Module-2

Operators and its precedence, Arithmetic Operators, Comparison (Relational)

Operators, Assignment Operators, Logical Operators, Bitwise Operators,
Membership Operators, Identity Operators, Branching Statements-if; if else, nested
if; nested if else, elif

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Python Operators
• Operators are used to perform operations on variables(operands).
Python provides the following operators:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Assignment operators
3. Comparison operators
4. Logical operators
5. Identity operators
6. Membership operators
7. Bitwise operators

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Arithmetic Operators
• Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform
common mathematical operations

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Arithmetic Operators
x=5
y=2 Output:
print('Addition=',x+y) Addition= 7
print('subtraction =',x-y) subtraction = 3
print('multiplication =',x*y) multiplication = 10
division = 2.5
print('division =',x/y)
Floor dvision = 2
print('Floor dvision =',x//y) Remainder = 1
print('Remainder =',x%y) Exponentiation = 25
print('Exponentiation =',x**y)

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Assignment Operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

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Comparison/Relational Operators
• Comparison operators are used to compare two values:
• It either returns True or False according to the condition.

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Comparison Operators
x = 10
y = 12
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)

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Logical Operators
• Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements

Ex:
x=5

print(x > 3 and x < 4)

print(x > 3 or x < 4)
print(not(x==5))

Output:
False
True
False
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Membership operators
• They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a
sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).
• In a dictionary we can only test for presence of key, not the
value.

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Membership operators
x = 'Hello world'
print('H' in x)
print('S' in x)
Output:
print('Hello' not in x) True
False
False

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Bitwise operators
• These operators act upon the individual bits (0 & 1) of their
operands.
• It operates bit by bit, hence the name.
• For example, 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111.

1. Bitwise AND (&)

2. Bitwise OR (|)
3. Bitwise XOR (^)
4. Bitwise Complements (~)
5. Bitwise Left shift (<<)
6. Bitwise Right shift (>>)

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 Bitwise operators
int x=10; int y=11;
X: 0000 1010
Y: 0000 1011
X&Y : 0000 1010
result is 10

X: 0000 1010
Y: 0000 1011
X|Y : 0000 1011
result is 11

X: 0000 1010
Y: 0000 1011
X^Y : 0000 0001
result is 1

a = 0011
~a = 1100
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 Bitwise operators
Bitwise Left Shift Operator «
• This operator shifts the bits of the number towards left a
specified number of positions.

X<<n=x*2n

X=10;
X<<2=10x22
=10x4= 40

Bitwise Right Shift Operator (»)

• This operator shifts the bits of the number towards right a
specified number of positions.
X=10;
X>>n=x/ 2n
X>>2=10/22
=10/4=2
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Identity operators
• is and is not are the identity operators in Python.

Ex:
a1 = 3
b1 = 3

print(a1 is b1)
print(a1 is not b1)

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Precedence and Associativity of Operators in Python

• Operators have different levels of precedence, which determine the order in which
they are evaluated.
• When multiple operators are present in an expression, the ones with higher
precedence are evaluated first.
• In the case of operators with the same precedence, their associativity comes into play,
determining the order of evaluation.

What is the value of below expression?

10 + 20 * 30

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 Precedence and Associativity of Operators in Python
Precedence Operators Description Associativity
1 () Parentheses Left to right
2 ** Exponentiation Right to left
3 ~x bitwise NOT Right to left
Multiplication, matrix, division, floor division,
4 *, @, /, //, % Left to right
remainder
5 +, – Addition and subtraction Left to right
6 <<, >> Shifts Left to right
7 & Bitwise AND Left to right
8 ^ Bitwise XOR Left to right
9 | Bitwise OR Left to right
in, not in, is, is
10 Comparisons, membership tests, identity tests Left to Right
not, <, <=, >, >=, !=, ==
11 and logical AND Left to right
12 or Logical OR Left to right
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Ch .Venkata RamiReddy
18 := Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
Assignment expression (walrus operator) Right to left
Precedence and Associativity of Operators in Python
2. 100 / 10 * 10

In this expression ‘*’ and ‘/’ have the same precedence and their
associativity is Left to Right,
so the expression “100 / 10 * 10” is evaluated as

=(100 / 10) * 10

=10*10
value=100
3. What is the value of 100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10

4. What is the value of 4+3*2&4|6

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What is the value of 100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10

1.First, perform the multiplication and division:

1. 200 / 10 = 20
2. 3 * 10 = 30
2.Then, perform the addition and subtraction from left to right:
1. 100 + 20 = 120
2. 120 - 30 = 90
So, the value of the expression "100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10" is 90.

