Laboratory Manual

Power Electronics Laboratory

EEE/ECE 422 (V1, V2)
EEE/ECE 421L (V3)

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)

School of Engineering (SoE)
Brac University

Revision: July 2022

A. Course Objectives:
The objectives of this course are to:
- train students to construct, test and debug Power Electronics circuits.
- train students to simulate Power Electronics circuits using MATLAB SIMULINK.

B. Course Outcomes, CO-PO-Taxonomy Domain & Level- Delivery-Assessment Tool:

Sl. CO Description POs Bloom’s Delivery methods Assessment
taxonomy and activities tools
domain/level
EEE_ECE 422 Power Electronics Laboratory
Cognitive/
Construct switching and power
Understand,
CO4 converter circuits using laboratory e Lab Class Project
Psychomotor/
equipment
Manipulation

C. Mark Distribution
Assessment Tools Weightage
Attendance 10
Lab Report (Hardware, Software) 30
Project 35
Lab Exam (Hardware) 25
Total 100

D. References
Sl. Title Author(s) Publication Edition Publisher ISBN
1 Engineering Circuit W. H. Hayt, J. Kemmerly 2007 8 Ed.
th McGraw- 978-0-07-
Analysis and S. M. Durbin Hill 352957-8
2 Introductory Circuit Robert L. Boylestad 2015 11 Ed.th Prentice- 0-13-173044-
Analysis Hall 4

i
 Lab Safety and Security Issues
(Please modify this part as you feel appropriate for your lab)

1. Laboratory Safety Rules (General Guidelines):

The Department of EEE maintains general safety rules for laboratories. The guideline is attached in front of
the door in each of the laboratories. The written rules are as follows.

1. Closed shoes must be worn that will provide full coverage of the feet and appropriate personnel
clothing must be worn.
2. Always check if the power switch is off before plugging in to the outlet. Also, turn the instrument or
equipment OFF before unplugging from the outlet.
3. Before supplying power to the circuit, the connections and layouts must be checked by the teacher.
4. Voltage equal or above 50V are always dangerous. Therefore, extra precautions must be taken as
voltage level is increased.
5. Extension cords should be used only when necessary and only on a temporary basis.
6. Once the lab exercise is done, all equipment must be powered down and all probes, cords and other
instruments must be returned to their proper position.
7. In case of fire, disconnect the electrical mains power source if possible.
8. Students must be familiar with the locations and operations of safety and emergency equipment like
Emergency power off, Fire alarm switch and so on.
9. Eating, drinking, chewing gum inside electrical laboratories are strictly prohibited.
10. Do not use damaged cords or cords that become too hot or cords with exposed wiring and if
something like that is found, inform the teacher/LTO right away.
11. No laboratory equipment can be removed from their fixed places without the teacher/LTO’s
authorization.
12. No lab work must be performed without the laboratory teacher/lab technical officer being present.

2. Electrical Safety
To prevent electrical hazards, there are symbols in front of the Electrical Distribution Board, High voltage
three phase lines in the lab, Backup generator and substation. Symbols related to Arc Flash and Shock
Hazard, Danger: High Voltage, Authorized personnel only, no smoking etc. are posted in required places.
Only authorized personnel are allowed to open the distribution boxes.

3. Electrical Fire:
If an electrical fire occurs, try to disconnect the electrical power source, if possible. If the fire is small, you are
not in immediate danger, use any type of fire extinguisher except water to extinguish the fire. When in doubt,
push in the Emergency Power Off button.

4. IMPORTANT:
Do not use water on an electrical fire.

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 List of Experiments

Exp. Experiment Name Page Tentative Is this

No. schedule experiment
used for any CO
assessment?

