Daily Dawn : Short Essays

28/12/2024
For Daily Dawn Newspaper Group:03229117651
By Numan khan
Essay No:01
Essay Name:
Reforming Pakistan’s Tax System
Topic Statement
Pakistan’s tax system faces significant challenges, including low tax-to-GDP ratios,
inequitable policies, and administrative inefficiencies. Reforms must focus on
simplifying tax codes, ensuring equity, and enhancing enforcement to address
structural issues and support sustainable economic growth.
Essay Outline
1. Introduction
• Overview of Pakistan’s tax system challenges.
• Importance of a fair and efficient tax regime for economic growth.
2. Current Challenges in Pakistan's Tax System
• Low tax-to-GDP ratio and reliance on indirect taxes.
• Inefficient policies like ‘filers’ vs. ‘non-filers’ classifications.
• Weak tax enforcement and compliance issues.
3. Principles of a Good Tax System
• Equity: Horizontal and vertical equity principles.
• Efficiency: Minimizing distortions in the economy.
• Administrative simplicity and political responsibility.
4. Evaluation of Recent Tax Measures
 • Analysis of the Tax Laws (Amendment) Bill 2024.
• Impacts of restrictions on economic transactions and privacy concerns.
5. Proposed Reforms for Sustainable Growth
• Simplifying tax codes and closing loopholes.
• Establishing an independent policy board for tax reform.
• Enhancing enforcement with strict penalties for evasion.
6. The Role of Policymakers and Public Support
• Importance of transparent policymaking and public trust.
• Need for detailed costing and evaluation of tax measures.
7. Conclusion
• Urgent need for comprehensive reforms in Pakistan's tax system.
• The role of an equitable system in reducing inequality and promoting inclusive
growth.
Essay
Pakistan’s tax system is plagued by inefficiencies, inequities, and a weak enforcement
mechanism that undermine its ability to generate adequate revenues for economic
growth. Overreliance on indirect taxes, complex tax policies, and poor compliance
have created a system that fails to address growing inequality. Reforming this system
based on sound principles of equity, efficiency, and simplicity is critical to ensure
sustainable growth and global competitiveness.
The country’s tax-to-GDP ratio remains among the lowest globally, reflecting systemic
inefficiencies. Policies such as differentiating between ‘filers’ and ‘non-filers’ have
complicated the system without broadening the tax base. Weak enforcement allows
rampant tax evasion, while arbitrary measures like the Tax Laws (Amendment) Bill
2024 impose additional restrictions on transactions, further distorting the economy.
Economists emphasize that a good tax system must be equitable, efficient, simple, and
politically responsible. Horizontal equity ensures individuals with similar incomes are
taxed equally, while vertical equity demands higher taxes from wealthier individuals.
Efficiency minimizes economic distortions, while simplicity reduces administrative
costs and enhances compliance. Policymakers must balance these principles to create a
fair and effective system.
The Tax Laws (Amendment) Bill 2024 introduces measures such as barring ineligible
persons from making major purchases or withdrawing large sums from banks. While
aimed at curbing evasion, these measures fail to address systemic weaknesses and may
instead increase compliance costs and privacy concerns. The bill lacks detailed costing
and fails to convince the public of its efficacy, reflecting poor policymaking and an
administrative mindset.
To address these challenges, Pakistan must simplify its tax codes, close loopholes, and
enhance enforcement mechanisms. Establishing an independent policy board of fiscal
economists and experienced tax professionals can help design effective reforms. Strict
penalties targeting specific tax evaders, coupled with transparent policymaking, will
improve compliance and public trust.
Policymakers must prioritize transparency and public engagement to build trust in the
tax system. Detailed evaluations of proposed measures can ensure their effectiveness
and minimize unintended consequences. Public support is vital for successful
implementation, as seen in global examples of tax reforms.
