A

Project on

TRANSFORMER

For the submission of the

Practical Fulfilment of the CBSE Practical Examination

In

PHYSICS

Submitted By

PIYUSH MISHRA

Under the supervision

Of

MR. VINOD KUMAR PODEL

PHYSICS

Gayatri Vidyapeeth

GAYATRI VIDYAPEETH, SANTIKUNJ

HARIDWAR-249401

2024-25
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that PIYUSH MISHRA the student of class “XII SCIENCE” during the
year 2024-25, has successfully completed his project on “TRANSFORMER”, for the
fulfilment of board examination conducted by C.B.S.E. during the tenure of project, he was
found fully disciplined, hardworking and has taken keen attention in completion of his
project.

Mr. Vinod Kumar Podel

GAYATRI VIDYAPEETH

SANTIIKUNJ, HARIDWAR
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that PIYUSH MISHRA the student of class “XII SCIENCE” during the
year 2024-25, has successfully completed his project on “TRANSFORMER”, for the
fulfilment of board examination conducted by C.B.S.E. during the tenure of project, he was
found fully disciplined, hardworking and has taken keen attention in completion of his
project.

Mr. S.R. SINHA

PRINCIPAL

GAYATRI VIDYAPEETH

SANTIKUNJ, HARIDWAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to MR. VINOD KUMAR PODEL,
PHYSICS, GAYATRI VIDYA PEETH, SANTIKUNJ, HARIDWAR for the continuous
support of my study and research regarding this particular investigatory project and for
inspiring me in choosing the most suitable and appropriate project and also for his patience,
motivation, enthusiasm and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of
research and writing of this project. I could not have imagined for a better advisor and mentor
for my project. Without his guidance and persistent help this project would not have been
possible.

Besides my advisor, I would like to thank to Mr. S.R. SINHA PRINCIPAL, GAYATRI
VIDYAPEETH, for the arrangement of the required resources and for providing this
opportunity in a perfect time and assisting me in completing the project.

I would like to show my deepest gratitude towards my mentors and counsellors Mr. Harsh
Jha and Ms. Nidhi Bhattacharyya for their countless efforts, and priceless time.

I would also like to thank MY CLASSMATES for their help regarding this project and for
their stimulating discussions and many more things that they have done to make this project
possible.

At last, but not the least I would like to thank MY PARENTS for providing me all the
facilities regarding all the things I have been through all my life including this project and
supporting me spiritually throughout my whole life and for embracing my life with the
inevitable love.

PIYUSH MISHRA
 CONTENT
 Introduction
 History Of Transformer
 Working Of Transformer
 Types Of Transformers
 Advantages Of Transformer
 Disadvantages Of Transformer
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or
more circuits through electromagnetic induction. It is one of the most important components
in power transmission and distribution systems, ensuring that electricity can be efficiently
transmitted over long distances and used safely in homes, industries, and businesses.

Transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic induction, discovered by Michael

Faraday in 1831. The basic design of a transformer consists of two windings or coils—
primary and secondary—wound around a common magnetic core. The primary winding is
connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary winding delivers the output
voltage. When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it creates a
changing magnetic field in the core, which induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This
allows for the transformation of voltage levels.

The primary function of a transformer is to either step up or step-down voltage levels. In

power transmission, step-up transformers increase the voltage for transmission over long
distances to minimize energy loss. At the destination, step-down transformers reduce the
voltage to safer levels for domestic or industrial use. This makes transformers essential for
efficient power distribution across large geographical areas.

Transformers are classified based on their construction, usage, and voltage levels. Some of
the common types include power transformers, distribution transformers, and isolation
transformers. Power transformers are used in high-voltage transmission networks, while
distribution transformers are used to deliver electricity to homes and businesses. Isolation
transformers are used to protect sensitive equipment from electrical surges and noise.

