1

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

(ii) The metric system ( the more logical decimal system,

Matter and Energy
first developed in France during the late eighteenth
Matter century (1791),) is used as the system of
measurements in most of the countries throughout
the world.
Mixtures Pure
substances (c) SI system
In this system, there are seven fundamental scientific
Heterogeneous Homogeneous quantities. The SI units has seven basic units.
mixtures mixtures
Length (m) Mass (kg)
Time (s) Electric current (A)
Elements Compounds Temperture (K) Luminous intensity (cd)
Some prefix used in SI system
Matter is everything that occupies space and has
mass (or moment of inertia). In the universe, matter exists in 10−12 (pico) 10−9 (nano)
−6
different forms. On the basis of physical state, matter may exist as 10 (micro) 10−3 (milli)
solid, liquid or gas. These states are commonly present on earth in 10−2 (centi) 103 (kilo)
6
the processes taking place on earth. Three additional forms of 10 (mega) 109 (giga)
matter are also known to exist in thermonuclear processes. They 1. Mass and weight :
are plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate and Fermionic (i) Mass of a system represents the amount of matter
condensate. present in a system, while weight represents the force
that gravity exert on that system (or object).
Measurements in Chemistry (ii) These terms are often used interchangeably, although
Measurements provide the macroscopic informations that strictly speaking, they are different quantities.
are the basis of several laws, hypotheses or theories, given to (iii) The SI base unit of mass is kilogram (kg) but in
explain the behaviour of matter and energy on both macroscopic chemistry unit gram (g) is more convenient and
and microscopic levels. frequently used.
1 kg = 1000g = 1 × 10 3 g
(a) Unit
Mass of a system is constant while weight varies from
(i) A unit is the standard of comparison for different
place to place.
measurements.
(ii) Units are essential for presenting a measured 2. Volume: Volume of a body = (length)3
quantity correctly. Because in SI system, unit of length in metre, so SI unit of
volume is m 3. Other smaller non SI units are dm 3 and cm 3.
(b) Metric System 1 cm 3 = (1 × 10 −2 m)3 = 1 × 10 −6 m 3
(i) Many properties of matter are quantitative, 1 dm 3 = (1 × 10 −1 m)3 = 1 × 10 −3 m 3
that is, they are associated with numbers.
When a number represents a measured quantity, the
units of that quantity must always be specified.
 2 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

Significant Figures : the end of a number are significant (rule 6) or not. For example,
a mass of 19400 g can be written in exponential notations
Uncertainty in Measurements
showing three, four or five significant figures as:
(i) All the measurements have some degree of 1. 94 × 104 ( 3 significant figures)
uncertainty. 1. 940 × 104 ( 4 significant figures)
(ii) A counted quantity is exact provided that the 4
1. 9400 × 10 ( 5 significant figures)
objects counted do not change while they are being Thus, all significant figures lying before the
counted. exponent and the exponential term does not add to
(iii) Defined quantities (like -1km =1000m, 1 ft=12 number of significant figures. Similarly significant
inches etc.) and exponential part in exponential numbers in numerical value of Avogadro number ( 6. 023 × 1023 )
notation ( e. g . , 105 in 4.21 × 105 ) are also exact. are four and in Planck's constant ( 6. 626 × 10−34 Js) are four.
(iv) On the other hand, measured quantities are not 8. Exact numbers can be treated as if they have an
exact and have some degree of uncertainty infinite numbers of significant figures. This rule applies
associated with them. Any measurement has an to many definitions between units. Thus when we say 1 foot has
uncertainty of at least one unit in the last digit of the 12 inches, the number 12 is exact and we need not worry about
reported value. Thus in a measurement, last digit is the number of significant figures in it.
uncertain and others are certain, e.g., 5.2g has 9. Rounding off the uncertain digit: The rounding off
uncertainty of 1 g, 5.22g has uncertainty of 0.01 g, of uncertain digit of significant figures is made as follows:
162 m has uncertainty of 1 m etc. (a) If the digit to be rounded off is more than 5, the preceding
number is increased by one, e.g.,
Rules for Determination of Significant Figures 2 .16 ⇒ 2 . 2 , 3. 58 ⇒ 3. 6
1. All non-zero digits are significant. For example: (b) If the digit to be rounded off is less than 5, the preceding
3.14 has 3 significant figures; 2 certain+1uncertain. number is retained, e. g . ,
05.153 has 4 significant figures ; 3 certain+1 uncertain. 2.14 ⇒ 2.1, 4.13 ⇒ 4.1
2. The zeros to the right of the decimal point are (c) If the digit to be rounded off is equal to 5, the preceding
significant. For example : number is not changed if it is even and increased by one, if it is odd,
3.0 has 2 significant figures ; 1 certain+1 uncertain digit. e.g.,
3.10 has 3 significant figures; 2 certain+1 uncertain digit. 3.25 ⇒ 3. 2 (Preceding digit 2 is even)
3. The zero to the left of the first non-zero digit in 2.35 ⇒ 2.4 (Preceding digit 3 is odd)
a number are not significant. They merely represent the
position of a decimal point. For example: CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRY
0.02 g has 1 significant figure
‘‘Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative
0.002 g has 1 significant figure
relationships that exist between substances undergoing chemical
4. The zeros between two non-zero digits are also changes.’’
significant. For example:
To make the study of this wide chapter easy and systematic,
6.01 has 3 significant figures; 2 certain and last digit it has been divided into four sub-parts :
uncertain.
A. Laws of chemical combinations
6.001 has 4 significant figures; 3 certain and last digit
B. The mole concept
uncertain.
5. Leading zero before the decimal point are C. Concentration units and their calculations
never significant. For example : D. Stoichiometric calculations
0.618 has 3 significant figures; 2 certain and last digit
uncertain.
Laws of Chemical Combinations
6. When a number ends in zeros that are not to 1. Law of Conservation of Mass (Lomonosov, 1744)
the right of decimal point, the zeros are not
(a) According to this law, ‘‘there is no detectable change in
necessarily significant. For example:
the total quantity of matter present in a system when it undergoes
180 cm has two or three significant figures, 18600 g has
a chemical or physical change.’’ or ‘‘matter can neither be created
three or four or five significant figures. This ambiguity has been
nor destroyed during the course of a chemical reaction, however its
removed by using exponential notation.
physical or chemical nature may change.”
7. Exponential notation. The use of exponential
notation avoids the potential ambiguity of whether the zeros at
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3