Yes No

Study of Switching Characteristic of Power BJT, 1-4 1st week 

1
MOSFET, SCR and TRIAC

2 Study of Thyristor firing circuit and isolation 5-8 2rd week

Study of Single-phase Full Converter 9-12 3rd week

3
(Controlled Full-wave Rectifier)

Study of Single-phase Full-Wave AC voltage 13-15 4th week

4
Controller

Study of Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) 16-21 5th week

5
(DC-DC Converters)

6 Mid Exam 6th week

7 Study of Stepper Motor drive 22-26 7th week

8 Simulation Study of DC-DC Converter 27-31 8th week

9 Simulation Study of AC-AC Converter 32-34 9th week

10 Final Exam and Project Submission 10th week

Updated by:
1. Nahid Hossain Taz
2. Aldrin Nippon Bobby
3. Ms.Sanjida Hossain Saba

iii
Experiment No. 1
Study of Switching Characteristic of Power BJT, MOSFET, SCR and
TRIAC

1. Objective: To Know the switching characteristics of Power BJT, MOSFET, SCR and TRIAC

2. Introduction: Semiconductor devices like bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ), metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
( MOSFET ), insulated gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ), silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR/ thyristor ), triode ac controller (
TRIAC ), unijunction transistor ( UJT ), gate turn off thyristor ( GTO ) and mos controlled thyristor ( MCT ) etc. are used in
many applications like relays and power converters. Power semiconductor switches either operate in the cutoff or saturation
region as per base or gate signals. Some of these devices are current driven (BJT, SCR, TRIAC), whereas, others are
voltage driven (MOSFETS, IGBT, MCT etc.). The present experiment is intended for familiarization of the I-V characteristic
of BJT, MOSFET, SCR, TRIAC and the IGBT. Apart from that it is also desired that the students will carefully note the
switching phenomenon (I - V transition for a square wave controlled base or gate drive and I - V values during turn ON time)
of each type of switch to get the idea of what type of losses may occur in the switches due to non-ideal switching characteristic
(an ideal switch has zero voltage across it when ON and zero current through it when OFF).

3. Apparatus:

a) BJT BD243 or 2N3035 1

b) MOSFET IRF 540 or IRF 640 1
or IRF 740 or IRF 250
or IRF 840
c) SCR 2P4M 1
d) TRIAC BTA 16 1
e) Resistors 100Ω / 1KΩ 1
f) Variable resistor (POT) 1MΩ 1
g) Multimeter 1
h) Digital Oscilloscope 1

1
4. Circuit Diagram & Procedure:

Construct the circuits as shown and obtain the I - V characteristic of the device as indicated.

1. BJT Switching Characteristic:(The transistor under test is either BD243 or 2N3035 NPN
transistor)

Set the circuit as shown in the diagram.

a. Set VCC = 10 V, RL = 100 Ω.
b. Vary VRB from 0 to 10V in step of 1V and record VBE, VCE, IB and IE. The switch is ON when
VCE = 0.
c. After the switch ON, IC = (VCC - 0)/ RL becomes constant (does not increase as IC = β*IB)
indicating saturation of the transistor.
d. Repeat the experiment for another value of RL = 330 Ω and 470 Ω

2. Switching Characteristic of a MOSFET ( The MOSFET in the experiment is either IRF 540 or IRF
640 or IRF 740 or IRF 250 or IRF 840 )

2
a. Set VDD = 10 V, RL = 100 Ω.
b. Vary VGG from 0 to 10V in step of 1V and record VGS, VDS, IG and ID. The switch is ON when
VDS = 0.
c. After the switch ON, ID = (VDD - 0)/ RL becomes constant unless RL or VDD is changed.
d. Repeat the experiment for another value of RL = 330 Ω and 4

3. Switching characteristic of an SCR

a) Follow the procedure for BJT characteristic (measure VAK instead of VCE, IG instead of IB, and
IA instead of IE)

Repeat (a) with the following circuit.

3
 4. Switching Characteristic of a TRIAC

Follow the steps of SCR experiment for the two TRIAC circuits shown

(Measure the voltage between M1 and M2 instead of VAK)

Faculty Signature and Date

5. Questions:
1. Which device is the best fitted for switching operation? Explain.
2. Draw the output current vs. control voltage and specify the switching region.
3. Which device can be used for switching ac circuits?
4
Experiment No. 2
Study of Thyristor firing circuit and isolation
1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to observe the output wave shapes of the thyristor's triggering circuit and
the isolation circuit. Also knows how the UJT can be used as a triggering circuit.

