphs) that best
analysis is not tables, graphs) understood and facilitate understanding
included. that are not clear interpreted. Error and interpretation.
enough. Error analysis is included. Error analysis is
analysis is included.
included.
Report Report contains Report is Report is well Report is well
Quality many errors. somewhat organized and organized and cohesive
(10) organized with cohesive but and contains no
some spelling or contains some grammatical errors.
grammatical grammatical errors. Presentation seems
errors. polished.

Marks Obtained

LABORATORY SKILLS ASSESSMENT (Cognitive)

Total Marks: 10
(If any)

Marks Obtained

Instructor’s Signature: ________________ Date: ________________