(b) On the basis of this law, we may conclude that for a (b) (i) Consider the reaction between H 2 and O 2 to form
reaction, water.
1
Total mass of reactants before the reaction = H 2( g ) + O 2( g ) → H 2O( v )
2
Total mass of products after the reaction.
The equation states that one volume of H 2 reacts with half
(c) After the origin of energy-mass relationship E = mc 2 by
volume of O 2 to give one volume of H 2O vapours.
Einstein, this law needed a slight modification.
6. Avogadro’s Hypothesis
2. Law of Constant (or Definite) Proportions
Under similar conditions of pressure and temperature, equal
(a) According to this law, ‘‘a chemical compound always
volumes of gases contain equal number of molecules.
contains the same elements combined together in the same
proportion by mass. or Salient Features of Avogadro’s Hypothesis
A compound always contains exactly the same proportions of The significance of Avogadro’s hypothesis is summarised
elements by mass.’’ below :
(b) For example, compound CO 2 can be formed by either of (a) Distinction between atom and molecule : It
the processes : removed the anomaly between Dalton’s atomic theory and Gay
By heating CaCO 3 : Lussac’s law of volume by making a clear distinction in between
∆
CaCO 3  → CaO + CO 2 atoms and molecules.
(b) It provided a method to determine the atomic masses of
3. Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton 1803) gaseous elements.
(a) According to this law, ‘‘when two elements combine with (c) It reveals that common elementary gases ( like-
each other to form two or more chemical compounds then different hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine etc.) are diatomic.
amounts of one element which react with definite amount of (d) Relation between vapour density (V.D.) and
second element, bear a simple whole numbers ratio’’. molecular mass of gaseous substances : The vapour
(b) Let two elements A and B combine to form two density of a gas is defined as the ratio of the mass of a certain
compounds. In these compounds different amounts of B reacts volume of the gas to the mass of the same volume of hydrogen at
with same amount of A, then these different amounts of B bear a same temperature and pressure. V.D. with respect to hydrogen,
simple whole number ratio with each other. For example Molecular mass
Vapour density =
Combination of C and O may form CO and CO 2. In CO, ratio 2
C : O is 12 : 16, while in CO 2 it is 12 : 32. Thus ratio of O in CO (e) Molar volume of gases : One g molecular mass (or
and CO 2 is 16 : 32 or 1 : 2, i. e. , a whole number ratio. mass one mole molecules) of a gas occupies 22.4 L at NTP i. e. , 2 g
(c) However, after the discovery of isotopes, some of H 2, 32 g O 2 or 16 g CH 4 at NTP occupies 22.4 litre volume. It
modifications were made in the explanations. may be calculated as given below :
4. Law of Equivalent Proportions or Mass of one molecule of gas
Vapour density =
Law of Reciprocal Proportions (Richter 1792-94) Mass of one molecule of H 2
Mass of one mL of gas at STP
(a) According to this law, ‘‘the ratio of masses of two =
substance A and B which separately reacts with a fixed mass of Mass of one mL of H 2
other substance C is either simple multiple or fraction of the ratio Mass of one mL of gas at STP
=
of masses of A and B when they reacts mutually’’. 0.0000897
(b) It can be explained with the following example : (∵1 mL H 2 has mass = 0. 0000897 g at STP)
(i) Nitrogen ( A ) and oxygen ( B ) reacts with hydrogen (C ) to ∴ Mass of 1 mL gas = V. D. × 0.0000897 g
form ammonia and water respectively. But V . D. × 0. 0000897 g gas has volume = 1 mL
(ii) 1g hydrogen reacts with 4. 66 g nitrogen to form ∴ 2 × V . D. (i. e. , mol. mass) g gas has volume
ammonia and 8 g oxygen to form water. Thus, the ratio of 1 × 2 × V . D.
= = 22400 mL
4. 66 V . D. × 0. 0000897
masses reacting with a fixed mass of H is = 0. 583
8 i. e. , g-molar mass of a gas or its 1 mole occupies 22.4 litre at
5. Law of Gaseous Volumes (Gay Lussac 1808) STP or NTP.
(f) It may be used in determination of M.F. of gases and in
(a) According to this law, ‘‘when gases combine, they do so in
gas analysis.
volumes which bear a simple ratio to each other and also to the
product formed provided all gases are measured under similar
conditions.’’
 4 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

Atoms and Molecules The Mole Concept

(i) An atom is the smallest particle of an element that takes (i) Mole (symbol mol) is the seventh base S.I. unit. It
part in a chemical reaction. expresses the amount of substance, in terms of
(ii) A molecule is the smallest particle of matter (element both, its mass and the number of entities
or compound) which is capable of independent existence. A (atoms/ions/molecules etc.) present in it.
molecule is generally (except inert gases) an assembly of two or (ii) By definition, one mole is the amount of
more tightly bonded atoms. substance that contains as many as particles
Atomic Mass or entities as there are atoms in exactly
12.00 g (or 0.012 kg) of the C12-isotope.
Now a days, all the atomic masses have been measured with
respect to 12C whose atomic mass is arbitrarily taken as (iii) One mole of all the substances
12.000 u. (atoms/molecules/ions or anything other) contain
Relative atomic mass of an element is defined as the ratio of same number of entities, and now this number (i. e. ,
the masses of that atom to (1 12)th of the mass of one C12-atom, number of atoms in 12 . 0 g C12-isotope) has been
thus determined exactly by using mass spectrometer. With
Mass of an atom of element this technique, mass of one carbon atom has been
Relative atomic mass =
1
× Mass of an atom of C12 found to be 1. 992648 × 10−23g.
12 Thus, number of atoms in 12 . 0 g of C12 = N A
On the basis of this scale atomic masses of H and O-atoms
are 1.008 u and 15.995 u respectively. [Avogadro’s constant (or number)]
12 . 0 g mol − C12
Atomic mass unit (amu) is used to express the atomic =
masses. 1. 992648 × 10−23 g atom
1 amu = 1.66056 × 10 −24 g = 6.0221367 × 10 23 atoms mol
Average atomic mass Thus, 1 mole atoms = N A atoms
Σ (% abundance × isotopic mass) (i. e. , 6. 023 × 1023 atoms)
(A) =
100
1 mole ions = N A ions
or
(i. e. , 6. 023 × 1023 ions)
A = Σ (Isotopic mass × Fractional abundance)
1 mole electrons = N A electrons
Molecular Mass and Formula Mass (i. e. , 6. 023 × 1023 electrons)
1 mole compound = N A molecules of that compound
(i) A molecule is composed of several atoms and sum of
atomic masses of atoms present in a molecule, refers to (i. e. , 6. 023 × 1023 molecules)
its molecular mass, e. g . , consider a molecule Ax B yC z . (iv) Mass of one mole atoms of an element is known as
g-atomic mass, while those of one mole molecules
Molecular mass
of a compound is known as g-molar mass (or
= ( x × at. mass of A ) + ( y × at. mass of B)
g-formula mass). However, terms g-atomic mass
+ ( z × at. mass of C )
or g-molar mass have been given for elements and
or Molecular mass compounds, but in common practice, common term
Element 1 Element 2
6444 74448 + 6444 74448 + ... mole (symbol mol) is used for all purpose and
= Σ atomic mass × n1 atomic mass × n2
symbol ‘ n ’ is used for expressing the number of
n1 and n2 are number of atoms respectively. moles.
e. g . , for C 6H12O 6 (v) Moles (n) of compound or number of g-molecules
M = [( 6 × 12 . 0011) + (12 × 1. 008) + ( 6 × 16. 00)] u
(simply mole) in wg of substance are given by
= 180.162 u mass (w)
(ii) For ionic solids term molecular mass is replaced by n=
Molar mass (m)
more common term ‘‘formula mass’’.
(vi) 1 mole molecules of any ideal gas at STP
e. g . , for NaCl,
= 6.023 × 1023 molecules of gas = 22.4 L
formula mass = ( 23. 0 + 35. 5) = 58.5 u
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 5

