LAB MANUAL OF

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS LAB

Rajshree Institute of Management and Technology, Bareilly

(16 KM, National Highway 30, Pilibhit Rd, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
243122)
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Write a Program to implement Insertion Sort.

2. Write a Program to implement Merge Sort.
3. Write a Program to implement Quick Sort.
4. Write a Program to implement Heap Sort.
5. Write a Program to implement Shell Sort.
6. Write a Program to implement Dijkstra’s Algorithm.
7. Write a Program to implement Prim’s Algorithm.
8. Write a Program to implement Kruskal’s Algorithm.
9. Write a Program to implement Knapsack Problem.
10. Write a Program to implement Activity Selection Problem.
 EXPERIMENT 1

Write a Program to implement Insertion Sort.

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void insertionSort(int arr[], int N) {

// Starting from the second element

for (int i = 1; i < N; i++) {
int key = arr[i];
int j = i - 1;

// Move elements of arr[0..i-1], that are

// greater than key, to one position to
// the right of their current position
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
j = j - 1;
}

// Move the key to its correct position

arr[j + 1] = key;
}
}

int main() {
int arr[] = { 12, 11, 13, 5, 6 };
int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

printf("Unsorted array: ");

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
printf("\n");
 // Calling insertion sort on array arr
insertionSort(arr, N);

printf("Sorted array: ");

for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
}
printf("\n");

return 0;
}

Output

Unsorted array: 12 11 13 5 6
Sorted array: 5 6 11 12 13

EXPERIMENT 2

Write a Program to implement Merge Sort.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Merges two subarrays of arr[].

// First subarray is arr[left..mid]
// Second subarray is arr[mid+1..right]
void merge(int arr[], int left, int mid, int right) {
int i, j, k;
int n1 = mid - left + 1;
int n2 = right - mid;

// Create temporary arrays

int leftArr[n1], rightArr[n2];
 // Copy data to temporary arrays
for (i = 0; i < n1; i++)
leftArr[i] = arr[left + i];
for (j = 0; j < n2; j++)
rightArr[j] = arr[mid + 1 + j];

// Merge the temporary arrays back into arr[left..right]

i = 0;
j = 0;
k = left;
while (i < n1 && j < n2) {
if (leftArr[i] <= rightArr[j]) {
arr[k] = leftArr[i];
i++;
}
else {
arr[k] = rightArr[j];
j++;
}
k++;
}

// Copy the remaining elements of leftArr[], if any

while (i < n1) {
arr[k] = leftArr[i];
i++;
k++;
}

// Copy the remaining elements of rightArr[], if any

while (j < n2) {
arr[k] = rightArr[j];
j++;
k++;
}
}
// The subarray to be sorted is in the index range [left-right]
void mergeSort(int arr[], int left, int right) {
if (left < right) {

// Calculate the midpoint

int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

// Sort first and second halves

mergeSort(arr, left, mid);
mergeSort(arr, mid + 1, right);

// Merge the sorted halves

merge(arr, left, mid, right);
}
}

int main() {
int arr[] = { 12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7 };
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

// Sorting arr using mergesort

mergeSort(arr, 0, n - 1);

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

printf("%d ", arr[i]);
return 0;
}

Output

Given array is
12 11 13 5 6 7

Sorted array is
5 6 7 11 12 13
 EXPERIMENT 3

Write a Program to implement Quick Sort.

#include <stdio.h>
// Function to swap two elements
void swap(int* a, int* b) {
int t = *a;
*a = *b;
*b = t;
}
int partition(int arr[], int low, int high) {
int pivot = arr[high];
int i = (low - 1);

for (int j = low; j <= high - 1; j++) {

if (arr[j] < pivot) {
i++;
swap(&arr[i], &arr[j]);
}
}
swap(&arr[i + 1], &arr[high]);
return (i + 1);
}
void quickSort(int arr[], int low, int high) {
if (low < high) {
int pi = partition(arr, low, high);
quickSort(arr, low, pi - 1);
quickSort(arr, pi + 1, high);
}
}

