UNIT 4

Introduction
to
Fuzzy Logic
Purpose
 Uses
• With information about how good your service was at
a restaurant, a fuzzy logic system can tell you what the
tip should be.
• With your specification of how hot you want the water,
a fuzzy logic system can adjust the faucet valve to the
right setting.
• With information about how far away the subject of
your photograph is, a fuzzy logic system can focus the
lens for you.
• With information about how fast the car is going and
how hard the motor is working, a fuzzy logic system
can shift gears for you.
 Definition
• Fuzzy Logic is a form of many-valued logic in
which the truth values of variables may be any
real number between 0 and 1, instead of just the
traditional values of true or false.
• It is used to deal with imprecise or uncertain
information and is a mathematical method for
representing vagueness and uncertainty in
decision-making.
• Fuzzy Logic was introduced in 1965 by Lofti A.
Zadeh in his research paper “Fuzzy Sets”. He is
considered as the father of Fuzzy Logic.
Example
 Boolean Logic vs. Fuzzy Logic
Concept Boolean logic Fuzzy logic
Representation of Truth Truth values are binary, representing Truth values are represented as
Values either true or false (1 or 0). continuous degrees of truth between 0
and 1 representing various degrees of
truth.
Treatment of Uncertainty Deals with crisp, precise values where Allows statements to have degrees of
propositions are either true or false truthfulness, capturing the vagueness
without any ambiguity. inherent in many real-world situations.

Rule Formulation Rules are formulated using logical Rules are formulated using linguistic
operators such as AND, OR, and NOT, variables and fuzzy sets, allowing for
where each proposition has a precise imprecise reasoning based on
truth value. qualitative descriptors (e.g., "very hot",
"somewhat tall").

Applications Suitable for applications where Suited for applications involving

decisions are based on clear-cut, binary human-like decision making and
distinctions, such as digital circuit reasoning in uncertain environments,
design, computer programming, and such as control systems, pattern
formal mathematical reasoning. recognition, artificial intelligence, and
expert systems.
 Fundamental Idea
• A Membership Function defines the degree of membership
of an input value to a certain set or category. The
membership function is a mapping from an input value to a
membership degree between 0 and 1, where 0 represents
non-membership and 1 represents full membership.

• Fuzzy Logic is implemented using Fuzzy Rules, which are if-

then statements that express the relationship between
input variables and output variables in a fuzzy way.

• The output of a Fuzzy Logic system is a Fuzzy Set, which is a

set of membership degrees for each possible output value.
 Fuzzy Sets
• A fuzzy set is a set without a crisp, clearly defined boundary. It can contain
elements with only a partial degree of membership.

• Classical vs. Fuzzy Set

• A Fuzzy Set is any set that allows its members to have different degrees of
membership, called membership function, in the interval [0,1].

• A fuzzy set is a pair (Ã,m) where à is a set and m : à -->[0,1].

 Fuzzy Set Example
• Let X = {g1 , g2 , g3 , g4 , g5 } be the reference
set of students.
• Let à be the fuzzy set of “smart” students,
where “smart” is fuzzy term.

• If à = {(g1 ,0.4)(g2 ,0.5)(g3 ,1)(g4 ,0.9)(g5 ,0.8)}

• Ã indicates that the smartness of g1 is 0.4 and
so on.
 Membership Function
• A membership function (MF) is a curve that defines how
each point in the input space is mapped to a membership
value (or degree of membership) between 0 and 1.
• The input space is often referred to as the universe of
discourse.
• There are different shapes of membership functions i.e.
triangular, trapezoidal, Gaussian etc.
 Membership Function Example
•The universe of discourse is all potential heights,
say from three feet to nine feet.
•The word tall corresponds to a curve that defines
the degree to which any person is tall.

If the set of tall people is given the well-defined (crisp) boundary of a classical
set, you might say all people taller than six feet are officially considered tall.
Membership Functions for “Tall”
The two people are
classified as either
entirely tall or
entirely not-tall.

The smooth transition

allows for different
degrees of tallness.
 Fuzzy Rules
• Fuzzy rules are useful for modelling human
thinking, perception and judgment.
• A fuzzy if-then rule is of the form “If x is A then y
is B” where A and B are linguistic values defined
by fuzzy sets on universes of discourse X and Y,
respectively, and “x is A” is called antecedent and
“y is B” is called consequent.
• Examples of fuzzy rules are:
– “If the road is slippery, then driving is dangerous.”
– “If the fruit is ripe, then it is soft.”
Fuzzy Inference System Architecture
 Main Components of FIS Architecture
The Architecture contains four main parts:

• FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into

fuzzy sets. Crisp inputs are basically the exact inputs measured by
sensors and passed into the control system for processing, such as
temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.

• RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions
provided by the experts to govern the decision-making system.

• INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the

current fuzzy input with respect to each rule and decides which
rules are to be fired according to the input field. The fired rules are
combined to form the control actions.

• DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by

the inference engine into a crisp value.
 Methods of FIS
Difference Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Model

Rule Base Used Linguistic rules that are typically IF-THEN rules, but the output is
expressed as IF-THEN statements represented by a mathematical
with linguistic terms. expression, not linguistic term.
Output Fuzzy set defined over the output A crisp value after evaluating
variable's universe of discourse. the mathematical expressions
defined in the rule base.
Defuzzification Required as output needs to be Not required
made crisp.
Complexity More complex to implement and Simpler and more
analyze straightforward to implement
Interpretability Good Complex
Applications Control Systems, Medical Approximation, Modelling, Risk
Diagnosis, Pattern Recognition, Assessment, Predictions etc.
Robotics etc.
Example from Virtual Labs

http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/scte/exp2/index.html
 Advantages of Fuzzy Systems
1. The methodology of this concept works similarly as the human
reasoning.
2. Any user can easily understand the structure of Fuzzy Logic.
3. It does not need a large memory, because the algorithms can be
easily described with fewer data.
4. It is widely used in all fields of life and easily provides effective
solutions to the problems which have high complexity.
5. This concept is based on the set theory of mathematics, so that's
why it is simple.
6. It allows users for controlling the control machines and consumer
products.
7. The development time of fuzzy logic is short as compared to
conventional methods.
8. Due to its flexibility, any user can easily add and delete rules in the
FLS system.
 Limitations of Fuzzy Systems
1. The run time of fuzzy logic systems is slow and takes a
long time to produce outputs.
2. Users can understand it easily if they are simple.
3. The possibilities produced by the fuzzy logic system are
not always accurate.
4. Many researchers give various ways for solving a given
statement using this technique which leads to ambiguity.
5. Fuzzy logics are not suitable for those problems that
require high accuracy.
6. The systems of a Fuzzy logic need a lot of testing for
verification and validation.
7. As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data
so often accuracy is compromised.
 Applications of Fuzzy Systems
1. It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of
spacecraft and satellites.
2. It has been used in the automotive system for speed
control, traffic control.
3. It is used for decision-making support systems and
personal evaluation in the large company business.
4. Fuzzy logic is used in Natural Language Processing and
various intensive applications in Artificial Intelligence.
5. Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control
systems such as expert systems.
6. Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics
how a person would make decisions, but faster.