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ComputingLab DroneTraining1

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4 views15 pages

ComputingLab DroneTraining1

Uploaded by

krishan pal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Computing

Computers and Programming


▪ A computer is a machine that can store and
process information, and can be
programmed to perform a wide range of
tasks.
▪ computers are not designed to do just one job.
▪ Computers can do such a wide variety of
things because they can be programmed.
▪ A program is a set of instructions that a
computer follows to perform a task.
Software and Hardware
▪ Programs are commonly referred to as software.
▪ Ex. MS Word, PDF reader, media player etc.
▪ All of the software that we use to make our
computers useful is created by individuals working as
programmers or software developers.
▪ The term hardware refers to all of the physical
devices, or components, that a computer is made of.
▪ The central processing unit (CPU)
▪ Main memory
▪ Secondary storage devices
▪ Input devices
▪ Output devices
How a Computer Store Information
▪ A computer’s memory is divided into tiny storage
locations known as bytes.
▪ One byte is only enough memory to store a letter of
the alphabet or a small number.
▪ Each byte is divided into eight smaller storage
locations known as bits (binary digit).
▪ Bits are tiny electrical components that can hold
either a positive or a negative charge.
▪ Bits resemble tiny switches that can be either on or
off. We can think of a positive charge as a switch in
the on position, and a negative charge as a switch in
the off position.
Programming Languages
▪ Machine Language : Machine Language are written
using 0’s and 1’s only. Computers can understand and
execute programs that are written in machine
language. Difficult to write for human.
▪ Assembly language: Assembly language is a low-
level programming language that uses human-
readable mnemonic codes to represent machine
instructions.
▪ Each High-level language allows us to create
powerful and complex programs without knowing
how the CPU works, and without writing large
numbers of low-level Instructions. High-level
languages use words that are easy to understand.
Compilers and Interpreter
▪ Compiler is a program that translates a high-level
language program into a separate machine language
program called executable. Ex: C, C++, Java
▪ The executable (machine language program) can
then be executed by CPU any time it is needed.
▪ Interpreter: Is a program that both translates and
executes the instructions in a high-level language
program.
▪ An interpreter reads each individual instruction in
the program, it converts it to machine language
instructions and then immediately executes them.
Ex. Python, Shell Script, Tcl/Tk.
‘C’ Programming Language
▪ C was originally developed in the 1972s, by Dennis
Ritchie at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
▪ C is a High level , general –purpose structured
programming language.
▪ Instructions of C consists of terms/ keywords that are
very close to English such as if, else, for ,do and while
▪ C contains certain additional features that allows it to be
used at a lower level.
▪ This allows C to be used for system programming as
well as for applications programming
Identifiers

• An identifier is a word used by a programmer to


name a variable , function, or label.
• A 'C' program consist of two types of elements ,
user defined and system defined. Identifiers is
nothing but a name given to these elements.
• Identifiers consist of letters and digits, in any
order, except that the first charecter or lable.
• Identifiers consist of letters and digits if any
order, except that the first character must be
letter.
• Both Upper and lowercase letters can be used.
Keywords
• Keywords are nothing but auto double int struct
system defined
identifiers. break else long switch

• Keywords are reserved case enum register typedef


words of the language.
• Cannot be used by the char extern return union
programmer as variable or
constant names const float short unsigned

• C is case sensitive, it
continue for signed void
means these must be used
as it is. default goto sizeof volatile
• 32 Keywords in C
Programming do if static while
Variables

• A variable is nothing but a name given to a


storage area that our programs can manipulate.
• The name of a variable can be composed of
letters, digits, and the underscore character.
• It must begin with either a letter or an
underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are
distinct because C is case-sensitive.
• Not permitted: commas, blanks, no special
symbol other than an underscore.
• Usually maximum 31 characters (alphabet,
digits). Again depends upon compiler.
Variables

• Each variable in C has a specific type, which


determines the size and layout of the variable's
memory; the range of values that can be stored
within that memory.
• There are following basic variable types −
– char (1B) Typically a single octet(one byte).
– int (4B).
– Long (8B)
– Float (4B) A single-precision floating point value.
– Double (8B) A double-precision floating point value.
First C Program

• #include <stdio.h>
• int main ()
• {
• printf(“Hello world\n”);
• return (0);
• }
Variable Assignment

• #include <stdio.h>
• int main ()
• {
• int num1;
• int num2;
• int sum;
• num1 = 12;
• num2 = 13;
• printf(“Value of num1=%d, num2=%d, sum=%d \n”,
num1, num2, sum);
• return (0);
• }
Addition

• #include <stdio.h>
• int main ()
• {
• int num1;
• int num2;
• int sum;
• num1 = 12;
• num2 = 13;
• sum = num1 + num2;
• printf(“Value of num1=%d, num2=%d, sum=%d \n”,
num1, num2, sum);
• return (0);
• }
Taking values from keyboards

• #include <stdio.h>
• int main ()
• {
• int num1;
• int num2;
• int sum;
• printf(“Please enter values for num1 and num2 \n”);
• scanf(“%d %d”,&num1, &num2);
• sum = num1 + num2;
• printf(“Value of num1=%d, num2=%d, sum=%d \n”,
num1, num2, sum);
• return (0);
• }

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