2. Theoretical Background: Thyristor will begin conduct

a) If it is forward biased and
b) The gate is triggered /fired with appropriate pulse

Thyristor can be triggered (gated on) by simple divider circuit consisting of resistors or capacitors across the ac line. One of
the divider components can be made adjustable to produce earlier or later firing to accomplish the conduction angle control.
Such simple divider circuits are seldom used. They have the disadvantage of temperature instability and efficiency. Negative
resistance devices are used to establish a more predictable and stable trigger behavior.

Figure 2.1:- (a) Circuit symbol of UJT (b) Pin out of TO-18 packaged 2N2646 UJT (c) VE vs. IE curve of UJT
Isolation:
There are many situations where signals and data need to be transferred from one subsystem to another within a piece of
electronics equipment, or from one piece of equipment to another, without making a direct 'ohmic' electrical connection. Often
this is because the source and destination are (or may be at times) at very different voltage levels or for safety purpose. In
such situations the link between the two must be an isolated one, to protect the device from over voltage damage.
Type of isolation:
a) Galvanic isolation
b) Optical Isolation
5
In thyristor converters, different potential exist at various terminals. The power circuit is subjected to a high voltage, usually
greater than 100V, and the gate circuit is held at low voltage, typically 12V to 30V. An isolation circuit is required between an
individual thyristor and its gate pulse generating circuit. The isolation can be accomplished by either pulse transformer or
opto-couplers.

Opto-couplers typically comes in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but are essentially a combination of two distinct devices:
an optical transmitter, typically a gallium arsenide LED and an optical receiver such as a phototransistor or light-triggered
DIAC (shown in Fig 2.3). It use a beam of light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical barrier, and achieve excellent
isolation.

Figure 2.3:- Optical Isolation (Dotted line indicate inside circuitry of PC 101 Opto-coupler)

3. Apparatus:
a) Transformer 220V/12-0-12V ×1
b) Diode 1N4007 ×1
c) Resistors 33Ω, 3.9 KΩ, 10KΩ ×1
330Ω ×3

d) Variable resistor (POT) 5KΩ ×1

e) Capacitor 2.2μF ×1
f) SCR 2P4M ×1
g) UJT 2N2646 ×1
h) Opto-coupler PC 101 ×1
i) Multimeter ×1
j) Oscilloscope ×1

6
4. Circuit Diagram/ Experimental setup:

Figure 2.4: Circuit diagram of half wave controlled rectifier with triggering and isolation circuit.

7
5. Procedure:
a) Build the triggering circuit in Fig. 2.4 and observe waveform at point A, VE and B
In Oscilloscope and draw those in same time base.
b) Build the Isolation part of the circuit and connect it with point B.
c) Observe how the waveform change from point B to C
d) Build the rectifier circuit and observe the output waveform at D point

6. Data Table:

Faculty Signature and Date

7. Report:
a) Draw all the wave shapes of the experiment in same time base
b) How can opto-coupler provide isolation?
c) Give Example of different type of isolation device and its working principle.
d) What is the necessity of firing circuit for SCRs?

8. Comment on the obtained results and discrepancies (if any).

8
Experiment No. 3
Study of Single-phase Full Converter (Controlled Full-wave Rectifier)

1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to observe the output of a single-phase full converter (controlled full-wave
rectifier) with a Resistive load.

2. Theoretical Background: The single-phase full converter (full-wave rectifier) is diagrammed in fig-3.1. During the positive
half-cycle, thyristors T1 and T2 are forward biased. When T1 and T2 are fired simultaneously at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛼, the load is connected
to the input supply through T1 and T2. During the negative half-cycle of the input voltage, thyristor T3 and T4 are forward
biased. The firing of thyristors T3 and T4 will apply the supply voltage across thyristors T1 and T2 as reverse blocking voltages.
T1 and T2 will be turned off due to line (natural) commutation and the load current will be transferred from T1 and T2 to T3
and T4. Fig.-3.1 shows the waveforms for input voltage, output voltage and input currents.

Figure 3.1: Single phase full converter circuit and the output waveform

9
3. Apparatus:
a) Transformer 220V/12-0-12V ×1
b) Diode 1N4007 ×2
c) Resistors 33Ω, 3.9 KΩ, ×2
d) Resistors 330Ω ×6
e) Resistors 10KΩ ×1
f) Variable resistor (POT) 5KΩ ×2
g) Capacitor 2.2μF ×2
h) SCR 2P4M ×2
i) UJT 2N2646 ×2
j) Opto-coupler PC 101 ×2
k) Multimeter ×1
l) Oscilloscope ×1

10
4. Circuit Diagram:

Figure 3.3: Circuit diagram of single phase full wave controlled rectifier with triggering and isolation circuit.