Pakistan’s tax system requires urgent and comprehensive reforms to address its
structural flaws. A fair and efficient system can reduce inequality, support inclusive
growth, and enhance global competitiveness. By focusing on sound principles and
effective enforcement, policymakers can lay the foundation for a robust and
sustainable economy.
References
1. "Negotiating Effectively with the IMF," Dawn, May 31, 2024.
2. Tax Laws (Amendment) Bill 2024.
3. Principles of Taxation in Economic Theory.
Essay No:02:
Essay Name:
Strengthening Pakistan's FIA
Topic Statement
The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) of Pakistan must evolve into an apolitical,
autonomous, and professional body, free from political interference, to combat
corruption, organized crime, and transnational challenges effectively.
Essay Outline
1. Introduction
• Overview of the FIA's establishment and purpose.
• Challenges faced by the agency in fulfilling its mandate.
2. Historical Background of FIA
• Evolution from the Special Police Establishment to the FIA.
• Key milestones and cases in its history.
3. Misuse of FIA for Political Objectives
• Successive governments’ exploitation of the FIA for vendetta.
• Examples of political engineering and its consequences.
4. Challenges Faced by FIA
• Lack of autonomy and operational independence.
• Frequent changes in leadership and pressure from ruling elites.
• Structural and resource limitations.
5. Global Models for Anti-Corruption Agencies
• The CBI in India and its protection against political interference.
• The FBI in the United States and its operational independence.
6. Proposed Reforms for FIA
• Ensuring professional autonomy and secure tenure for the DG.
• Safeguarding against premature transfers and political interference.
• Building capacity to tackle emerging crimes like cybercrime, money laundering,
and human trafficking.
7. Role of Leadership and Accountability
 • Importance of appointing leaders with integrity and courage.
• Establishing oversight mechanisms for transparency and accountability.
8. Conclusion
• The FIA’s potential as a symbol of the rule of law.
• Urgent need for reforms to restore public trust and enhance effectiveness.
Essay
Established in 1974, Pakistan’s Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) was envisioned as
a specialized institution to combat corruption, organized crime, and other offenses
undermining the rule of law. However, decades of political interference and
mismanagement have hindered its ability to fulfill this mandate. To address these
challenges, the FIA must be reformed into a professional, autonomous, and
accountable body capable of combating corruption and emerging transnational crimes.
The FIA evolved from the Special Police Establishment (SPE), which was initially
formed to address corruption during World War II. The SPE continued in Pakistan
post-independence, handling inter-provincial corruption cases. In 1974, Prime Minister
Z.A. Bhutto established the FIA, modeled after the U.S. FBI and India’s CBI. Despite
its promising start, political misuse and structural weaknesses have plagued the
agency, diminishing its effectiveness.
Since the 1990s, successive governments, including the PML-N, PPP, PML-Q, and
PTI, have used the FIA as a tool for political engineering and vendetta against
opponents. These practices have undermined the agency’s credibility and diverted its
focus from combating corruption and organized crime. Exceptional leaders who
resisted political pressure faced premature transfers, highlighting the need for
institutional autonomy.
The FIA faces multiple challenges, including a lack of operational independence,
frequent leadership changes, and insufficient resources. Political interference often
compromises investigations, while the absence of secure tenure for its leadership
affects continuity and effectiveness. These structural issues prevent the FIA from
fulfilling its mandate and gaining public trust.
Learning from global examples can help reform the FIA. India’s Central Bureau of
Investigation (CBI) operates under the protection of the Supreme Court, ensuring
independence from political meddling. Similarly, the FBI in the United States is
safeguarded by congressional oversight, allowing it to function autonomously. These
models highlight the importance of institutional safeguards and oversight mechanisms.
Reforming the FIA requires ensuring professional autonomy and operational
independence. The Director General should have a secure tenure of at least three years,
with appointments and transfers subject to oversight by independent bodies like the
National Public Safety Commission and Police Complaints Authority. The FIA must
also build its capacity to address emerging crimes such as cybercrime, money
laundering, and human trafficking.
