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OSI model layer functions, protocols and networking devices

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views

OSI model layer functions, protocols and networking devices

Uploaded by

Rajat Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI model layers with their respective Protocols

1. Physical Layer

 Function: Transmits raw binary data over physical mediums (e.g., cables, wireless).
 Protocols/Standards:
o Ethernet (Physical signaling standards)
o USB (Universal Serial Bus)
o Bluetooth
o IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi physical standards)
o RS-232, RS-485 (Serial communication)

2. Data Link Layer

o Function: Ensures reliable transmission of data across a physical network;


handles error detection and framing.
o Protocols/Standards:
o Ethernet (MAC/LLC)
o IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi MAC)
o PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
o HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)
o Frame Relay
o ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode, at lower layers)
o ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

3. Network Layer

 Function: Handles logical addressing, routing, and forwarding of data.


 Protocols/Standards:
o IP (Internet Protocol) - IPv4 and IPv6
o ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
o IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
o OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
o RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
o BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
o MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)

4. Transport Layer

 Function: Ensures reliable data transfer, error correction, and flow control between
devices.
 Protocols:
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
o UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
o SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
o DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol)

5. Session Layer

 Function: Manages sessions (connections) between applications; handles setup,


maintenance, and termination.
 Protocols:
o NetBIOS
o RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
o PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
o SMB (Session Message Block)

6. Presentation Layer

 Function: Translates data between the application layer and the network, handling
encryption, compression, and formatting.
 Protocols/Standards:
o TLS/SSL (Transport Layer Security / Secure Sockets Layer)
o ASCII, EBCDIC (Character encoding)
o JPEG, PNG, GIF (Image formats)
o MPEG, MP3 (Media formats)

7. Application Layer

 Function: Provides network services directly to end-users or applications.


 Protocols:
o HTTP, HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
o FTP, SFTP (File Transfer Protocols)
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
o IMAP, POP3 (Email retrieval protocols)
o DNS (Domain Name System)
o SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
o Telnet, SSH (Remote access protocols)
Layer Number Layer Name Example Protocols
1 Physical Ethernet (Physical), USB, Bluetooth
2 Data Link Ethernet (MAC), Wi-Fi (802.11), ARP, PPP
3 Network IP, ICMP, OSPF, RIP, BGP
4 Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP
5 Session NetBIOS, RPC, PPTP
6 Presentation TLS/SSL, ASCII, JPEG, MPEG
7 Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, SNMP, Telnet, SSH

OSI model layers with their respective Networking and


Internetworking devices

1. Physical Layer

 Function: Responsible for the transmission of raw binary data over physical
mediums.
 Devices:
o Hubs (Passive and Active)
o Repeaters
o Network Interface Cards (NICs, at the hardware signaling level)
o Cables (Coaxial, Fiber Optic, Twisted Pair)
o Connectors (RJ45, RJ11)
o Modems (at the physical signal conversion level)

2. Data Link Layer

 Function: Handles data framing, error detection, and MAC addressing for
communication within a local network.
 Devices:
o Switches (Layer 2)
o Bridges
o Network Interface Cards (NICs, at the MAC level)
o Wireless Access Points (WAPs) (for MAC-level communication)
3. Network Layer

 Function: Responsible for logical addressing, routing, and forwarding of data


between networks.
 Devices:
o Routers
o Layer 3 Switches (switches with routing capabilities)
o Firewalls (at the IP-level filtering stage)
o Gateways (when protocol conversions are required)

4. Transport Layer

 Function: Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring reliable data delivery and


flow control.
 Devices:
o Firewalls (at transport-layer filtering, e.g., TCP/UDP port-based rules)
o Load Balancers (managing transport-layer connections)

5. Session Layer

 Function: Manages and controls sessions (establishing, maintaining, and terminating


connections).
 Devices:
o Session Gateways (e.g., in VoIP for session establishment)
o Firewalls (session tracking in stateful inspection)

6. Presentation Layer

 Function: Handles data translation, encryption, and compression between the


application and network layers.
 Devices:
o Encryption/Decryption Devices (e.g., SSL/TLS accelerators)
o Application Gateways (e.g., for protocol conversions, like email servers
performing encoding/decoding)

7. Application Layer

 Function: Provides interfaces for applications to access network services.


 Devices:
o Proxy Servers (for caching, filtering, and access control)
o Application Firewalls (e.g., Web Application Firewalls, WAF)
o Servers (Web servers, Mail servers, DNS servers, etc.)
o End-User Devices (e.g., computers, smartphones, IoT devices)

Layer Number OSI Layer Associated Devices


1 Physical Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Connectors, Modems
2 Data Link Switches, Bridges, WAPs, NICs
3 Network Routers, Layer 3 Switches, Firewalls, Gateways
4 Transport Firewalls, Load Balancers
5 Session Session Gateways, Stateful Firewalls
6 Presentation SSL/TLS Accelerators, Encryption Devices
7 Application Proxy Servers, Application Firewalls, Servers, End Devices

OSI model layers with their respective Functions

1. Physical Layer

 Function:
o Transmits raw binary data over the physical medium.
o Converts digital data into electrical, optical, or radio signals and vice versa.
o Defines hardware specifications such as cables, connectors, and transmission
modes.
o Manages data rates, signal types, and synchronization.
 Key Responsibilities:
o Bit-by-bit data transmission.
o Media and signal definition.

2. Data Link Layer

 Function:
o Provides reliable node-to-node data transfer.
o Packages data into frames for physical transmission.
o Handles error detection and correction.
o Manages MAC (Media Access Control) addressing for communication
between devices.
 Key Responsibilities:
o Framing, addressing, and error handling.
o Flow control between nodes.
3. Network Layer

 Function:
o Manages logical addressing (IP addresses).
o Handles data routing and forwarding across networks.
o Provides inter-network communication by determining the best path for data
delivery.
 Key Responsibilities:
o Routing, forwarding, and addressing.
o Congestion control and fragmentation.

4. Transport Layer

 Function:
o Ensures reliable end-to-end communication between devices.
o Manages segmentation, sequencing, and reassembly of data packets.
o Provides error detection, correction, and flow control for reliable delivery.
 Key Responsibilities:
o Connection establishment, maintenance, and termination.
o Error recovery and flow control.

5. Session Layer

 Function:
o Manages sessions or connections between applications.
o Establishes, maintains, and terminates communication sessions.
o Coordinates dialogues and ensures orderly data exchange.
 Key Responsibilities:
o Session setup, synchronization, and teardown.
o Session management in multi-tasking environments.

6. Presentation Layer

 Function:
o Translates data into a format usable by the application layer.
o Handles data encryption, decryption, compression, and formatting.
o Ensures interoperability between different data formats.
 Key Responsibilities:
o Data translation, compression, and encryption.
o Formatting for display or transmission.
7. Application Layer

 Function:
o Provides network services directly to end-users and applications.
o Handles high-level protocols for communication, data sharing, and resource
access.
o Acts as an interface between the user and the network.
 Key Responsibilities:
o File transfer, email, remote login, and web browsing.
o High-level application-specific services.

Layer Layer
Key Functions
Number Name
1 Physical Bit-level transmission, signal conversion, hardware specs.
2 Data Link Framing, MAC addressing, error detection, flow control.
3 Network Logical addressing, routing, forwarding, path determination.
4 Transport Reliable delivery, segmentation, sequencing, error control.
5 Session Session setup, synchronization, dialogue control.
6 PresentationData translation, encryption, compression, formatting.
End-user services, resource access, high-level
7 Application
communication.

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