11
5. Procedure:
a) Build the triggering circuit of fig-3.3 and observe the waveform.
b) Build the isolation circuit as and observe the waveform.
c) Build the Full wave rectifier circuit.
d) Connect gate pulse to the thyristor circuit as in fig-3.3and observe the waveform.
e) Vary the pot and observe the output wave shape and also with multi meter measure the output DC (avg.) and
R.M.S. voltage.

6. Data Table

Faculty Signature and Date

7. Report:
a. Draw all the wave shapes you observe in the experiment.
b. Write the advantages of controlled rectifier over diode rectifier.
c. Why did we used center taped rectifier instead of bridge rectifier in the lab? Explain.

8. Comment on the obtained results and discrepancies:

12
Experiment No. 04
Study of Single-phase Full-Wave AC voltage Controller

1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to observe the output of a single-phase full-wave AC voltage controller with
a resistive load.
2. Theory: A single-phase full-wave AC voltage controller with a resistive load is diagrammed in fig-4.1. During the positive
half cycle of input voltage, the power flow is controlled by varying the delay angle of Thyristor T1 and Thyristor T2 controls the
power flow during the negative half cycle of input voltage. The firing pulses of T1 and T2 are kept 180° apart.

3. Apparatus:

11. Transformer 220V/12-0-12 ×1

12. Diode 1N4007 ×2

13. Resistors 33Ω, 3.9 KΩ, ×2
330Ω ×4
10KΩ ×1
14. Variable resistor (POT) 5KΩ ×2
15. Capacitor 2.2μF ×2
16. SCR 2P4M ×2
17. UJT 2N2646 ×2
18. Optocoupler PC 101 ×2
19. Multimeter ×1
10 Oscilloscope ×1

13
4. Circuit Diagram:

Figure 4.1:- Circuit diagram of single phase full wave ac voltage controlled rectifier with triggering and isolation circuit.

14
5. Procedures:

1. Set up the circuit as in Fig 4.1.Observe and draw the wave shape at different point.
2. Vary the pot and observe the output wave shape and also with multi meter measure the output DC (avg.) and R.M.S.
voltage.
3. Measure the secondary side of the transformer peak voltage using oscilloscope (not multi meter) and change the pot
in such a way the delay angle is approximately 900. Measure the output RMS and DC voltage using multi-meter.
4. Add a large inductor in series with the resistive load and observe the wave shape.

6. Data Table:

Faculty Signature and Date

7. Report:

1. Why can control be lost in a full-wave AC voltage controller if the load is highly inductive and how can you regain
control?
2. Why did we use two different 5 Volt DC power supply?
1 sin 2α √2V
3. Using the equation VRMS = VS [2π (2π − α + 2 )]1/2 and VDC = 2π S (cosα - 1) and the data from procedure
3 calculate the RMS and DC voltage of the output. What are the possible reasons for the different values?

8. Comment on the obtained results and discrepancies:

15
Experiment No: 05
Study of Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) (DC-DC Converters)

1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to observe the variation in output of switch-mode power applies for different
configurations.

2. Theory: Switch-mode power supplies or DC-DC conveners may be classified into two different categories: (a) choppers
operated (Non-isolated) and (b) Inverter linked (Isolated) DC-DC converters. The copper type (Non Isolated) SMPS are again
classified as (i) Buck regulators, (ii) Boost regulators, (iii) Buck-Boost regulators, (iv) Cúk regulators (v) SEPIC etc. The inverter
coupled (Isolated) DC-DC converters may be classified as i) Fly-back type, ii) Half bridge inverter, iii)Full bridge inverter, iv)
Resonant inverter type etc.

In this experiment various chopper type SMPS will be studied. In continuous conduction mode Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost
converters operate by inductive energy transfer principle and the Cúk converter operates by capacitive energy transfer
principle.

