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    Lecture No. 1

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    yasserhanna.com

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    Lecture No. 1

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    Lecture No. 1

    Uploaded by

    yasserhanna.com

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 45

    Hormone

    Chemistry
    Prof. Dr. Emad
    Shalaby
    By the end of this part the student should be
    able to:
    • Define the hormones, their chemical
    structure, and their functions.
    • Compare the water- and lipid-soluble
    hormones.
    • Recognise the anterior and posterior
    hormones.
    • Identify the mode of action for each
    hormone.
    • What is the difference/relation
    between enzymes and
    hormones ?
    ‫اثارة او استحثاث‬
    Hormones are molecules (organic compounds)
    produced by the endocrine system that send
    messages to various parts of the body. They help
    regulate your body's processes, like hunger,
    blood pressure, and sexual desire.

    Hormones is the link or intermediate between


    the environment and human body. ????????
    Hormone specificity
     Hormones are specific
     Target a cell or organ
     Targetcells must have specific protein
    receptors
     Hormone binding alters cellular activity

     The act of a hormone binding to its


    target cell is very similar to that of an
    enzyme and its substrate- like a lock
    and key mechanism
    Hormones travel via
    the bloodstream to
    target cells
    What the is hormone concentrations
    range?
    Ranged between microgram to pg
    Hormone Action
    Hormones can cause:
    1. Changes in membrane permeability or
    electrical state
    2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
    3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes
    4. Stimulation of mitosis
    5. Promotion of secretory activity
    Modes of secretion and action of chemical
    messengers

    (hormones) paracrine
    autocrine endocrine synaptic

    Chemical messenger target cell

    receptors target cell


    Blood
    vessel Response

    (a) Endocrine signaling

    Response

    (b) Paracrine signaling

    Response

    (c) Autocrine signaling


    Endocrine Tissues and Organs

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Chemical Classes of Hormones
    1. Amino acid derivatives
    (eg thyroxine, adrenaline)
    2. Small peptides
    (eg vasopressin, thyroid releasing hormone)
    3. Proteins (eg insulin, growth hormone)
    4. Steroids (eg cortisol, testosterone, progesterone)

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    • Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid hormones)
    pass easily through cell membranes, while
    water-soluble hormones (polypeptides and
    amines) do not.
    • The solubility of a hormone correlates with
    the location of receptors inside or on the
    surface of target cells

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Water-soluble (hydrophilic) Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)
    Polypeptides Steroids

    0.8 nm
    Insulin Cortisol

    Amines

    Epinephrine Thyroxine
    Hormone delivery
     The chemical structure of a hormone
    determines how it is delivered to its target
     Two mechanisms:
    1. Direct gene activation
    • Steroids
    • Ex: hormones of the adrenal cortex: corticosteroids

    2. Indirect delivery: Second-messenger system (a


    middle man)
    1. Water soluble, non-steroids (protein/peptide
    hormones)
    Cellular Response Pathways
    • Water- and lipid-soluble hormones differ in
    their paths through a body
    • Water-soluble hormones are secreted by
    exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream,
    and bind to cell-surface receptors
    • Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across cell
    membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound
    to transport proteins, and diffuse through the
    membrane of target cells
    SECRETORY
    CELL

    Water- Lipid-
    soluble soluble
    hormone hormone

    VIA
    BLOOD
    Transport
    Signal receptor protein

    TARGET
    CELL Signal
    receptor

    NUCLEUS
    (a) (b)
    Figure 45.6-2
    SECRETORY
    CELL

    Water- Lipid-
    soluble soluble
    hormone hormone

    VIA
    BLOOD
    Transport
    Signal receptor protein

    TARGET OR
    CELL Signal
    receptor

    Cytoplasmic
    response Gene
    regulation
    Cytoplasmic
    response Gene
    regulation

    NUCLEUS
    (a) (b)
    First:
    Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones

    • Binding of a hormone to its receptor


    initiates a signal transduction
    pathway leading to responses in the
    cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a
    change in gene expression.

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones
    • The hormone epinephrine (as example) has
    multiple effects in mediating the body’s
    response to short-term stress.
    • Epinephrine binds to receptors on the plasma
    membrane of liver cells.
    • This triggers the release of messenger
    molecules that activate enzymes and result in
    the release of glucose into the bloodstream.

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Epinephrine
    Adenylyl
    G protein cyclase

    G protein-coupled GTP
    receptor
    ATP

    cAMP Second
    messenger
    Figure 45.7-2

    Epinephrine
    Adenylyl
    G protein cyclase

    G protein-coupled GTP
    receptor
    ATP

    cAMP Second
    messenger

    Inhibition of Protein
    glycogen synthesis kinase A

    Promotion of
    glycogen breakdown
    Second:
    Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones
    • The response to a lipid-soluble hormone is
    usually a change in gene expression.
    • Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal
    form of vitamin D enter target cells and bind to
    protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
    (estradiol) FLUID

    Estradiol
    (estrogen)
    receptor Plasma
    membrane

    Hormone-receptor
    complex
    Figure 45.8-2
    Hormone EXTRACELLULAR
    (estradiol) FLUID

    Estradiol
    (estrogen)
    receptor Plasma
    membrane

    Hormone-receptor
    complex
    NUCLEUS

    CYTOPLASM

    DNA
    Vitellogenin protein

    mRNA
    for vitellogenin
    Multiple Effects of Hormones

    • The same hormone may have different


    effects on target cells that have
    – Different receptors for the hormone

    – Different signal transduction pathways

    © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Same receptors but different Different receptors
    intracellular proteins (not shown)

    Different cellular Different cellular


    responses responses

    Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine


     receptor  receptor  receptor

    Glycogen
    deposits

    Vessel Vessel
    Glycogen dilates.
    breaks down constricts.
    and glucose
    is released
    from cell.

    (a) Liver cell (b) Skeletal muscle (c) Intestinal blood


    blood vessel vessel
    Pituitary gland

    ‫الحبل الشوكي‬
    Hypothalmus
    • Hypothalamus, a structure deep in your
    brain, acts as your body's smart control
    coordinating center. Its main function is
    to keep your body in a stable state called
    homeostasis. It does its job by directly
    influencing your autonomic nervous
    system or by managing hormones
    Your hypothalamus helps manage your:

    • Body temperature.
    • Blood pressure.
    • Hunger and thirst.
    • Sense of fullness when eating.
    • Mood.
    • Sex drive.
    • Sleep.
    Part from brain ,
    so all hormones
    from this part is
    neuro hormone
    Target
    cells

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