Leadership plays a critical role in the success of any anti-corruption agency. The FIA
must be led by individuals with unimpeachable integrity and courage, capable of
resisting political pressure. Additionally, robust oversight mechanisms should be
established to ensure transparency and accountability, restoring public trust in the
agency.
The FIA holds immense potential to become a symbol of the rule of law in Pakistan.
By addressing structural weaknesses, ensuring autonomy, and building capacity, the
agency can effectively combat corruption and organized crime. Reforms must
prioritize transparency, accountability, and professionalism to restore public
confidence and enhance the FIA’s effectiveness as a cornerstone of good governance.
References
1. History and evolution of the FIA.
2. Comparative analysis of CBI, FBI, and other anti-corruption agencies.
3. Case studies of FIA’s successes and challenges.

Essay No:03
Essay Name:
Global Leadership in Modern Times
Topic Statement
The world today lacks visionary leaders, with a few exceptions who have
demonstrated transformative governance and influence.
Essay Outline
1. Introduction
• Overview of global leadership challenges.
• Contrasting examples of weak and strong leadership.
2. Leadership Challenges in the 21st Century
• Decline of great leaders and rise of mediocrity.
• Examples of U.S. presidents’ policies shaped by external pressures.
3. Xi Jinping: Architect of Modern China
• Economic and political reforms under Xi.
• Lessons from the collapse of the Soviet Union.
• Continuing the legacy of Deng Xiaoping.
4. Vladimir Putin: Russia’s Autocratic Democrat
• Transition from communism to autocratic democracy.
• Role in nationalizing industries and international diplomacy.
5. Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Stability and Growth in Turkiye
• Political stability and economic transformation.
• Advancements in Kurdish rights.
• Influence in regional politics.
6. Benjamin Netanyahu: Controversial Statesman
• Mastery of international influence.
• Impact on U.S.-Israel relations.
• Criticism of his policies and actions.
7. Conclusion
• The need for visionary leadership in a polarized world.
• Balancing power with responsibility and ethics.
Essay
Leadership in the 21st century has largely been marked by the absence of
transformative figures capable of addressing global challenges. While a majority of
world leaders struggle with mediocrity, a few exceptions stand out for their influence
and ability to shape history. These leaders, however, are not without their
controversies, as their legacies are often marked by a blend of achievement and
criticism.
The decline of visionary leadership has left many nations grappling with challenges
that demand bold and ethical decision-making. In the U.S., presidents from Bill
Clinton to Joe Biden have often been criticized for prioritizing external pressures over
national interests, particularly in their unwavering support for Israel’s policies under
Benjamin Netanyahu. This trend highlights the growing influence of external actors on
domestic and foreign policies.
Xi Jinping has emerged as one of the most influential leaders of modern times, steering
China towards unprecedented economic and political heights. Under his leadership,
China has become the world’s largest economy in terms of purchasing power parity, as
per the IMF. Xi’s focus on centralized control and human rights development has
solidified his authority, reflecting lessons learned from the Soviet Union’s collapse.
Building on Deng Xiaoping’s reforms, Xi has combined pragmatism with
authoritarianism to maintain stability and growth.
Vladimir Putin’s leadership has transformed Russia into a formidable global player,
navigating the complexities of post-communist transitions. By nationalizing key
industries and asserting control over former Soviet republics, Putin has reinforced
Russia’s sovereignty and influence. His balanced diplomacy, maintaining ties with
both the West and China, underscores his strategic acumen in a polarized world.
Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s tenure has brought political stability and economic growth to
Turkiye, making it Europe’s sixth-largest economy. His outreach to Kurdish
communities and regional diplomacy in Libya and Sudan demonstrate his ability to
address longstanding internal and external challenges. Erdogan’s leadership
exemplifies resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity.