The chopper type SMPS are made out of three important parts (fig -5.1). The chopper circuit, feedback mechanism and logic
circuit. The input DC voltage is put through the chopper circuit. The output voltage is then compared with the desired voltage
(Vref) and a control voltage, VC is created. The control voltage is prepared for the next stage by putting it to the amplifier.
Using the Vcr the duty cycle of the gate pulse is adjusted by the logic circuit so that the DC chopper output is the same as
desired voltage and good regulation can be achieved.

Fig 5.1: Block diagram of chopper type (non-isolated) SMPS

Duty cycle, k of a Square pulse can have a value from 0 to 1. So from the voltage gain, G(k) of different SMPS it is easy to
see Buck is a step down converter, Boost is a step up converter and Buck-Boost can work as both.

16
 Vout
Voltage Gain, G(k) = Vin
Buck k × Vin
Boost 1
× Vin
1−𝑘
Buck-Boost −𝑘
× Vin
1−𝑘
Relative comparison of 3 type of non-isolated SMPS

3. Apparatus:

1. Diode 1N4007 ×1

2. Resistors 10 KΩ, 22 KΩ, ×1

470Ω ×2
3. Variable resistor (POT) 1KΩ ×1
4. Capacitor 2.2μF (50V rated) ×1
0.022μF ×2
×1
IRF 540
5. MOSFET
6. Magnetic Ballast .7H ×1

7. Wave Generator IC TL 494 ×1

8. Multimeter ×1
9. Oscilloscope ×1

17
4. Circuit Diagram:

Fig 5.2: Square Wave generator circuit

5. Procedure: Set up the circuit as in Fig. 5.1 and observe the outputs from pins 9. Vary the potentiometer and observe how
the output changes at the output.

Buck regulator:

1. Set up the circuit as in Fig. 5.3(d) and observe the output, Vo

2. Disconnect the 22 µF capacitor and observe the output wave shape in oscilloscope.
3. Vary the potentiometer and observe how the output changes.
4. Note down the on time and the period of the square pulse generator circuit, and the corresponding output.
V
5. Calculate the duty cycle (k=TON /T) and the ratio Vout .
in

During the BOOST AND BUCK-BOOST experiment set the potentiometer to the value that gives MINIMUM Vo .Do not
increase the duty cycle abruptly since it is a step up converter and the output voltage may go beyond the ratings of the
capacitor and it might EXPLODE also ballast's insulation can fail due to excess current flow. This situation is hazardous and
may injure you during the experiment. SO DO NOT SET THE POT IN SUCH WAY SO THAT THE
OUTPUT EXCEEDS 40V (IF THE RATTING IS 50V).

18
Boost regulator:
1. Set up the circuit as in Fig. 5.4(b) and observe V0.
2. Vary the potentiometer and observe V0.Maintain V0 well below the rated voltage of the 22 µF capacitor.
3. Note down the on time and the period of the square pulse generator circuit, and the corresponding Vo .
4. Calculate the duty cycle and the ratio V0/Vin
Buck-Boost regulator:

1. Set up the circuit as in Fig. 5.5(b) and observe Vo .

2. Vary the potentiometer and observe Vo . Maintain Vo well below the rated voltage of the 22µF capacitor.
3. Note down the on time and the period of the square pulse generator circuit and the corresponding Vo . Calculate the
duty cycle and the ratio Vo /Vin .

Buck Converter:

Fig 5.3(a): The ideal circuit

Fig 5.3(b): With the solid state realization of the SPDT

Fig 5.3(C): Practical realization

19
 Fig 5.3(d): Full Buck converter circuit

Boost Converter:

Fig 5.4(a): The ideal circuit Fig 5.4(b): Practical realization

20
Buck-Boost Converter

Fig 5.5(a): The ideal circuit Fig 5.5(b): Practical realization

6. Data Table:

Faculty Signature and Date

7. Report:

1. Why is the position of the MOSFET different in Fig. 5.3 (c) from that in Fig. 5.3 (b)?
2. Does this change alter the operation of the circuit from that of the ideal circuit in Fig. 5.3(a)?
3. Does operation of each regulator correspond to theory?
4. Does our circuit use feedback mechanism? Why do we need feedback in SMPS?