Calculation of Number of Moles (n) (B) Determination of Chemical Formula from

(a) When mass is given : Percentage Composition
Mass of substance ( w in g ) Formula represents a molecule in terms of symbols of
No. of moles ( n ) =
M (g − atomic or g molecular mass) elements present in it. Formula of a substance may be of three
M = atomic mass of element, formula mass of ionic solids or types :
molar mass of compound. e. g . , (a) Empirical Formula (E.F.) : It represents the relative
w w w number of atoms of each type present in a molecule.
nNaCl = ; nH 2 O = ; nCH 4 =
58. 5 18 16 (b) Molecular Formula (M.F.) : It represents the actual
(b) When number of entities is given : number of atoms of each type present in a molecule.
Number of entities present ( N ) (c) Structural Formula (S.F.) : It represents the
n=
6.022 × 1023 (i. e. , Avogadro’ s constant N A ) arrangement of atoms also. e. g . ,
Number of CO 2 molecules For acetic acid, (i) E.F. is CH 2O, (ii) M.F. is C 2H 4O 2 and
e. g . , nCO 2 = H O
NA | ||
(c) For gaseous substances : One mole molecules of (iii) S.F. is H — C — C — O — H
|
ideal gas (or nearly ideal also) at NTP occupies 22.4 L volume,
H
which is also known as gram molar volume (GMV ). (condensed as CH 3COOH )
Thus, 1 mole molecule of gas at NTP = 22 . 4 L or 22,400 mL Also Mol. formula = n × E . F.
or Molar mass
here n=
Volume of gas at NTP (in L) Empirical formula mass
Number of moles ( n ) =
22.4
=
Volume of gas at NTP (in mL) Concentration Units of Solutions
22400
VCO 2 ( at NTP in L ) (i) A solution is homogeneous mixture of two or more
e. g . , nCO 2 = , substances. It contains solute/s, which is/are
22 . 4
dissolved in which is known as solvent. e. g . , NaCl
VNH 3 ( at NTP in mL )
nNH 3 = (solute) in water (solvent).
22400
(ii) Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
(d) Calculation of number of entities (N) :
present in given amount of solvent or solution.
Number of entities present (N) = n × N A
Following are the common methods, used to express
e. g . , number of Na-atoms in 0.5 mole Na = 0. 5 × N A the concentration.
Similarly, we may also conclude that (iii) Units to Express the Concentration :
1 mole H 2 = 6. 022 × 1023 molecules of H 2 1. In Terms of Percentage :
= 2 g H 2 = 22 . 4 L at NTP Mass of solute
(a) % by mass ( w w ) = × 100
1 mole N 2 = 6. 022 × 1023 molecules of N 2 Mass of solution
= 28 g N 2 = 22 . 4 L at NTP (b) % by volume
Mass of solute
(w V ) = × 100
Chemical Formula Volume of solution
(c) % by strength
(A) Per cent Composition Volume of solute
(V V ) = × 100
Mass per cent composition represent the parts of an element in Volume of solution
100 parts of molecule. Mass % of an element may be calculated 2. Mole Fractions ( X ) :
as given below : (i) By definition,
Mass per cent (%) Moles ( n )
Mass of element in a compound Mole fraction =
= × 100 Total moles ( ∑ n )
Molar mass of that compound Moles of solvent ( N )
(ii) X Solvent =
Moles of solute ( n ) + Moles of solvent ( N )
Moles of solute ( n )
X Solute =
Moles of solute ( n ) + Moles of solvent ( N )
 6 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

If w g solute (molar mass, m) is present in W g solvent Multiplying by m (molar mass of solute) on both sides in
(molar mass M ), then eq. (i).
w W w 1000
S= × ×m=M ×m
X Solute = m and X Solvent = M m VmL
w W w W
+ + M = molarity; m = molar mass
m M m M
Also X Solute + X Solvent = 1 Stoichiometric Calculations
3. Molarity ( M ) : Molarity of a solution is equal to the (i) A chemical equation represents an actual chemical
number of moles of solute present in one litre solution. i. e. , change in terms of symbols/formula of reactants and
mol/litre. It is most widely used unit and is expressed by M . products.
Let n moles of solute are dissolved in VL solution, then (ii) The numbers written before atoms/molecules in a
n 1000 w 1000
Molarity (M) = = n× = × ...(i) balanced chemical equation are known as
VL VmL m VmL
‘‘stoichiometric coefficients’’. All the chemical
(w and m are mass and molar mass of solute respectively). equations can be treated as algebraic equations and
Also using equation (i) coefficient 1 is not written. e. g . ,
w 1 1
milli- moles = M × VmL = × 1000 H 2 + Cl 2 → HCl
m 2 2
w
and Moles= M × VL = or H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl
m
or 2 H 2 + 2 Cl 2 → 4HCl
One molar solution (1 M ) is that which contains one mole
Thus a balanced chemical equation shows
solute dissolved in one litre solution. It may also be expressed as
milli-moles per mL solution. conservation of mass and atoms only.
4. Molality ( m ) : Molality of a solution is defined as the (iii) A chemical equation provides qualitative and
number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. It is denoted by quantitative details of a chemical reactions. A
m. It is also equal to milli-mole of solute in 1 g solvent. balanced chemical equation gives following
Thus, informations about ratio the reactants and products :
Moles of solute ( n ) (i) Mole ratio (ii) Molecules ratio
Molality ( m ) = … (i)
Mass of solvent (W kg) (iii) Mass ratio (iv) Volume ratio
n w(g ) 1000 It may be illustrated as follows :
Molality ( m ) = = × … (ii)
W( kg ) m′ W(g ) Consider a balanced chemical equation as given
below :
here w = mass of solute in grams
aA + bB → cC + dD
W = mass of solvent in grams
This equation gives information about
m ′ = molar mass of solute
Using equation (ii) (i) Mole ratio :
m × W ( in kg ) = Moles of solute a mole A ~ − b mole B ~ − c mole C ~ − d mole D
and m × W (in gram) = Milli-moles of solute Here symbol ~ − signifies ‘‘stoichiometrically
5. Formality ( F ) : When solute does not have a definite equivalent to ’’
molecule ( e. g . , ionic solids) then term formality is used in place of (ii) Molecules ratio :
molarity. Mathematically formality is same as molarity. a × N A molecules of A ~ − b × N A molecules of
w 1000 ~
B − c × N A molecules of
F= × C~ − d × N A molecules of D
f VmL
N A = 6. 022 × 1023
f = formula mass of solute, F = Formality.
(i. e. , Avogadro’s constant)
6. Strength ( S ) : It is equal to the mass of solute (in g)
(iii) Mass ratio :
present in one litre of solution. Thus,
Mass of solute, w (in g) ( a × M A ) g of A ~− ( b × M B ) g of B ~ − (c × M C )g
Strength ( S ) = of C ~ − ( d × M D ) g of D
Volume of solution (in L)
M A , M B , M C and M D are molar masses of A, B, C and
w  VmL 
or S= × 1000 ∵ VL =  ...(i) D respectively.
VmL  1000
(iv) Volume ratio : (When all reactants and
products are gases)
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 7

