GIS

CHEP

Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues

ASU x12
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues
 GIS Geographic information system

GIS can be considered as a completely system (tool) that

integrates hardware, software, and data to help decision-
makers for rapid answers and problem solving with high
efficiency.

GIS is an important way for

the development and planning
of different spatial phenomena
in several fields.

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 1
 GIS Geographic information system

It is a method based on the use of computers for collection,

processing, presentation, and analysis of data associated with
geographic locations to output information of great
importance in taking appropriate decisions.

Deals mainly with geographic

Geographic
phenomena

Information Any problem solution needs data

Data filtration, management,

System modeling and analysis must have
a system

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 2
 GIS GIS definitions

GIS has been described in several ways during its development

as a technology:

A map connected to a database

Computer-based systems that are
used to store and manipulate
geographic information

A computerized database
management system for the
capture, storage, retrieval,
analysis, and display of spatial
data

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 3
 GIS GIS Uses

GIS has become intertwined and related to all aspects of

life where it can be used in :

Mapping and Visualization: GIS can create detailed maps and

visualizations of data for planning, analysis, and decision-
making.

Location-Based Analysis: GIS can analyze data based on its

location, helping find patterns, trends, and predictions.

Engineering, Planning, and Management: assist in various

fields such as urban planning, transport planning,
environment impact analysis, civil planning, and land
administration.
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 4
 GIS GIS Uses

Business, Marketing, and Insurance:

GIS can help in business planning,
market research, customer
segmentation, risk assessment, and
claim management.

Conservation, Agriculture, and

Health: GIS can support
environmental conservation, land
use and cover changes, wetland
mapping, agriculture applications,
flood damage estimation, and
healthcare

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 5
 GIS GIS Components

Any GIS system has five main components:

PEOPLE: must be qualified and expertized

SOFTWARE: must be valid and licensed

HARDWARE: must be capable

DATA: must be accurate and structured

METHOD: must be well defined

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 6
 GIS GIS Functions

GIS Functions can be summarized as the

steps that are taken starting from data
capture to display and results analysis.

Data
Display
Capture

Visualization

Data
Store
Analysis

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 7
 GIS GIS Data
❑ Spatial Data: represents features that have a known location
on the earth. This means that it is interested in quantities data
that relates to dimensions or locations )i.e. room length,
home location).
❑ Non-Spatial Data: represents features that have a descriptive
information (i.e. the wall color of a room/the type of used
ceramic / the bus number/ bus station name).
❑ Attributes Data: Attribute data are the information linked to
the geographic features (spatial data) that describe features.
Spatial data and non spatial data linked together through a Database
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 8
 GIS GIS Data Format
Raster Format
Based on a regular covering space into a rectangular grid of
rows and columns of cells (also known as pixels).

Each pixel having a measured value stored. This value take a

range ( from 0 to 255).

Most commonly used to represent geographic fields, in which

a property varies continuously or discretely over space.

Can be stored in various formats, e.g: TIFF, JPEG

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 9
 GIS GIS Data Format
Vector Format
Stores information about discrete objects, using an encoding
of the vector logical data model to represent the location
or geometry of each object.

a single dataset collects information about a set of closely

related or similar objects, such as all electric posts in a city.

The Vector data model uses coordinate geometry to represent

each shape as one of several geometric primitives.

Can be stored in various formats, e.g: Shapefile, GML, XML.

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 10
 GIS Raster vs Vector Format and Real world

Real World

Vector Format Raster Format

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 11
 GIS Raster vs Vector Format

Raster datasets record a value for all points in the area covered which may
require more storage space than representing data in a vector format.

Raster data is computationally less expensive to render than vector

graphics.

Vector data can be easier to register, scale, and re-project.

Vector data is more compatible with relational database environments.

Vector data is simpler to update and maintain.

Vector data allows much more analysis capability, especially for "networks"
such as roads, power, rail, telecommunications, etc

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 12
 GIS GIS role in decision making

GIS plays a crucial role in improving planning and decision-making

processes by providing a platform to store, analyze, and visualize spatial
data.

GIS enables users to make more informed choices and optimize various
aspects of their operations.

GIS web mapping tools enhance decision making by providing

accessibility, real-time data, collaboration, user-friendliness, data
integration, customization, and interactivity.

GIS serves as a decision support system by integrating and displaying data

in an understandable form. It aids the decision-making process by
analyzing relationships among different kinds of data, enabling users to
make more informed decisions and solve complex problems.

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Ragheb Lec. 10 ASU x12 Selected Topics in Contemporary Issues 13