Cloud computing L.

Vindya

Module-1
Introduction to Cloud Computing:

 Cloud computing is a technological advancement that focuses on the way we design

computing systems, develop applications, and leverage existing services for building
software.
 Cloud computing is based on dynamic provisioning.
Here, dynamic provisioning refers to the ability to acquire on demand virtual
machines.
 Cloud Computing is the delivery the services over the Cloud (Internet).
 Cloud computing allows renting infrastructure, runtime environments, and services on
a pay-per-use basis.
 Cloud computing deliver services such as servers, storage, databases, networking,
software , analytics, intelligence and more.
 Cloud computing means from a single computer using services provided by other
companies over the network.
 Exactly where the hardware and software is located and how it all works doesn't
matter to you.
Most of us are using cloud computing all the day but they dont what what its actually called.
For example,
 Searching on Google is an example of cloud computing.
 Email
 Messaging over internet
 Watching videos on YouTube
All above examples have their storage from where we fetch data. We are not having any
personal storage but we can still store lot of daily emails on Googles gmail storage. But we
required internet here. Which is an example of cloud computing.

Vision of Cloud Computing:

Here vision of cloud computing means idea behind cloud computing.

1. Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime environment
and services to a person having money.
2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user, there is no requirement
for the upfront commitment.
3. The whole collection of computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities,
which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather than
days, with no maintenance costs.
4. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as utilities in an
open market without technological and legal barriers.

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5. In the near future we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that matches
with our requirements by simply entering our request in a global digital market that
trades with cloud computing services.
6. The existence of such market will enable the automation of the discovery process and its
integration into its existing software systems.
7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help service
providers to potentially increase their revenue.
8. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competitor service in order to fulfill its
promises to customers.

Historical development of Cloud Computing:

1. In 1950 the main frame and time sharing are born, introducing the concept of shared
computer resources.
2. During this time word cloud was not in use.
3. Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in
the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at
any time.
4. In 1969 the first working prototype of ARPANET is launched.
5. In 1970 the word “Client-Server” come in to use.
6. Client server defines the computing model where client access the data and applications
from a central server.
7. In 1995, pictures of cloud are started showing in diagrams, for not technical people to
understand.
8. At that time AT & T had already begun to develop an architecture and system where data
would be located centrally.

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9. In 1999 the salesforce.com was launched, the first company to make enterprise
applications available from a website.
10. In 1999, the search engine Google launches.
11. In 1999, Netflix was launched, introducing the new revenue way.
12. In 2003, web2.0 is born, which is characterized by rich multimedia. Now user can generate
content.
13. In 2004 Facebook launches giving users facility to share themselves.
14. In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services(AWS), giving users a new way.
15. In2006, Google CEO Eric Schmidt uses the word “cloud” as an industry event.
16. In 2007, Apple launches iPhone, which could be used on any wireless network.
17. In 2007, Netflix launches streaming services, and live video watching is born.
18. In 2008, private cloud come in to existence.
19. In 2009, browser based application like google apps are introduced.
20. In 2010, hybrid cloud (private+public cloud) comes in to existence.
21. In 2012, Google launches google drive with free cloud storage.
22. Now cloud adoption is present, which makes cloud computing more stronger.
23. The IT services progressed over the decades with the adoption of technologies such as
Internet Service Providers (ISP) Application Service Providers.

Cloud Computing Reference Model:

The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that characterizes and
standardizes a cloud computing environment by partitioning it into abstraction layers and cross-
layer functions.

Fig Cloud computing reference model

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Cloud computing L. Vindya

If we look in to the reference model as seen in above image we will find classification of Cloud
Computing services:
1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS),
2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and
3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
4. Web 2.0
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing offering in which a vendor
provides users access to computing resources such as servers, storage and networking.

2. Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with a
cloud environment in which they can develop, manage and deliver applications.

3. Software as a service (SaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides users with
access to a vendor’s cloud-based software. Users do not install applications on their
local devices. Instead, the applications reside on a remote cloud network accessed
through the web or an API. Through the application, users can store and analyze data
and collaborate on projects.

4. Web 2.0 is the term used to describe a variety of web sites and applications that allow
anyone to create and share online information or material they have created. A key
element of the technology is that it allows people to create, share, collaborate &
communicate.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING AS PER NIST:

NIST stands for National institute of standards and technology.
According to NIST there are five essential characteristics of cloud computing:
1. On Demand Self Service
2. Broad network access
3. Resource pooling
4. Rapid elasticity
5. Measured service

1. On Demand Self Service

User gets on demand self-services. User can get computer services like email, applications etc.
without interacting with each service provider.
Some of the cloud service providers are- Amazon Web Service, Microsoft, IBM,
Salesforce.com
2. Broad network access
Cloud services are available over the network and can be accessed through different clients
such as mobile, laptops etc.