a vol. A ~
− b vol. B ~
− c vol. C ~
− d vol. D molecules or volume (if reactants are gases) involved in the
Consider for example, the reaction represented by a reaction.
balanced chemical equation :
Chemical equation : N 2( g ) + 3H 2( g ) → 2NH 3( g ) Limiting and Excess Reagent
Mole ratio : 1 mole 3 mole 2 mole (i) The reactant whose amount is less than as required
Molecule ratio : 1 × 6.023 × 1023 3 × 6.023 × 1023 2 × 6.023 × 1023 by balanced chemical equation is completely
molecules molecules molecules consumed during the reaction and is known as
or 1 molecule 3 molecules 2 molecules limiting reagent or the reactant which is completely
Mass ratio : 28 g 6g 34 g consumed in a chemical reaction is limiting reagent
Volume ratio : 1 vol. 3 vol. 2 vol. and the yield of product is always calculated by the
The given reaction suggest for the combination ratio of amount of limiting reagent.
reactants and formation ratio of products in terms of : (ii) Other reactant/s which are left unreacted is known
(a) Mole ratio : 1 mole N 2 reacts with 3 mole H 2 to form as excess reagents. The amount of products formed
2 mole NH 3. depends upon the amount of limiting reagent. e. g . ,
(b) Molecule ratio : 1 molecule N 2 reacts with 3 H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl
molecules of H 2 to form 2 molecules of NH 3. at t = 0 5 mole 3 mole 0 mole
After completion of reaction 2 mole 0 mole 6 mole
(c) Mass ratio : 28 g N 2 reacts with 6 g H 2 to form 34 g
of NH 3. Thus, H 2 is excess reagent while Cl 2 is limiting reagent.
(d) Volume ratio : 1 volume N 2 reacts with three volume To identify the limiting reagent, divide the moles of reactant
H 2 to form 2 volume NH 3 at same conditions of P and T. given by its stoichiometric coefficient.Least value obtained
It is thus evident that the coefficients in a balanced chemical is for limiting reagent.
equation can be interpreted as the relative number of moles,
 8 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

EXERCISE-1 (SESSION I)

1. The number of atoms present in one mole of an element 10. A sample of ammonium phosphate, (NH 4 )3 PO 4 ,
is equal to Avogadro’s number. Which of the following contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms. The number of
element contains the greatest number of atoms? moles of oxygen atoms in the sample is:
(a) 4 g He (b) 46 g Na (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
(c) 0.40 g Ca (d) 12 g He 11. Which has minimum number of atoms of oxygen ?
2. If the concentration of glucose (C 6H12O 6 ) in blood is (a) 10 mL H 2O ( l )
0. 9 g L−1, what will be the molarity of glucose in blood?
(b) 0.1 mole of V 2O 5 ( s)
(a) 5 M (b) 50 M
(c) 12 gm O 3(g)
(c) 0. 005 M (d) 0. 5 M
(d) 12.044 × 1022 molecules of CO 2
3. One mole of any substance contains 6. 022 × 1023
12. The density of water is 1g/mL. What is the volume
atoms/molecules. Number of molecules of H 2SO 4
occupied by 1 molecule of water ?
present in 100 mL of 0. 02 M H 2SO 4 solution is –—.
(a) 1. 44 × 10−23 mL (b) 1 mL
(a) 12 . 044 × 1020 molecules
(c) 18 mL (d) 2. 988 × 10−23 mL
(b) 6. 022 × 1023 molecules
13. Number of moles of water in 488 g of BaCl 2 ⋅ 2H 2O are:
(c) 1 × 1023 molecules
(a) 2 moles (b) 4 moles
(d) 12 . 044 × 1023 molecules
(c) 3 moles (d) 5 moles
4. What is the mass per cent of carbon in carbon dioxide? 14. A compound was found to contain 5.37% nitrogen. What
(a) 0.034% (b) 27.27% is the minimum molecular weight of compound?
(c) 3.4% (d) 28.7% (a) 26.07 (b) 2.607
5. The empirical formula and molecular mass of a (c) 260.7 (d) none of these
compound are CH 2O and 180 g respectively. What will be 15. The atomic weight of a triatomic gas is a. The correct
the molecular formula of the compound? formula for the number of moles of gas in its wg is:
(a) C 9H18O 9 (b) CH 2O 3w w
(a) (b)
(c) C 6H12O 6 (d) C 2H 4O 2 a 3a
6. The number of neutrons present in 12 × 1025 atoms of a
(c) 3 wa (d)
oxygen ( 8O17 ) is: 3w
(Given: N A = 6 × 1023 ) 16. The percentage by volume of C 3H 8 in a gaseous mixture
of C 3H 8, CH 4 and CO is 20. When 100 mL of the mixture
(a) 1800 (b) 1600 is burnt in excess of O 2, the volume of CO 2 produced is:
(c) 1800 N A (d) 3200 N A (a) 90 mL (b) 160 mL
7. What is the number of moles of O-atom in 126 amu of (c) 140 mL (d) none of these
HNO 3 ?
17. Amount of oxygen required for complete combustion of
2
(a) 2 (b) 27 g Al is :
NA
(a) 24 g (b) 12 g
6 (c) 20 g (d) 6 g
(c) 6 (d)
NA
18. If 0.5 mole of BaCl 2 is mixed with 0.2 mole of Na 3PO 4 ,
8. Total no. of electrons present in 48 g Mg 2+ are: the maximum number of mole of Ba 3(PO 4 )2 than can be
(a) 24 N A (b) 2 N A formed is :
(c) 20 N A (d) none of these (a) 0.7 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.30 (d) 0.1
9. 20 g of an ideal gas contains only atoms of S and O 19. Molarity and molality of a solution of an liquid (mol. wt.
occupies 5.6 L at 1 atm and 273 K. What is the mol. wt. = 50) in aqueous solution is 9 and 10 respectively. What
of gas ? is the density of solution?
(a) 64 (b) 80 (a) 1 g/cc (b) 0.95 g/cc
(c) 96 (d) None of these (c) 1.05 g/cc (d) 1.35 g/cc
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 9