What is the value of 4+3*2&4|6

1.Multiplication: 3 * 2 = 6
2.Addition: 4 + 6 = 10
3.Bitwise AND: 10 & 4 = 0 (In binary, 10 is 1010 and 4 is 0100. The result of a bitwise AND is 0 where there
are differing bits.)
4.Bitwise OR: 0 | 6 = 6 (In binary, 0 is 0000 and 6 is 0110. The result of a bitwise OR is 1 where there is at
least one 1.)
So, the final result of the expression is 6.

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Evaluate the expression step by step according to operator precedence and
associativity and print the final output for x = 10 and y = 50 x ** 2 > 100 and y < 100

Let's evaluate it step by step:

1.Evaluate x ** 2:
•x = 10
•x ** 2 = 10 ** 2 = 100
2.Evaluate y < 100:
•y = 50
•y < 100 is true because 50 is indeed less than 100.
3.Now, we have 100 > 100 and True. To evaluate the and operator, we need both
sides to be True for the whole expression to be True. Since the first part, 100 > 100,
is False (because 100 is not greater than 100), the whole expression is False.
So, the final output for x = 10 and y = 50 is False.

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• 1. Write python program to print your college name

print(“VIT-AP”)

• output:

• 2. Write python program to print your name and college name

print(“name”)

print(“collegename”)

• output:

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4. write python program to read an integer and display it on the screen

x=int(input(“enter any no:”))

print(x)

• output:

• write python program to assign multiple objects to multiple variables and display on the screen

a=10

b=45.78

c=”Hello”

print(“a=”,a)

print(“b=”,b)

print(“c=”,c)

• output:

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• write a python program to illustrate the use of membership operators

x=[10,20,30]

print(10 in x)

print(60 in x)

print(10 not in x)

print(60 not in x)

output:

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1. Write a python program which prompts a user to enter the Basic salary to
calculate the Total salary of an Employee considering the bonus and
conveyance offered to him. Display the Total salary with two digits after the
decimal point.
HRA = 20% of Basic
DA = 105 % of Basic
Conveyance = Rs1300
Bonus = Rs1000

2. Write a Python program to convert kilometers to miles.

Hint: Conversion factor: 1 kilometer = 0.621371 miles

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• Code1:
# Get the basic salary from the user

basic_salary = float(input("Enter the Basic salary: "))

hra = 0.20 * basic_salary

da = 1.05 * basic_salary
conveyance = 1300
bonus = 1000
total_salary = basic_salary + hra + da + conveyance + bonus

print(f"Total Salary: {total_salary:.2f}")

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Write a Python program to convert kilometers to miles.
Hint: Conversion factor: 1 kilometer = 0.621371 miles

kilometers = float(input("Enter distance in kilometers: "))

# Conversion factor: 1 kilometer = 0.621371 miles
conversion_factor = 0.621371
miles = kilometers * conversion_factor
print(kilometers, "kilometers is equal to",miles, "miles")

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Write a Python program to display calendar.

import calendar
year = int(input("Enter year: "))
month = int(input("Enter month: "))
cal = calendar.month(year, month)
print(cal)

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Decision making (or) conditional Statements
• Decision making is required when we want to execute a code
only if a certain condition is satisfied.
1. The if statement
2. The if else statement
3. if...elif...else Statement
4. Nested if statements

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if statement
Syntax:
if test expression:
statement(s)

• Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will execute
statement(s) only if the text expression is True.
• If the text expression is False, the statement(s) is not executed.
• In Python, the body of the if statement is indicated by the
indentation.
• Body starts with an indentation and the first unindented line marks
the end.

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if statement
num = 3
if num>0:
print(num, "is a positive number.")
print("This is always printed.")