Benjamin Netanyahu’s leadership has been a contentious topic, marked by his ability
to influence global powers, particularly the United States. While his policies have
strengthened Israel’s position, they have also drawn widespread criticism for their
impact on Palestinian rights and regional stability. Netanyahu’s mastery of
statesmanship highlights the complexities of leadership in a morally divided world.
The world today stands at a crossroads, where the need for visionary leadership is
more critical than ever. Leaders like Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and Recep Tayyip
Erdogan demonstrate the power of transformative governance, while figures like
Benjamin Netanyahu highlight the ethical dilemmas of influence. Balancing power
with responsibility remains the ultimate test of leadership in an increasingly polarized
world.

Essay No:04
Essay Name:
Resolving Kurram's Sectarian Strife
Topic Statement
Addressing Kurram’s complex crisis requires confronting historical militancy,
fostering inter-communal trust, and ensuring state accountability through truth and
reconciliation.
Essay Outline
1. Introduction
• Overview of Kurram's crisis: sectarian violence and militancy.
 • The role of mistrust and state policies in perpetuating the conflict.
2. Historical Roots of Kurram’s Conflict
• Impact of the Afghan jihad and sectarian tensions since the 1980s.
• Strategic importance of Parachinar for militants and state actors.
3. Militancy and State Policies
• Role of state and non-state actors in escalating violence.
• Mistrust fueled by inadequate state protection and policies.
4. The Current Crisis: Fear and Distrust
• The siege of Parachinar and its socio-economic consequences.
• Worsening mistrust due to militant activities and state inaction.
5. Proposed Solutions: Truth and Reconciliation
• Importance of addressing mistrust among communities and with the state.
• Need for demilitarization and sincere governance reforms.
6. Conclusion
• Urgency of reversing harmful policies and fostering peace.
• Commitment to the social contract for lasting stability in Kurram.
Essay
The crisis in Kurram, particularly in Parachinar, is a testament to the devastating
consequences of unresolved sectarian violence and unchecked militancy. While the
state attributes the violence to inter-group conflicts, locals point to a "hidden hand"
manipulating distrust and perpetuating bloodshed. Decades of flawed state policies and
mistrust between communities and authorities have exacerbated the crisis, making a
comprehensive and sincere resolution imperative.
The origins of Kurram’s turmoil can be traced back to the Afghan jihad of the 1980s,
which introduced sectarian divisions fueled by the Iran-Saudi rivalry. Parachinar's
Shia-majority population resisted the Taliban’s advances, leading to its strategic
targeting. The closure of the Thal-Parachinar road during the 2007-2011 siege remains
a painful memory, highlighting how historical grievances continue to define Kurram’s
socio-political landscape.
The perpetuation of violence in Kurram cannot be separated from the role of state and
non-state actors. The state’s policies, rooted in the doctrine of "strategic depth," have
often prioritized geopolitical goals over citizen welfare. Meanwhile, militant groups
like the TTP have exploited sectarian divides, further eroding trust in state institutions.
The recurring failure to protect tribal districts underscores the need for a shift in
governance priorities.
The people of Parachinar live under a siege that deprives them of basic necessities and
security. Mistrust towards authorities grows as promises of protection go unfulfilled,
and militant groups continue to assert influence. This fear is compounded by the
history of failed agreements, such as the 2008 Murree Accord, which delivered little in
terms of lasting peace. The question remains: how can communities entrust their safety
to a state that has consistently let them down?
Resolving Kurram’s crisis requires a multi-faceted approach. A truth and reconciliation
initiative is essential to rebuild trust among Sunni and Shia communities and between
citizens and the state. Demilitarization, coupled with genuine governance reforms, is
crucial for restoring peace. The state must introspect and commit to reversing pro-war
policies that have prioritized power over people.
The bloodshed in Kurram serves as a grim reminder of the costs of neglecting citizen
welfare for strategic gains. A sincere commitment to the social contract, addressing
deep-seated grievances, and fostering inter-communal trust are vital for lasting peace.
Kurram's people deserve more than a cycle of violence — they deserve stability,
justice, and dignity.

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