20. 0.2 mole of HCl and 0.2 mole of barium chloride were (a) 102 (b) 103 (c) 104 (d) 105
dissolved in water to produce a 500 mL solution. The 30. Weight of oxygen in Fe2O 3 and FeO is in the simple ratio
molarity of the Cl − ions is : of :
(a) 0.06 M (b) 0.09 M (a) 3 : 2 (b) 1 : 2
(c) 1.2 M (d) 0.80 M (c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
21. 1 M HCl and 2 M HCl are mixed in volume ratio of 4 : 1 31. Vapour density of a metal chloride is 66. Its oxide
What is the final molarity of HCl solution? contains 53% metal. The atomic weight of metal is:
(a) 1.5 (b) 1 (c) 1.2 (d) 1.8 (a) 21 (b) 54
22. 1.25 g of a solid dibasic acid is completely neutralised by (c) 26.72 (d) 2.086
25 mL of 0.25 molar Ba(OH )2 solution. Molecular mass 32. A metal oxide has 40% oxygen. The equivalent weight of
of the acid is : the metal is:
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 120 (d) 200 (a) 12 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 48
23. 10 mL of N -HCl, 20 mL of N /2 H 2SO 4 and 30 mL of N 3 33. Which mode of expressing concentration is independent
HNO 3 are mixed together and volume made to one litre. of temperature ?
The normality of H + in the resulting solution is : (a) Molarity (b) Molality
(a) 3N 100 (b) N 10 (c) Formality (d) Normality
(c) N 20 (d) N 40
34. The mole fraction of NaCl in a solution containing
24. The total number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 1 mole of NaCl in 1000 g of water is:
12 g of carbon is: (a) 0.0177 (b) 0.001
(a) 1. 084 × 1025 (b) 6. 022 × 1023 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.244
22
(c) 6. 022 × 10 (d) 18 35. How many g of KCl would have to be dissolved in 60 g
25. Which sample contains the largest number of atoms ? H 2O to give 20% by weight of solution ?
(a) 1 mg of C 4 H10 (b) 1 mg of N 2 (a) 15 g (b) 1.5 g
(c) 1 mg of Na (d) 1 mL of water (c) 11.5 g (d) 31.5 g
26. The total number of AlF3 molecule in a sample of AlF3 36. Statement-1 : Volume of a gas is inversely
containing 3. 01 × 1023 ions of F− is: proportional to the number of moles of a gas
(a) 9. 0 × 1024 (b) 3. 0 × 1024 Statement-2 : The ratio by volume of gaseous
23
(c) 7. 5 × 10 (d) 1023 reactants and products is in agreement with their mole
27. Which is heaviest ? ratio.
(a) 25 g of Hg (b) 3 moles of H 2O (a) If both statements are correct and statement-2 is
(c) 2 moles of CO 2 (d) 4 g atom of oxygen correct explanation of statement-1.
28. Total number of atoms present in 1.0 cm 3 of solid urea (b) If both statements are correct but statement-2 is not
(density 0.3 g/cm 3) at 25°C are: correct explanation of statement-1.
(a) 3. 01 × 1021 (b) 2.41 × 1022 (c) If statement-1 is correct but statement-2 is wrong.
(c) 3. 01 × 1022 (c) 2.41 × 1023 (d) If both statements are wrong.
(e) If statement-1 is wrong but statement-2 is correct.
29. Weight of one atom an element is 6. 644 × 10−23g. The
g-atoms of element in 40 kg is:

EXERCISE-2 (SESSION II)

1. How many atoms are contained in a mole of Ca(OH)2? (a) 16/N (b) 32/N
(a) 30 × 6. 02 × 1023atoms/mol (c) 16 N (d) 32 N
(b) 5 × 6. 02 × 1023atoms/mol 3. The volume occupied by one molecule of water (density
(c) 6 × 6. 02 × 1023 atoms/mol 1g /cm 2) is:
(d) None of the above (a) 18 cm 3 (b) 22400 cm 3
2. The weight of 350 mL of a diatomic gas at 0° C and 2 atm (c) 6.023 × 10–23 cm 3 (d) 3.0 × 10–23 cm 3
pressure is 1 g. The weight of one atom is: (N is the Av.
no.)
 10 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