In conclusion, transformers play a crucial role in the electrical power system by enabling the
safe and efficient transmission and distribution of electricity. Without them, modern electrical
networks would be far less effective, and long-distance transmission of electricity would be
impractical due to significant energy losses. Understanding the working and importance of
transformers is essential for anyone studying electrical engineering or related fields.
 HISTORY OF
TRANSFORMER
The history of transformers is rooted in the discovery of electromagnetic induction by
Michael Faraday in 1831. Faraday's experiments demonstrated that a changing magnetic field
could induce an electric current in a wire. Although Faraday did not invent the transformer,
his work laid the foundation for the development of devices that could transfer electrical
energy between circuits without physical contact.

The first practical use of a transformer-like device occurred in the 1870s, when Russian
engineer Pavel Yablochkov developed an induction coil system for powering electric lamps
over short distances. However, these early designs were inefficient and unsuitable for large-
scale power transmission.

The modern transformer was invented in 1885 by Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky,
Ottó Bláthy, and Miksa Déri. Their design featured a closed iron core and separate primary
and secondary windings, making the transformer far more efficient. This innovation allowed
for the stepping up and stepping down of alternating current (AC) voltage, enabling the
efficient transmission of electricity over long distances.

The development of the transformer was crucial in the "War of Currents" between direct
current (DC) and alternating current (AC) systems in the late 19th century. Transformers
gave AC systems a significant advantage, as they allowed high-voltage electricity to be
transmitted over long distances with minimal energy loss. AC, championed by Nikola Tesla
and George Westinghouse, eventually became the dominant system for power transmission,
largely due to the efficiency made possible by transformers.

Throughout the 20th century, transformer technology continued to improve, with advances in
materials and design leading to even greater efficiency. Transformers became essential in the
development of modern power grids, enabling electricity to be generated in distant power
plants and transmitted to homes and industries worldwide. Today, transformers are a vital
component of electrical systems, ensuring the safe and efficient distribution of electricity
across the globe.
 WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through the principle of electromagnetic induction. It operates on alternating current
(AC) and is used primarily to step up or step up voltage levels.

The basic working of a transformer relies on two main components: a primary coil (winding)
and a secondary coil, both of which are wound around a shared magnetic core. The primary
coil is connected to the AC power source, while the secondary coil is connected to the load
(the device or circuit that receives the electrical energy). The core is typically made of iron to
enhance the magnetic coupling between the coils.

When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic
field around the coil. This changing magnetic field travels through the magnetic core and
induces a varying magnetic flux in the secondary coil. According to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
This process allows electrical energy to be transferred from the primary coil to the secondary
coil without any direct electrical connection between them.

The voltage transformation between the primary and secondary coils depends on the number
of turns (loops) in each coil. This relationship is given by the transformer equation:

VS / VP = NS / NP

Where:

 VS is the voltage in the secondary coil,

 VP is the voltage in the primary coil,
 NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil,
 NP is the number of turns in the primary coil.

If the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil (NS > NP), the transformer is called
a "step-up transformer” and it increases the voltage. Conversely, if the secondary coil has
fewer turns (NS < NP), it is a "step-down transformer," and it reduces the voltage.
For example, in power transmission systems, step-up transformers increase the voltage to
high levels for long-distance transmission, which reduces energy losses. At the receiving end,
step-down transformers reduce the voltage to safer, usable levels for homes and industries.

While transformers are highly efficient, they do experience some losses, primarily due to
resistance in the coils (copper losses) and energy dissipated in the magnetic core (iron losses).
However, these losses are usually minimal, and most transformers achieve efficiency levels
above 95%.

In summary, transformers work by using electromagnetic induction to transfer energy

between circuits, either stepping up or stepping down voltage depending on the number of
turns in the coils. This allows for the efficient transmission and distribution of electrical
energy across vast distances.

A transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, where electrical energy is

transferred between two or more coils through a changing magnetic field. It consists of two
windings: the primary and the secondary, wound around a magnetic core. When an
alternating current flows through the primary winding, it generates a magnetic field in the
core. This changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the secondary
winding. Depending on the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, the
transformer can either step up or step down the voltage while maintaining the same
frequency, facilitating the efficient transfer of electrical energy across power grids.
 TYPES OF
TRANSFORMER
Transformers are essential devices in electrical power systems, used to transfer electrical
energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. They play a crucial
role in stepping up or stepping down voltage levels, making electricity transmission more
efficient and safer. There are various types of transformers, each designed for specific
applications based on their construction, voltage levels, and purpose. Below are the main
types of transformers categorized by their usage, design, and function.

1. Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers

Transformers can be broadly classified into two categories based on their function:

Step-Up Transformers: These transformers increase the voltage from a lower level to a
higher level. They are commonly used in power generation plants to step up the voltage for
efficient long-distance transmission. By increasing the voltage, step-up transformers reduce
energy losses in transmission lines.

Step-Down Transformers: These transformers decrease the voltage from a higher level to a
lower level. Step-down transformers are used at the receiving end of transmission lines to
reduce the voltage to levels suitable for distribution to homes, offices, and industries. They
are also used in various electronic devices to lower the voltage to safe operating levels.

2. Distribution Transformers

Distribution transformers are used to step down the high voltage from transmission lines to a
lower, usable level for homes, offices, and industries. They are typically located at the
endpoint of the electrical grid, near the areas where electricity is consumed. These
transformers usually operate at lower voltage levels (up to 33 kV) and handle smaller loads
compared to power transformers.

Distribution transformers are designed for maximum efficiency at lower loads because they
often supply electricity to varying levels of demand throughout the day. They are often
mounted on poles or placed in ground-level enclosures. These transformers are crucial in
ensuring that consumers receive safe, reliable electrical power at the appropriate voltage
levels.

3. Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers are specialized transformers used for measuring and protection
purposes in power systems. They ensure accurate measurement of current and voltage in
high-voltage circuits while isolating the measuring instruments from the high-voltage lines.
There are two main types of instrument transformers:

Current Transformers (CTs): Current transformers are used to measure the current in high-
voltage circuits. They step down the current to a lower, measurable level that can be safely
handled by measuring instruments like ammeters and protective relays. CTs are essential for
monitoring and protecting the power system, as they ensure that overcurrent conditions are
detected, allowing the system to trip or disconnect safely.

Potential Transformers (PTs): Also known as voltage transformers, PTs are used to
measure the voltage in high-voltage circuits. Like CTs, PTs step down the voltage to a safer,
lower level that can be measured accurately by voltmeters or used by protective relays. PTs
provide important voltage data that helps maintain the stability and safety of the power
system.

4. Isolation Transformers

Isolation transformers are designed to decouple two circuits electrically while allowing power
transfer between them. Unlike other transformers that step up or step down voltage, isolation
transformers have a 1:1 turn ratio, meaning they do not change the voltage level. Their main
purpose is to provide electrical isolation and protect sensitive equipment from electrical
noise, surges, or grounding issues.

These transformers are widely used in medical equipment, laboratories, and industrial control
systems where electrical isolation is crucial for the safety and protection of sensitive devices.
By isolating the circuits, isolation transformers prevent unwanted disturbances from affecting
the operation of critical systems.

5. Auto Transformers
An autotransformer is a type of transformer where a single winding acts as both the primary
and secondary winding. It has only one winding, with different sections of the winding used
to step up or step down the voltage. Because autotransformers use only one winding, they are
more compact, lighter, and more cost-effective than traditional transformers.

Autotransformers are often used in applications where only a small voltage change is needed,
such as in voltage regulators or to convert between different voltage levels (e.g., from 220V
to 110V). However, because there is no electrical isolation between the primary and
secondary circuits, autotransformers are not suitable for all applications, especially where
safety and isolation are critical.

6. Three-Phase Transformers

Three-phase transformers are used in three-phase power systems, which are common in
industrial and large-scale power transmission. A three-phase transformer can be constructed
either by combining three single-phase transformers into one unit or by using a single three-
phase core. These transformers are used in power generation stations, transmission networks,
and large industrial plants.

Three-phase transformers are more efficient and cost-effective than using three single-phase
transformers separately. They provide balanced power distribution and are capable of
handling higher power loads, making them essential for large-scale electrical infrastructure.