// Function to print the array

void printArray(int arr[], int size) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
printf("%d ", arr[i]);
 printf("\n");
}

int main() {
int arr[] = { 12, 17, 6, 25, 1, 5 };
int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
quickSort(arr, 0, n - 1);
printf("Sorted array: \n");
printArray(arr, n);
return 0;
}

Output

Sorted array:
1 5 6 12 17 25

EXPERIMENT 4

Write a Program to implement Heap Sort.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

// To heapify a subtree rooted with node i

// which is an index in arr[].
// n is size of heap
void heapify(int arr[], int N, int i)
{

// Initialize largest as root

int largest = i;

// left = 2*i + 1
 int l = 2 * i + 1;

// right = 2*i + 2
int r = 2 * i + 2;

// If left child is larger than root

if (l < N && arr[l] > arr[largest])
largest = l;

// If right child is larger than largest

// so far
if (r < N && arr[r] > arr[largest])
largest = r;

// If largest is not root

if (largest != i) {
swap(arr[i], arr[largest]);

// Recursively heapify the affected

// sub-tree
heapify(arr, N, largest);
}
}

// Main function to do heap sort

void heapSort(int arr[], int N)
{

// Build heap (rearrange array)

for (int i = N / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--)
heapify(arr, N, i);

// One by one extract an element

// from heap
for (int i = N - 1; i > 0; i--) {

// Move current root to end

 swap(arr[0], arr[i]);

// call max heapify on the reduced heap

heapify(arr, i, 0);
}
}

// A utility function to print array of size n

void printArray(int arr[], int N)
{
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
cout << "\n";
}

// Driver's code
int main()
{
int arr[] = { 12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7 };
int N = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

// Function call
heapSort(arr, N);

cout << "Sorted array is \n";

printArray(arr, N);
}

Output
Sorted array is
5 6 7 11 12 13
 EXPERIMENT 5

Write a Program to implement Shell Sort.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

/* function to sort arr using shellSort */

int shellSort(int arr[], int n)
{
// Start with a big gap, then reduce the gap
for (int gap = n/2; gap > 0; gap /= 2)
{
// Do a gapped insertion sort for this gap size.
// The first gap elements a[0..gap-1] are already in gapped order
// keep adding one more element until the entire array is
// gap sorted
for (int i = gap; i < n; i += 1)
{
// add a[i] to the elements that have been gap sorted
// save a[i] in temp and make a hole at position i
int temp = arr[i];

// shift earlier gap-sorted elements up until the correct

// location for a[i] is found
int j;
for (j = i; j >= gap && arr[j - gap] > temp; j -= gap)
arr[j] = arr[j - gap];

// put temp (the original a[i]) in its correct location

arr[j] = temp;
}
}
return 0;
}
void printArray(int arr[], int n)
{
for (int i=0; i<n; i++)
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}

int main()
{
int arr[] = {12, 34, 54, 2, 3}, i;
int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);

cout << "Array before sorting: \n";

printArray(arr, n);

shellSort(arr, n);

cout << "\nArray after sorting: \n";

printArray(arr, n);

return 0;
}

Output
Array before sorting:
12 34 54 2 3
Array after sorting:
2 3 12 34 54
 EXPERIMENT 6

Write a Program to implement Dijkstra’s Algorithm.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <limits.h>

// Number of vertices in the graph

#define V 9

// A utility function to find the vertex with minimum

// distance value, from the set of vertices not yet included
// in shortest path tree
int minDistance(int dist[], bool sptSet[])
{

// Initialize min value

int min = INT_MAX, min_index;

for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)

if (sptSet[v] == false && dist[v] <= min)
min = dist[v], min_index = v;

return min_index;
}

// A utility function to print the constructed distance

// array
void printSolution(int dist[])
{
cout << "Vertex \t Distance from Source" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
cout << i << " \t\t\t\t" << dist[i] << endl;
}

