DC Motor
Working Principle
• A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• The principle of working of a DC motor is based on the Lorentz law.
"whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force".
F = BIL
Where,
• B = Magnetic flux density,
• I = Current and
• L = Length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
• The direction of this force can be found by Fleming's left hand rule
▪ When current flows in a conductor it produces a magnetic field around it.
▪ When the current-carrying conductor is placed in external magnetic field, the
fields interact and a force is exerted on the conductor
Fleming’s left hand rule
If we stretch the fore finger, middle finger
and thumb of our left hand to be
perpendicular to each other
Direction of Magnetic Field is
represented by the fore finger,
Direction of the Current is represented
by middle finger
Direction of the Force is represented by
Thumb
Back EMF or Counter EMF
IL
Ia
Ra
V
Eb
V = Eb + Ia R a
Torque developed in DC motor
Work done / Revolution = F * Distance travelled
Distance travelled = 2 π R. Where R- Radius of rotor
Work done / Revolution = F * 2 π R Joule
Mechanical Power developed = Work done / Time to complete one revolution R
Time taken to complete one revolution = 60/N seconds.
F
where N – Speed in rpm
Mechanical Power = F * 2 π R N/ 60
Mechanical Power = T * 2 π N/ 60 Where T= F*R
Mechanical Power = T * ω Where ω = 2 π N/ 60
Mechanical Power = T * 2 π N/ 60 --- (1)
Electrical Power at armature = Eb Ia Watts ---(2)
ΦNPZ 𝐸𝑏 PZ
𝐸𝑏 = Eb = k Φ N 𝑁 = 𝑘1 ⸪𝑘 =
60 𝐴 𝜑 60 𝐴
Equate equation (1) and (2)
E b Ia 60
T * 2 π N/ 60 = Eb Ia T = 𝑘2 ⸪ 𝑘2 =
𝑁 2𝜋
2𝜋𝑁 ΦNPZ
𝑇 = 𝐼
60 60 𝐴 𝑎
ΦPZ
𝑇= 𝐼
2𝜋𝐴 𝑎
0.159 ΦPZ𝐼𝑎
𝑇=
𝐴
T = k Φ Ia
Types of DC Motor
Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
1. Torque Vs Armature current characteristic (Ta/Ia)
(also known as electrical characteristic)
2. Speed Vs Armature current characteristic (N/Ia)
3. Speed Vs Torque characteristic (N/Ta)
(also known as mechanical characteristic)
DC Shunt Motor
Ta/Ia Characteristic N/Ia Characteristic N /T Characteristic
• Ta ∝ Φia 𝑁 ⍺ 𝐸𝑏
• Ta ∝ ia, As flux Φ is constant
Characteristics of DC Series Motors
N/Ia Characteristic N /T Characteristic
Ta/Ia Characteristic
Ta ∝ Φia 𝐸𝑏 𝐸𝑏
𝑁⍺ 𝑁⍺
𝜑 𝐼𝑎
Φ ∝ ia
∴ Ta ∝ Ia2 before saturation
Ta ∝ Ia after saturation
Characteristics Of DC compound Motors
Speed control of DC Motor
• Armature resistance control method
• Flux control method
• Applied voltage
𝐸𝑏
𝑁⍺
𝜑
Starting of DC Motor
V = Eb + IaRa and
Ia = (V - Eb) / Ra
At starting Eb is zero since speed is zero.
Ia = (V-0) / Ra
• Starter is required to minimize the starting current
• The remarkable difference in case of a 4 point
starter is that the No Voltage Coil is connected
independently across the supply through the fourth
terminal called ‘N’’.
• As a consequence of that, any change in the field
supply current does not bring about any difference
in the performance of the NVC.
• Thus it must be ensured that no voltage coil always
hold the handle in its ‘RUN’ position, against the
force of the spring, under all the operational
conditions.
Speed Regulation
• Defined as “ The change in speed when the load on the motor is reduced from rated
value to no load, expressed as percent of the rated load speed”
No load speed – full load speed
% Speed regulation =
full load speed
Applications of DC motor
DC Series Motor DC Shunt Motor
High Starting Torque and Variable Speed Medium Starting Torque and a nearly Constant speed.
–Heavy Duty applications such as • Driving constant-speed line shafts,
•Electric Locomotives, • Lathes,
•Steel Rolling Mills, • Vacuum cleaners,
•Hoists, • Wood-working machines,
•Lifts and Cranes. • Laundry washing machines,
• Conveyors,
DC Compound Motor • Grinders and
• Small printing presses etc.
Constant speed with high starting torque
•Driving compressors,
•Variable-head centrifugal pumps,
•Rotary presses,
•Circular saws,
•Shearing machines,
•Elevators and continuous conveyors etc.