7. Single-Phase Transformers

Single-phase transformers are used in single-phase power systems, typically in residential or

light commercial settings. They are commonly used to step down the voltage from power
lines to a level suitable for household appliances, lighting, and small machinery. Single-phase
transformers are simpler in design and operate on a single-phase AC power supply, which is
the standard in most homes.

8. Oil-Cooled and Dry-Type Transformers

Transformers can also be classified based on their cooling methods, which are essential to
prevent overheating and maintain efficiency:

Oil-Cooled Transformers: These transformers use oil as a cooling medium. The oil circulates
inside the transformer and absorbs heat from the core and windings, dissipating it to the
surrounding environment. Oil-cooled transformers are commonly used in high-power
applications like power transformers, as they provide effective cooling for large loads.

Dry-Type Transformers: These transformers are air-cooled, meaning they do not use oil or
any other liquid for cooling. They are often used in indoor or environmentally sensitive
locations where the risk of oil leakage would be problematic. Dry-type transformers are
commonly found in commercial buildings, hospitals, and other installations where safety and
reduced maintenance are priorities.

9. Power Transformers

Power transformers are used in high-voltage transmission networks to step up or step

down voltage levels for long-distance power transmission. They are typically found in
power generation plants and substations, playing a key role in transmitting electrical
energy from generating stations to distribution networks.

Power transformers are designed to operate at high efficiency, especially at full load,
because they handle large amounts of electrical energy. They usually operate at voltages
above 33 kV and have capacities ranging from 100 MVA to several hundred MVA.
Since they are used in high-voltage environments, insulation and cooling mechanisms
are critical for their operation. Most power transformers are oil-cooled to dissipate the
heat generated during operation.
 ADVANTAGES OF
TRANSFORMER
Transformers are one of the most critical components in modern electrical power systems.
Their ability to efficiently transfer electrical energy between circuits while stepping up or
stepping down voltage levels makes them indispensable in both industrial and domestic
applications. Transformers offer numerous advantages that contribute to the effective
generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power. Below are some of the key
advantages of transformers.

1. Efficient Power Transmission

One of the primary advantages of transformers is their role in enabling efficient long-distance
transmission of electricity. Electrical power is typically generated at relatively low voltage
levels in power plants. However, transmitting electricity at low voltages over long distances
results in significant power losses due to the resistance of transmission lines. Transformers
solve this problem by stepping up the voltage to very high levels (often in the range of
hundreds of kilovolts) before transmission. High-voltage transmission reduces energy losses,
making power distribution over long distances far more efficient.

At the receiving end of the transmission network, transformers step down the voltage to safer,
usable levels for homes, offices, and industries. Without transformers, it would be impossible
to transmit electricity efficiently over large areas, leading to wastage and increased costs.

2. Voltage Adaptability

Transformers provide flexibility by allowing voltage levels to be adapted to meet the

requirements of different applications. A transformer can step up the voltage for transmission
and step it down for safe use in homes or machinery. This adaptability ensures that electricity
can be transmitted at high voltage to reduce energy losses but used at lower, safer voltage
levels in consumer applications.

For example, electricity is stepped down to 230V or 110V (depending on the country) for
residential use, while industrial facilities may require voltages of several thousand volts to
power heavy machinery. Transformers enable the customization of voltage levels to meet
specific needs across various sectors, making them versatile and widely used in power
distribution.

3. High Efficiency

Transformers are highly efficient devices, with most operating at efficiencies above 95%.
This high efficiency is achieved because transformers have no moving parts, and energy
losses are minimal, primarily in the form of heat generated in the windings and core. In well-
designed transformers, these losses can be further minimized by using high-quality materials,
such as copper for windings and laminated steel for the core. The high efficiency of
transformers ensures that minimal energy is wasted during the conversion process,
contributing to overall energy savings.

In power systems where large amounts of electricity are transmitted and distributed, the
efficiency of transformers plays a crucial role in maintaining the reliability and cost-
effectiveness of the grid. The lower the energy losses, the more cost-effective the system
becomes for both utility companies and consumers.

4. Reliable and Long-Lasting

Transformers are robust and reliable devices with long operational lifespans. Since they have
no moving parts, they are less prone to mechanical wear and tear compared to other electrical
equipment. With proper maintenance and care, transformers can function effectively for
several decades. This makes them a highly durable solution for power transmission and
distribution systems.