4. Equal masses of O 2, H 2 and CH 4 are taken in a container. 15. One litre of N 2 HCl solution was heated in a beaker.
The respective mole ratio of these gases in container is: When volume was reduced to 600 mL, 3.25 g of HCl was
(a) 1 : 16 : 2 (b) 16 : 1 : 2 given out. The new normality of solution is :
(c) 1 : 2 : 16 (d) 16 : 2 : 1 (a) 6.85 (b) 0.685
5. 16 g of SO x occupies 5.6 litre at STP. Assuming ideal gas (c) 0.1043 (d) 6.50
nature, the value of x is: 16. 100 mL each of 0.5 N NaOH, N/5 HCl and N/10 H 2SO 4
(a) 1 (b) 2 are mixed together. The resulting solution will be:
(c) 3 (d) None of these (a) acidic (b) neutral
6. Total number of electrons present in 11.2 litre of NH 3 at (c) alkaline (d) none of these
STP are: 17. No. of oxalic acid molecules in 100 mL of 0.02 N oxalic
(a) 6. 02 × 1023 (b) 3. 01 × 1023 acid are :
24
(c) 3. 01 × 10 (d) 5.1 × 1024 (a) 6. 023 × 1020 (b) 6. 023 × 1021
22
7. A silicon (at. wt.=28) chip used in an integrated circuit (c) 6. 023 × 10 (d) 6. 023 × 1023
of a microcomputer has a mass of 5.68 mg. How many 18. 25 mL of 3.0 M HNO 3 are mixed with 75 mL 4. 0M of
silicon (Si) atoms are present in this chip ? HNO 3. If the volumes are additive, the molarity of the
(a) 2.02 × 10−4 (b) 1.22 × 1020 final mixture would be:
20
(c) 12.2 × 10 (d) 122 × 1020 (a) 3. 25 M (b) 40 M
8. The mass of 1 × 1022 molecules of CuSO 4 ⋅ 5H 2O is: (c) 3.75 M (d) 3. 50 M
(a) 4.144 g (b) 5.144 g 19. If 250 mL of a solution contains 24.5 g H 2SO 4 the
(c) 6.144 g (d) None of these molarity and normality respectively are:
9. In a gaseous reaction of the type, (a) 1 M, 2 N (b) 1M, 0.5 N
aA + bB → cC + dD, which is wrong: (c) 0.5 M, 1 N (d) 2M, 1 N
(a) a litre of A combines with b litre of B to give C and D 20. Number of ions present in 2.0 litre of a solution of
(b) a mole of A combines with b mole of B to give C and 0. 8 M K 4 Fe(CN)6is:
D (a) 4. 8 × 1022 (b) 4. 8 × 1024
24
(c) a g of A combines with b g of B to give C and D (c) 9. 6 × 10 (d) 9. 6 × 1022
(d) a molecules of A combines with b molecules of B to 21. The mole fraction of water in 20% (wt./wt.) aqueous
give C and D solution of H 2O 2is:
10. The specific heat of a metal is 0.836 J/g. The 77 68 20 80
(a) (b) (c) (d)
approximate at.wt. is: 68 77 80 20
(a) 16 (b) 64 (c) 40 (d) 32 22. Volume strength of H 2O 2 labelled is 10 vol. What is
11. At STP 5.6 litre of a gas weigh 60 g. The vapour density normality of H 2O 2 ?
of gas is : (a) 1.79 (b) 2.79 (c) 0.79 (d) 5.6
(a) 60 (b) 120 (c) 30 (d) 240 −
23. If sea water contains 63 ppm NO 3 and its density is 1.01
12. In a compound Ax B y : g/mL, the approximate molarity of sea water is:
(a) Mole of A = Moles of Ax B y (a) 0.001 M (b) 0.003 M
(b) Eq. of A = Eq. of B = Eq. of Ax B y (c) 0.002 M (d) 0.004 M
(c) y × mole of A = y × mole of B = ( x + y ) × mole of 24. The percentage of sodium in a breakfast cereal labelled
Ax B y as 110 mg of sodium per 100 g of cereal is:
(d) y × mole of A = y × mole of B (a) 11% (b) 1.10%
(c) 0.110% (d) 110%
13. An oxide of metal have 20% oxygen, the eq. wt. of oxide
is: 25. Insulin contains 3.4% sulphur. The minimum mol.
weight of insulin is:
(a) 32 (b) 40 (c) 48 (d) 52
(a) 941.176 (b) 944
14. 0.71 g of chlorine combines with certain weight of a
(c) 945.27 (d) None of these
metal giving 1.11 g of its chloride. The eq. wt. of the
metal is: 26. If half mole of oxygen combine with Al to form Al 2O 3, the
weight of Al used in the reaction is:
(a) 40 (b) 20
(c) 80 (d) None of these (a) 27 g (b) 40.5 g (c) 54 g (d) 18 g
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 11

27. Amount of phosphoric acid needed to neutralise 100 g of 33. In which case, the number of water molecules is
magnesium hydroxide is: maximum ? [NEET 2018]
(a) 66.7 g (b) 252 g (a) 18 mL of water
(c) 112 g (d) 168 g (b) 0.18 g of water
28. Amount of oxygen required for combustion of 1 kg of a (c) 0.00224 L of water vapours at 1 atm and 273 K
mixture of butane and isobutane is: (d) 10−3 mole of water
(a) 1.8 kg (b) 2.7 kg 34. The number of moles of hydrogen molecules required to
(c) 4.5 kg (d) 3.58 kg produce 20 moles of ammonia through Haber’s process
29. How many millilitre of 0. 5M H 2SO 4 are needed to is : [NEET 2019]
dissolve 0.5 g of copper (II) carbonate ? (a) 40 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 30
(a) 8.10 mL (b) 16.20 mL 35. Which one of the followings has maximum number of
(c) 4.05 mL (d) 12.05 mL atoms? [NEET 2020]
30. If 30 mL of H 2 and 20 mL of O 2 react to form water, what (a) 1 g of Mg ( s) [Atomic mass of Mg = 24]
is left at the end of the reaction ? (b) 1 g of O 2( g ) [Atomic mass of O = 16]
(a) 10 mL of H 2 (b) 10 mL of O 2 (c) 1 g of Li ( s) [Atomic mass of Li = 7]
(c) 5 mL of O 2 (d) 5 mL of H 2 (d) 1 g of Ag( s) [Atomic mass of Ag = 108]
31. The mass and charge of one mole electrons respectively 36. An organic compound contains 78% (by wt.) carbon and
is: [EAMCET 2017] remaining percentage of hydrogen. The right option for
(a) 54.8 × 10−7 kg ; 9.65 × 104 coulomb the empirical formula of this compound is :
[At. wt. of C is 12, H is 1] [NEET 2021]
(b) 5.48 × 10−7 kg ; 9.65 × 103 coulomb
(a) CH (b) CH 2 (c) CH 3 (d) CH 4
(c) 5.48 × 10−7 g ; 9.65 × 104 coulomb
37. What mass of 95% pure CaCO 3 will be required to
(d) 5.48 × 10−7 kg ; 9.65 × 104 coulomb neutralise 50 mL of 0.5 M HCl solution according to the
32. A mixture of 2.3 g formic acid and 4. 5 g oxalic acid is following reaction ?
treated with conc. H 2SO 4 . The evolved gaseous mixture CaCO 3( s) + 2HCl( aq ) → CaCl 2( aq ) + CO 2( g ) + H 2O( l )
is passed through KOH pellets. Weight (in g) of the [Calculate upto second place of decimal point]
remaining product at STP will be : [NEET 2018] [NEET 2022]
(a) 1.4 (b) 3.0 (c) 2.8 (d) 4.4 (a) 1.32 g (b) 3.65 g
(c) 9.50 g (d) 1.25 g

ANSWERS

Exercise-1
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)

11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (c)

21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d)

31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (e)

Exercise-2
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (b)

21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)