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if...else Statement
Syntax:
if test expression:
Body of if
else:
Body of else
• The if..else statement evaluates test expression and will execute
body of if only when test condition is True.
• If the condition is False, body of else is executed.
• Indentation is used to separate the blocks.

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if...else Statement
no=input("enter number")
no=int(no)
if(no%5==0 and no%11==0):
print("number is divisible by 5 and 11")
else:
print("number is not divisible by 5 and 11")

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 if...elif...else Statement
if condition1:
# Code to be executed if condition1 is True
elif condition2:
# Code to be executed if condition2 is True
else:
# Code to be executed if none of the conditions are True

• if...elif...else Statement allows you to execute different blocks of code based on specified
conditions.

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if...elif...else Statement
• If the condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the
next elif block and so on.
• If all the conditions are False, body of else is executed.
• Only one block among the several if...elif...else blocks is
executed according to the condition.
• The if block can have only one else block. But it can have
multiple elif blocks.

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if...elif...else Statement
a=int(input("enter numbers"))
b=int(input("enter numbers"))
c=int(input("enter numbers"))
if(a>b and a>c):
print(a,"is big")
elif b>c:
print(b,"is big")
else:
print(c,"is big")

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Nested if statement
• We can have a if...elif...else statement inside another
if...elif...else statement. This is called nesting in computer
programming.
Example:
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")
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Practice Exercises:
• Program to display the appropriate message as per the colour of
signal at the road crossing.(Hint: red=“STOP”, orange=“Be slow”
and green=“GO
• Write a program for a score between 0.0 and 1.0. if the score is out
of range, print an error. If the score is between 0.0 and 1.0, print a
grade using the following table.

Score Grade
>=0.9 A
>=0.8 B
>=0.7 C
>=0.6 D
<0.6 F
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• Write a program to calculate and print the amount
of money to be paid by a customer based on the
details given below in the table. Customer has to
pay 9% GST on the remaining/discounted price(i.e.
MRP- discount) also.(use MRP to take input by the
user during run-time and “Amount” to print the
output) MRP Discount
Upto Rs.2000 5%
Rs.2000 to Rs. 5000 10%
Rs.5000 to Rs. 10000 15%

Above 10000 20%

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Program to display the appropriate message as per the colour of signal at the road
crossing.(Hint: red=“STOP”, orange=“Be slow” and green=“GO”

Program:
signal=input ("enter signal")
if(signal=="red"):
print("STOP")
elif(signal=="orange"):
print ("Be slow")
elif(signal=="green"):
print ("to go")
else:
print("error")

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Write a program for a score between 0.0 and 1.0. if the score is
out of range, print an error. If the score is between 0.0 and 1.0,
print a grade using the following table.
Score Grade
Program: >=0.9 A
>=0.8 B
score=float(input("enter score")) >=0.7 C
if(score>=0.9 and score<=1.0):
>=0.6 D
print("A")
elif(score>=0.8 and score<0.9): <0.6 F
print("B")
elif(score>=0.7 and score<0.8):
print("C")
elif(score>=0.6 and score<0.7):
print("D")
elif(score<0.6):
print("F")
else:
print("error")

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Write a program to calculate and print the amount of money to be paid by a
customer based on the datails given below in the table. Customer has to pay
9% GST on the remaining/discounted price(i.e. MRP- discount) also.(use MRP
to take input by the user during run-time and “Account” to print the output)

Program: MRP Discount

MRP=int(input("enter MRP")) Upto Rs.2000 5%
if(MRP>=1 and MRP<2000):
Rs.2000 to Rs. 5000 10%
discount=0.05*MRP
elif(MRP>=2000 and MRP<5000): Rs.5000 to Rs. 10000 15%
discount=0.1*MRP
elif(MRP>=5000 and MRP<10000): Above 10000 20%
discount=0.15*MRP
elif(MRP>10000):
discount=0.2*MRP
else:
print("error")
amount=MRP-discount
GST=0.09*amount
paidamount=amount+GST
print("MRP Discount GST Paidamount")
print(MRP," ",discount," ",GST," ",paidamount)
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