// Function that implements Dijkstra's single source

// shortest path algorithm for a graph represented using
// adjacency matrix representation
void dijkstra(int graph[V][V], int src)
{
int dist[V]; // The output array. dist[i] will hold the
// shortest
// distance from src to i

bool sptSet[V]; // sptSet[i] will be true if vertex i is

// included in shortest
// path tree or shortest distance from src to i is
// finalized

// Initialize all distances as INFINITE and stpSet[] as

// false
for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
dist[i] = INT_MAX, sptSet[i] = false;

// Distance of source vertex from itself is always 0

dist[src] = 0;

// Find shortest path for all vertices

for (int count = 0; count < V - 1; count++) {
// Pick the minimum distance vertex from the set of
// vertices not yet processed. u is always equal to
// src in the first iteration.
int u = minDistance(dist, sptSet);

// Mark the picked vertex as processed

sptSet[u] = true;

// Update dist value of the adjacent vertices of the

// picked vertex.
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)

// Update dist[v] only if is not in sptSet,

// there is an edge from u to v, and total
 // weight of path from src to v through u is
// smaller than current value of dist[v]
if (!sptSet[v] && graph[u][v]
&& dist[u] != INT_MAX
&& dist[u] + graph[u][v] < dist[v])
dist[v] = dist[u] + graph[u][v];
}

// print the constructed distance array

printSolution(dist);
}

// driver's code
int main()
{

/* Let us create the example graph discussed above */

int graph[V][V] = { { 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0 },
{ 4, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0 },
{ 0, 8, 0, 7, 0, 4, 0, 0, 2 },
{ 0, 0, 7, 0, 9, 14, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 4, 14, 10, 0, 2, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 6 },
{ 8, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 7 },
{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 6, 7, 0 } };

// Function call
dijkstra(graph, 0);

return 0;
}
Output

Vertex Distance from Source

0 0
1 4
2 12
3 19
4 21
5 11
6 9
7 8
8 14

EXPERIMENT 7

Write a Program to implement Prim’s Algorithm.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Number of vertices in the graph

#define V 5

// A utility function to find the vertex with

// minimum key value, from the set of vertices
// not yet included in MST
int minKey(int key[], bool mstSet[])
{
// Initialize min value
int min = INT_MAX, min_index;
 for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)
if (mstSet[v] == false && key[v] < min)
min = key[v], min_index = v;

return min_index;
}

// A utility function to print the

// constructed MST stored in parent[]
void printMST(int parent[], int graph[V][V])
{
cout << "Edge \tWeight\n";
for (int i = 1; i < V; i++)
cout << parent[i] << " - " << i << " \t"
<< graph[i][parent[i]] << " \n";
}

// Function to construct and print MST for

// a graph represented using adjacency
// matrix representation
void primMST(int graph[V][V])
{
// Array to store constructed MST
int parent[V];

// Key values used to pick minimum weight edge in cut

int key[V];

// To represent set of vertices included in MST

bool mstSet[V];

// Initialize all keys as INFINITE

for (int i = 0; i < V; i++)
key[i] = INT_MAX, mstSet[i] = false;

// Always include first 1st vertex in MST.

// Make key 0 so that this vertex is picked as first
 // vertex.
key[0] = 0;

// First node is always root of MST

parent[0] = -1;

// The MST will have V vertices

for (int count = 0; count < V - 1; count++) {

// Pick the minimum key vertex from the

// set of vertices not yet included in MST
int u = minKey(key, mstSet);

// Add the picked vertex to the MST Set

mstSet[u] = true;

// Update key value and parent index of

// the adjacent vertices of the picked vertex.
// Consider only those vertices which are not
// yet included in MST
for (int v = 0; v < V; v++)

// graph[u][v] is non zero only for adjacent

// vertices of m mstSet[v] is false for vertices
// not yet included in MST Update the key only
// if graph[u][v] is smaller than key[v]
if (graph[u][v] && mstSet[v] == false
&& graph[u][v] < key[v])
parent[v] = u, key[v] = graph[u][v];
}