31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (c) 37. (a)
 12 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE-1 11. (d) 12.044 × 1022 molecules of CO 2 = 0. 2 mol
4 CO 2 = 0. 4 mole O-atoms = 0. 4 N A O-atoms
1. (d) 4 g He = mole = 1 mole
4 12. (d) Mass of 1 molecule of water = 18 amu
46 = 18 × 1. 66 × 10−24 g
46 g Na = mole = 2 mole
23
mass
0. 40 Volume of 1 molecule =
0. 40 g Ca = mole = 10−2 mole density
40
12 = 29.88 × 10−24 = 2.988 × 10−23 mL
12 g He = mole = 3 mole
4 13. (b) 244 g BaCl 2 ⋅ 2H 2O ≡ 2 mole H 2O
Thus, 12g He contains maximum number of moles 14. (c) 5.37 g N ≡ 100 g compound
or atoms. 100 × 14
14 g N = = 260.7 g compound
2. (c) Molar mass of glucose (C 6H12O 6 ) = 180 5. 37
Mass of solute (i. e., minimum molecular weight as it should have
Molarity =
Molar mass × V (lit) atleast one N)
0. 9 15. (b) 3a g = 1 mole (the gas is triatomic)
= = 0.005
180 × 1 16. (c) 100 mL gaseous mixture contain 20 mL C 3H 8.
3. (a) Moles = Molarity × V ( lit ) So, volume of CH 4 and CO = (100 − 20) = 80 mL
= 0. 02 × 0.1 = 0. 002
C 3H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H 2O
Number of molecules = 0. 002 × 6. 02 × 1023
CH 4 + 2O 2 → CO 2 + 2H 2O
= 12.04 × 1020
1
4. (b) 44g of CO 2 contain C = 12 g CO + O 2 → CO 2
2
12
% of C = × 100 = 27. 27% 80 mL (CH 4 and CO) will produce 80 mL CO 2; C 3H 8
44
5. (c) Empirical formula mass of CH 2O will produce = 3 × 20 = 60 mL
= 12 + 2 + 16 = 30 Total CO 2 produce = 80 + 60 ⇒ 140
Molecular mass 180 17. (a) 4Al + 3O 2 → 2Al 2O 3
∴ n= = =6
E. F. mass 30 4 × 27 g Al reacts with 3 × 32 g O 2
∴ Molecular formula = (CH 2O )n = (CH 2O )6 3 × 32 × 27
∴ 27 g Al reacts with = 24 g O 2
= C 6H12O 6. 4 × 27
6. (c) Number of neutrons = (17 − 8) × 12 × 1025 18. (d) 3BaCl 2 + 2Na 3PO 4 → Ba 3(PO 4 )2 + 6NaCl
0. 5 0. 2 0 0
= 9 × 2 × 6 × 1023 × 100 = 1800 N A ( 0. 5− 0. 3) 0 0.1 0. 6

7. (d) 126 amu HNO 3 = molecules of HNO 3 = 6 atoms of O 1000 M

19. (d) m=
6 1000 d − M × M Solute
Moles of O-atom =
NA 1000 × 9 1
⇒d= + 9 × 50 × = 13. 5 g mL
48 10 1000
8. (c) Moles of Mg 2+ = = 2 mole
24 20. (c) Total Cl − = 0.2 + 0.4 mole (from BaCl 2 )
No. of electrons = 2 × 10 N A = 20 N A
= 0. 6 mole
wRT 20 × 0. 0821 × 273
9. (b) M = = = 80 0. 6
PV 5. 6 × 1 M Cl − = × 1000 = 1. 2
500
10. (b) 1 mole ( NH 4 )3 PO 4 1 × 4V + 2 × V
21. (c) [HCl] = = 1.2 M
= 12 mole H-atoms = 4 mole O-atoms 5V
6 mole H-atoms = 2 mole O-atoms 22. (d) Eq. of acid = Eq. of base
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 13

1. 25 1
× 1000 = 25 × 0. 25 × 2 34. (a) M.F. = = 0. 0177
M 2 1000
1+
18
M = 200 mL weight of solute
1 1 35. (a) % by weight = × 100
10 × 1 + 20 ×
× 30 × weight of solution
2 3 3N
23. (a) N R( H + ) = = w
1000 100 or 20 = × 100
12
( w + 60)
24. (a) 6C contains 6N protons, 6N electrons and 6N
or w = 15 g
neutrons.
36. (e) We know that from the reaction H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl
14N
25. (d) 1 mg C 4 H10= × 10−3 atoms that the ratio of the volume of gaseous reactants and
58
products is in agreement with their molar ratio. The
2N × 10−3 ratio of H 2 : Cl 2 : HCl volumes is 1 : 1 : 2 which is
1 mg N 2 = atoms,
28 the same as their molar ratio. Thus volume of gas is
2N × 10−3 directly related to the number of moles. Hence, the
1 mg Na = atoms,
28 statement is wrong but explanation is correct.
3N
1 mL = 1g H 2O = atoms
18 EXERCISE-2
(∴ Mg of a substance = N molecules = a × N atoms;
1. (b) 1 molecule of Ca(OH)2 contains 5 atoms;
where a is number of atoms in one molecule).
∴ 1 mole contains 5N atoms.
26. (d) 3 ion F− = 1 molecule Al
RT . w
∴ 3 × 1023ion F− = 1023 molecule AlF3 2. (a) Calculate M = and then
PV
27. (c) 2 mole of CO 2weigh 88 g CO 2 (M)g = 2N atoms = N molecules.
28. (b) wurea = 1 × 0. 3 g; (∵ Gas is diatomic)
Also 60 g urea has 8 N atoms (NH 2CONH 2 ) 3. (d) 18g water has N molecules
29. (b) g-atomic weight N
∴ 1g or 1 mL water of = molecules
= 6. 644 × 10−23 × 6. 023 × 1023 = 40 g 18
40 × 103 N
∴ g-atom in 40 × 103 kg = = 103 Now molecule occupy volume = 1cm 3
40 18
30. (d) Fe2O 3: FeO ∴ 1 molecule occupy volume = cm 3
18
wt. of oxygen 48 : 16 = 23
= 3. 0 × 10−23 cm 2
6. 023 × 10
or 3:1
wO 2 wH 2 wCH 4
31. (c) Eq. of metal = Eq. of oxygen 4. (a) : : = Mole ratio
53 47 M O 2 M H 2 M CH 4
=
E 8 1 1 1
∴ Mole ratio is : :
a 32 2 16
∴ E metal = 9. 02 or =n
E 1 : 16 : 2
Let MCl nbe metal chloride 5. (b) 5.6L = 16g
a + 35. 5n = 66 × 2 16 × 22. 4
∴ 22.4 L =
35. 5a 5. 6
a+ = 132
9. 02 ∴ Gas SO x as its mol. wt. = 64
132 32 + x × 16 = 64
∴ a= = 26.72
4. 94 ∴ x=2
32. (a) Meq. of metal = Meq. of oxygen 6. (c) 22.4 litre NH 3 = 1 mole NH 3 = 10N electrons
60 40 7. (b) No. of atom = N × g-atom
= ; ∴ E = 12
E 8 5. 68 × 10−3
= 6. 023 × 1023 × = 1. 22 × 1020
33. (b) Weights are independent of temperature. 28
 14 Crash Course Chemistry for NEET