8. Comment on the obtained results and discrepancies:

21
Experiment No: 07
Study of Stepper Motor drive

1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to observe the behavior of a stepper motor when driven by a power electronic
drive system.
2. Theory: A stepper motor is a brushless motor. It consists of a rotor (which can be Permanent magnet or Variable reluctance
or Hybrid type) and a stator with multiple windings. Based on the polarity of the excitation stepper motors can be unipolar or
bi-polar. Normally unipolar stepper motor consists of two winding each with a center tap. The center taps are interconnected
or brought outside as two different wires, as a result they have 5 or 6 wires. Bi-polar motors have two windings, so they have
4 wires. In open loop based system stepper motors are very good choice because until the torque of the stepper motors are
exceeded the speed of the motor will not change.

Unlike the induction motor or DC motor, stepper motor's rotor does not rotate continuously but in steps. Unipolar stepper motor
require only positive pulse .Bipolar stepper motor require both positive and negative pulse to rotate. Compared to unipolar
stepper motor bipolar motors can have more than 30% extra torque. But bipolar stepper motor requires more complex pulse
generating circuit. This experiment utilized a unipolar motor and 4 bit shift register IC as the driver. There are different type of
purposefully built IC made to drive unipolar/bipolar stepper motor (Ex: L297, L6291 (STM), DRV 8812, DRV 8805(TI), UCN
5804 etc.). Most of the time microcontrollers are used as a control/driver for stepper motors. Stepper motors are widely used
in inkjet printer, CNC machines, robots etc.

Figure 7.1:-Photograph of Hybrid (unipolar/bipolar) Stepper motor

Unipolar stepper motor rotation mechanism:

22
If NA coil of the motor is energized then the rotor lines up with it so that its position is 𝜃 = 0° electrical. If NA and NB are then
both energized, the rotor moves to position 𝜃 = 45° electrical. If NA is switched off and NB and Nc are energized, then the
rotor moves to position 𝜃 = 135° electrical (as shown in Fig 7.2)

Figure 7.2:-Rotation of unipolar stepper motor

3. Apparatus:

1. Unipolar Stepper motor ×1

2. 4-bit PIPO bidirectional shift register TL 74194 ×1
3. MOSFET IRF 540 ×4
4. Signal generator ×1
5. Trainer board ×1

23
4. Circuit Diagram:

Fig 7.4: Connection diagram for the experiment.

24
5. Procedure:
1. To energize NA coil we have to apply +5V to C1 and Na terminal have to be grounded.
To energize NA and NB coil at the same time we have to apply +5V to C1 and both NA
and NB need to be grounded. So the pulse required for the motor torotate at a stepping
angle of 450will look like Fig 7.3
2. The pulse trains are generated by means of a four bit shift register 74194. The
connection for the control circuit is shown in Fig.7.4
3. The output Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3 of the control circuit should be connected to the gates of four
MOSFET's and to four LEDs. The MOSFETs will act as switches for the fourcoils of the
stepper motor.
4. The pins S0 and S1 should be connected to logic switches. The clock input of SN 74194
should be connected to the TTL/CMOS output of the signal generator. Pin 1(Clear)
should be connected to +5V or pulse switch
5. To load the register S0 = 1, S1= 1 (Parallel load mode). Set the clock to 1 Hz and S1 =
0, S0 = 1. The stepper motor should rotate. Increase the clock speed to 10 Hz and 100
Hz to increase the speed of rotation. Set S1= 1, S0 = 0 to rotate the motor in the opposite
direction.

CLK Mode Function

CLR
S0 S1
L L H No Change
L H H Shift Left
H L H Shift right
H H H Parallel Load
× × × L Clear
H= Logic High (5V) L= Logic Low (0V)

Table 7.1:- 74194 modes of operation

25
 Figure 7.3:- Pulse to drive the motor at an angle of 45o and the rotor status at that time

6. Data Table:

Faculty Signature and Date

7. Report:
1. Draw the torque-displacement curves for the winding pattern of the stepper motor
diagrammed in Fig.7.1.
2. What is Half, full and micro stepping? Which stepping technique we used in this
experiment?
3. What is the purpose DSR and DSL?
4. Write down some advantage and disadvantage of using a stepper motor.
5. What is the purpose of MOSFET in the circuit? Why did we use ULN2003 instead?