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3. Resource pooling
Same resources can be used by more than one customer at a same time.
For example- storage, network bandwidth can be used by any number of customers and without
knowing the exact location of that resource.

4. Rapid elasticity
On users demand cloud services can be available and released. Cloud service capabilities are
unlimited and used in any quantity at any time.

5. Measured service
Resources used by the users can be monitored, controlled. This reports is available for both
cloud providers and consumer.
On the basis of this measured reports cloud systems automatically controls and optimizes the
resources based on the type of services.
Services like- Storage, processing, bandwidth etc.

Challenges ahead:-
Cloud computing, an emergent technology, has placed many challenges in different aspects
of data and information handling. Some of these are shown in the following diagram:

 Dynamic Provisioning of Cloud Computing Services

 Security and Privacy
 Legal issues
 Performance and Bandwidth Cost
 Reliability and Availability

Security and Privacy: Security and Privacy of information is the biggest challenge to cloud
computing. Security and privacy issues can be overcome by employing encryption, security
hardware and security applications.

Portability:

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This is another challenge to cloud computing that applications should easily be migrated from
one cloud provider to another. There must not be vendor lock-in. However, it is not yet made
possible because each of the cloud provider uses different standard languages for their
platforms.
Interoperability
It means the application on one platform should be able to incorporate services from the other
platforms. It is made possible via web services, but developing such web services is very
complex.

Computing Performance:-
Data intensive applications on cloud requires high network bandwidth, which results in high
cost. Low bandwidth does not meet the desired computing performance of cloud application.
Reliability and Availability
It is necessary for cloud systems to be reliable and robust because most of the businesses are
now becoming dependent on services provided by third-party.

Cloud Computing Environments:

1. Application development
2. Infrastructure and system development
3. Computing platforms and technologies
1. Application development:
Applications that leverage cloud computing benefit .
Web applications are one class of it:
1. Applications performance influenced by the workload generated by the
different users demand.
2. With the diffusion of Web 2.0 technologies, the Web has become a platform for
developing rich and complex applications.
3. It includes enterprise applications that now leverage the Internet as the preferred
channel for service delivery and user interaction.
Resource-intensive applications are another class of it:
1. These can be either dataintensive or compute-intensive applications.
2. For example, scientific applications.
3. Resource-intensive applications are not interactive and they are mostly
characterized by batch processing.
Cloud computing provides application services that mimic the behavior of desktop applications
but that are completely hosted and managed on the providers side.
Developers access such services via simple Web interfaces, often implemented through
RREST (Representational State Transfer) Web services.

2. Infrastructure and system development:

1. IaaS solutions provide the capabilities to add and remove resources.

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2. PaaS solutions embed into their core offering algorithms and rules that control the
provisioning process and the lease of resources.
3. Integration between cloud resources and existing system deployment is another element
of concern.
4. Web 2.0 technologies constitute the interface through which cloud computing services
are delivered, managed, and provisioned.
5. Virtualization technology is a core feature of the infrastructure used by cloud providers.

3.Computing platforms and technologies:

Development of a cloud computing application happens by leveraging platforms and
frameworks that provide different types of services, from the bare-metal infrastructure
to customizable applications serving specific purposes.

Some of the cloud computing platforms and technologies are:

1. Amazon web services (AWS): Provides customers with a wide array of cloud
services.
2. Google AppEngine: For developing and hosting web applications in Google-managed
data centers.
3. Microsoft Azure: It provides a range of cloud services, including those for compute,
analytics, storage and networking.
4. Hadoop: Hadoop is a Java-based framework used to manipulate data in the cloud or
on premises. Hadoop can be installed on cloud servers to manage Big data whereas
cloud alone cannot manage data without Hadoop in It.
Hadoop is an open source, Java-based programming framework that supports the
processing and storage of extremely large data

5. Salesforce.com and Force.com: It is a cloud computing SaaS company that specializes

in customer relationship management (CRM). Salesforce's services allow businesses to
use cloud technology to better connect with customers, partners and potential
customers. salesforce.com, inc. is an American cloud computing company
headquartered in San Francisco, California.
6. Manjrasoft Aneka: It is focused on the creation of innovative software technologies
for simplifying the development and deployment of applications on private or public
Clouds.
 Aneka is a platform and a framework for developing distributed applications on the
Cloud.
 One of the key features of Aneka is the ability of providing different ways for
expressing distributed applications by offering different programming models;

Virtualization technology examples:

1. Xen
2. VMware

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