// Print the constructed MST

printMST(parent, graph);
}

// Driver's code
int main()
{
int graph[V][V] = { { 0, 2, 0, 6, 0 },
{ 2, 0, 3, 8, 5 },
{ 0, 3, 0, 0, 7 },
{ 6, 8, 0, 0, 9 },
{ 0, 5, 7, 9, 0 } };

// Print the solution

primMST(graph);

return 0;
}

Output
Edge Weight
0-1 2
1-2 3
0-3 6
1-4 5

EXPERIMENT 8

Write a Program to implement Kruskal’s Algorithm.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// DSU data structure

// path compression + rank by union
class DSU {
int* parent;
int* rank;

public:
DSU(int n)
{
 parent = new int[n];
rank = new int[n];

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

parent[i] = -1;
rank[i] = 1;
}
}

// Find function
int find(int i)
{
if (parent[i] == -1)
return i;

return parent[i] = find(parent[i]);

}

// Union function
void unite(int x, int y)
{
int s1 = find(x);
int s2 = find(y);

if (s1 != s2) {
if (rank[s1] < rank[s2]) {
parent[s1] = s2;
}
else if (rank[s1] > rank[s2]) {
parent[s2] = s1;
}
else {
parent[s2] = s1;
rank[s1] += 1;
}
}
}
};

class Graph {
vector<vector<int> > edgelist;
int V;

public:
Graph(int V) { this->V = V; }

// Function to add edge in a graph

void addEdge(int x, int y, int w)
{
edgelist.push_back({ w, x, y });
}

void kruskals_mst()
{
// Sort all edges
sort(edgelist.begin(), edgelist.end());

// Initialize the DSU

DSU s(V);
int ans = 0;
cout << "Following are the edges in the "
"constructed MST"
<< endl;
for (auto edge : edgelist) {
int w = edge[0];
int x = edge[1];
int y = edge[2];

// Take this edge in MST if it does

// not forms a cycle
if (s.find(x) != s.find(y)) {
s.unite(x, y);
ans += w;
cout << x << " -- " << y << " == " << w
 << endl;
}
}
cout << "Minimum Cost Spanning Tree: " << ans;
}
};

// Driver code
int main()
{
Graph g(4);
g.addEdge(0, 1, 10);
g.addEdge(1, 3, 15);
g.addEdge(2, 3, 4);
g.addEdge(2, 0, 6);
g.addEdge(0, 3, 5);

// Function call
g.kruskals_mst();

return 0;
}

Output
Following are the edges in the constructed MST
2 -- 3 == 4
0 -- 3 == 5
0 -- 1 == 10
Minimum Cost Spanning Tree: 19
 EXPERIMENT 9

Write a Program to implement Knapsack Problem.

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Returns the maximum value that

// can be put in a knapsack of capacity W
int knapSack(int W, int wt[], int val[], int n)
{

// Base Case
if (n == 0 || W == 0)
return 0;

// If weight of the nth item is more

// than Knapsack capacity W, then
// this item cannot be included
// in the optimal solution
if (wt[n - 1] > W)
return knapSack(W, wt, val, n - 1);

// Return the maximum of two cases:

// (1) nth item included
// (2) not included
else
return max(knapSack(W, wt, val, n - 1),
val[n - 1] + knapSack(W - wt[n - 1], wt, val, n - 1));
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
int profit[] = { 60, 100, 120 };
int weight[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
int W = 50;
 int n = sizeof(profit) / sizeof(profit[0]);
cout << knapSack(W, weight, profit, n);
return 0;
}

Output
220

EXPERIMENT 10

Write a Program to implement Activity Selection Problem.

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int start[] = {1 , 5 , 12};
int finish[] = {10, 13, 23};
int activities = sizeof(start)/sizeof(start[0]);
int i, j;
printf ("Following activities are selected \t");
i = 0;
printf("%d\t", i);
for (j = 1; j < activities; j++){
if (start[j] >= finish[i]){
printf ("%d ", j);
i = j;
}
}
return 0;
}

Output
Following activities are selected 0 2