8. Comment on the obtained results and discrepancies

26
Software Simulation
Experiment No.7
Study of DC-DC Converter

1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to study the operation of DC-DC buck converter and observethe output
waveforms.

2. Problem statement: Use MATLAB Simulink Tool

3. Software and Device requirement:

 MATLAB
Minimum PC specifications:
Windows/ Mac: Microsoft® Windows® 7 Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate or Home Premium (64-bit); Windows 8 (64-bit) (All
Service Packs); Windows 10 (64-bit); Windows 2008 R2 Server; Windows 2012 Server (All Service Packs).
Ram: 2 GB
Processor: Intel® Pentium® 4 or AMD Athlon XP 2000 with multi-core CPU
Display resolutions: 1,024 x 768 display resolution with true color (16-bit color)

3. Circuit Diagram/ Experimental setup:

5. Procedure:
 Open MATLAB
 Select File → New → Model. A new window named ‘untitled’ will appear on the screen.
 Click on the ‘Simulink’ icon in the toolbar menu. Another window named ‘Simulink
Library Browser’ will open.

27
 Simulink Icon

 From Libraries on the left, select Simpower Systems. Then the window shown in the
following figure will appear.

28
29
The components required for this experiment are:
DC Voltage source
MOSFET
Diode
Series RLC Branch
Pulse generator
Powergui
Scope
Display
Voltage measurement

All these components can be found in this library and are needed to be dragged to the
‘untitled’ window.
For MOSFET and Diode go to SimPower systems → Power Electronics
For DC voltage source go to SimPower systems → Electrical sources
For voltage measurement go to SimPower systems → Measurement
For series RLC branch go to SimPower systems → Elements
For display and scope go to Simulink → Sink
For pulse generator go to Simulink → Sources
For powergui go to SimPower systems

Find all these components and drag them to the untitled window.

 Now the components are to be wired together to complete the schematic. To do this, place
the mouse on any port of the symbol. This should change the mouse symbol from arrow toa
plus. Then click and hold the mouse and place it to a port of another symbol to be wired.This
will join those ports with a line (wire). After joining all components, your window will look like
this.

30
  Change the parameter of the components. To change, double click on a component, then a
‘Block parameter’ window for each component will appear. You can change the parametersof
any component from this window. Your component value will be like this:

 R=10 Ω
 L=150μH
 C=220μF
 DC Voltage source= 10Volts
 Pulse generator= Amplitude: 10, Period: 1/25,000 sec, Pulse width= 50%

 Select Simulation from the toolbar above. Go to Configuration parameter. Select ode45
(Dormand- prince) as the solver. Give the stop time upto 0.05sec. Then run the simulation.
 Observe the output voltage value at the display component.
 Double click on the scope and observe the output voltage wave shape.

6. Report: Using Simulink design a Boost and Buck-Boost converter

31
Experiment No.8
Study of AC-AC Converter
1. Objective: The objective of this experiment is to study the operation of AC-AC converter (cycloconverter) and
observe the input output relationship.

2. Problem statement: Use MATLAB Simulink Tool

3. Software and Device requirement:

 MATLAB
4. Circuit Diagram:

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5. Procedure:
Following the steps of previous experiment construct the circuit according to thefollowing diagram in

Simulink tool.

Set the following parameters

a) AC voltage source
i. Peak Amplitude 200 V
ii. Frequency 50 Hz
b) Linear Transformer
i. Nominal Power [ 250e6 50 ]
ii. Winding 1 Parameters [ 630e3 0.002 0.08 ]
c) Pulse Generator (all)
i. Amplitude 5 V
ii. Period (1/50)*2 s
iii. Pulse Width 10
d) Pulse Generator1
i. Phase Delay 0
e) Pulse Generator2
i. Phase Delay (1/50)*2*(180/720)
f) Pulse Generator3
i. Phase Delay (1/50)*2*(360/720)
g) Pulse Generator4
ii. Phase Delay (1/50)*2*(540/720)

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Set simulation time 0.08 s. Then run and observe.

Input
voltag

Output
voltage

Output
Current

Report: Design a cycloconverter with output frequency one third of input frequency.

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