8. (a) Mol. wt. of CuSO 4 ⋅ 5H 2O = 249.6 20. (b) Mole of K 4 Fe(CN)6 = 2 × 0. 8 = 1.6
∴ Mass of 1 × 1022molecules Also 1 mole of K 4 Fe(CN)6 gives 4K + and 1 ion.
249. 6 × 1 × 1022 Thus total ions in 1.6 mole 1.6 × 5 × N
= = 4.144 g
6. 023 × 1023 = 48.184 × 1023ions.
9. (c) Stoichiometry represents mole ratio or volume ratio 80 / 18 68
21. (b) Mole fraction of water = =
of reactants and products. 80 20 77
+
10. (d) at. wt. × specific heat (in cal/g) = 6. 4 18 34
11. (b) 5.6 litre = 60 g Volume strength of H 2O 2
22. (a) Normality =
∴ 22.4 litre = 240 g 5.6
or mol. wt. of gas = 240 10
∴ N = = 1.79
∴ Vapour density = 120 5. 6
12. (b) Equal equivalent reacts together to give same 23. (a) 106g water or solution contains 63g
equivalent of product. 63
= mole NO −3 (Solution is dilute)
13. (b) Eq. of metal oxide = Eq. of oxygen 63
100 20 1 × 103
= ∴ E = 40 ∴ 103g water contains =
E 8 106
14. (b) Let metal chloride be MCl n, = 0. 001 mole NO −3
∴ Eq. of metal = Eq. of chloride
[Weight of solution = wt. of water = 103g]
1.11 − 0.71 0.71
or = 103
E 35. 5 ∴ Volume of solution = = 103 mL = 1litre
∴ E = 20 1.01
1 24. (c) 100 g cereal has Na = 110 × 10−3 = 0.11g
15. (b) meq. of HCl = 1,000 × = 500
2 25. (a) 3.4 g S = 100 g insulin
3. 25 100 × 32
meq. of HCl given out = × 103= 89. 04 meq. of ∴ 32 g S = = 941.176
36. 5 3.4
HCl left = 500 − 89. 04 = 410. 96 Insulin must contain at least one atom of S in its one
410. 96 molecule.
New normality = = 0. 685 N
600 26. (d) 4Al + 3O 2 → 2Al 2O 3
16. (c) Meq. of NaOH = 100 × 0.5= 50
27. (c) Meq. of H 3PO 4 = Meq. of Mg(OH)2
1
Meq. of HCl = × 100 × 20 100
5 ∴ Meq. of Mg(OH)2 = × 1000 = 3430.53
58. 3 / 2
1
Meq. of H 2SO 4 = × 100 = 10 (H 3PO 4 is tribasic acid)
10
w
Total Meq. of acid = 20 + 10 = 30 ∴ × 1000 = 3430.53
98 / 3
Total Meq. of NaOH = 50
∴ w = 112 g
Meq. of NaOH left = 50 − 30 = 20
28. (d) Butane and isobutane have same molecular formula
Thus resulting solution will be alkaline.
C 4 H10
0. 02
17. (a) milli-mole of oxalic acid = 100 × =1 13
2 C 4 H10 + O 2 → 4CO 2 + 5H 2O
2
1000 milli-mole = 6. 023 × 1023molecules
13
∴ 1 milli-mole = 6. 02 × 1020molecules ∵ 58g C 4 H10 requires O2 = × 32g
2
18. (c) Meq. of HNO 3 = 25 × 3 = 75 ; 13 × 32 × 1000
1000g C 4 H10 requires O2 =
Meq. of HNO 3 = 75 × 4 = 300 ; 2 × 58
Total Meq. = 375 = 3586. 2 g or 3.586 kg
Thus 375 × N × 100 = 1. 032 × 1022
∴ N = 3.75 29. (a) Meq. of H 2SO 4 = Meq. of CuCO 3
24. 5 × 1000 24. 5 × 1000 0. 5 × 1000
19. (a) N = = 2; M = =1 0. 5 × 2 × V =
98 / 2 × 250 98 × 250 123. 5 / 2
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 15

(mol.wt. of CuCO 3 = 123. 5 ) 0. 00224

(c) Moles of water = = 10−4
∴ V = 8.1 mL 22.4
30. (c) 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2O Molecules of water = mole × N A = 10−4 N A
2 vol. 1vol. 2vol.
(d) Molecules of water = mole × N A = 10−3 N A
H 2 is limiting reagent
1 34. (d) Haber’s process, N 2 + 3H 2 → 2NH 3
∴ 30 mL H 2 would react with O 2 = × 30 = 15 mL
2 2 moles of NH 3 are formed by 3 moles of H 2.
O 2 left = 20 − 15 = 5 mL ∴ 20 moles of NH 3 will be formed by 30 moles of
31. (d) Mass of 1 mole electrons H 2.
= 9.1 × 10−31 × 6. 022 × 1023 kg 1
35. (c) Number of Mg atoms = × NA
24
= 5.48 × 10−7 kg
1
Number of O atoms = × 2× NA
Charge of 1 mole electrons = 1 Faraday = 96500C 32
= 9.65 × 104 C 1
Dehydrating agent
Number of Li atoms = × N A
32. (c) HCOOH  conc.
  → CO + H 2O 7
H SO 2 4
1
Number of Ag atoms = × NA
2.3 1 108
ni = = 0 0
46 20 36. (c)
1 1
nf 0 Simplest
20 20 Relative Simple
conc. H 2 SO 4 Atomic whole
H 2C 2O 4    → CO + CO 2 + H 2O Element % number ratio of
mass number
of moles moles
4. 5 1 ratio
ni = = 0 0 0
90 20 78 6. 5
C 78 12 = 6. 5 =1 1
1 1 1 12 6. 5
nf 0
20 20 20
H 22 1 22 22 3
H 2O absorbed by H 2SO 4 . Gaseous mixture = 22 = 3. 3
1 6. 5
(containing CO and CO 2 ) when passed through KOH
pellets, CO 2 gets absorbed.
37. (a) CaCO 3( s) + 2HCl( aq ) → CaCl 2( aq )
1 1 1
Moles of CO left (unabsorbed) = + = + CO 2( g ) + H 2O( l )
20 20 10
Number of moles of CaCO 3 (pure)
Mass of CO = moles × molar mass
1
1 = × mole of HCl
= × 28 = 2.8 g 2
10 1 50
= × 0. 5 × = 0. 0125
33. (a) (a) Mass of water = V × d = 18 × 1 = 18g 2 1000
18 Weight of CaCO 3 (pure) = 0. 0125 × 100 = 1. 25 g
Molecules of water = mole × N A = NA = NA
18 1. 25 × 100
Mass of impure sample = = 1. 32 g
(b) Molecules of water = mole × N A 95
0.18 Hence, weight of impure sample is 1.32 g.
= N A = 10−2 N A
18