The reliability of transformers ensures that power systems experience fewer failures, which is
essential for maintaining a consistent electricity supply to consumers. Their long lifespan also
means that the need for replacements or repairs is minimized, reducing operational costs for
utility companies.

5. Electrical Isolation

Transformers provide electrical isolation between the primary and secondary circuits, which
is essential for safety and protection. This isolation ensures that the circuits are electrically
independent, preventing direct electrical contact between the power source and the load. As a
result, transformers help protect sensitive equipment from power surges, electrical noise, and
other disturbances that may occur in the primary circuit.

Other Advantages

1. Efficient Voltage Transformation: Transformers are highly efficient in stepping up and

stepping down voltage levels. This allows power to be transmitted over long distances with
minimal energy loss. High voltage transmission reduces the current in the wires, thereby
decreasing resistive losses (I²R losses) in power lines. This ensures that electricity can be
transmitted efficiently from power plants to distant locations.

2. Reduced Power Loss in Transmission: By increasing the voltage and reducing the current
in transmission lines, transformers minimize energy losses. This is particularly crucial in
long-distance transmission, where resistive losses can be significant without the use of high-
voltage transformers. In this way, they help maintain a stable and efficient power supply,
reducing the overall cost of electricity distribution.

3. Improved Safety through Electrical Isolation: Transformers, especially isolation

transformers, play a critical role in protecting electrical devices and users. By electrically
isolating different parts of a circuit, they prevent the transfer of electrical shocks and
minimize the risk of equipment failure due to electrical surges or faults. This ensures a safer
working environment in various industrial and residential applications.

4. Customizable Voltage Levels for Different Applications: The versatility of transformers

allows them to be customized for different voltage levels, depending on the requirements of
end users. Power generation companies can adjust voltage levels for industrial, commercial,
and residential users, ensuring that each sector receives power at the appropriate voltage. This
adaptability makes transformers an essential part of power distribution networks.

5. High Energy Efficiency: Modern transformers are designed to operate with very high
efficiency, often exceeding 95%. This means that they convert electrical energy with minimal
losses, ensuring that most of the input power is transferred to the output. This efficiency
contributes to reducing operational costs and improving overall energy conservation.

6. Minimal Maintenance and Long Lifespan: Transformers are typically built to last for
decades with very little maintenance. Their robust construction and simple design mean that,
once installed, they can operate reliably for long periods. This makes them a cost-effective
component in the power system, as they require minimal operational intervention over their
lifecycle.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
TRANSFORMER
While transformers are essential components in electrical power systems due to their ability
to efficiently transfer electrical energy and regulate voltage levels, they also have certain
limitations and disadvantages. These drawbacks can affect their performance, efficiency, and
overall use in different applications. Understanding these disadvantages is important for
better system design and management. Below are some of the key disadvantages of
transformers.

1. Losses in Transformers

Although transformers are highly efficient devices, they are not entirely free from energy
losses. These losses can be categorized into two main types:

Copper Losses (I²R Losses): Copper losses occur due to the resistance in the windings of the
transformer. When current flows through the windings, heat is generated as a result of
resistance, leading to energy loss. The higher the current flowing through the windings, the
greater the losses. These losses increase with the load on the transformer, making it less
efficient at higher current levels.

Iron Losses (Core Losses): Iron losses, also known as core losses, occur in the magnetic core
of the transformer. They are caused by two phenomena: hysteresis and eddy currents.
Hysteresis losses occur because of the repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the
core material, which consumes energy. Eddy currents are circulating currents induced in the
core material due to the changing magnetic field, causing additional heat and energy loss.
These losses are present even when the transformer is not under load, reducing overall
efficiency.

Together, copper and iron losses reduce the efficiency of transformers, especially under
heavy loads or when they are not operating at optimal conditions.

2. Size and Weight

Transformers, especially large power transformers used in high-voltage transmission
networks, are bulky and heavy due to the large amount of copper or aluminum wire and the
iron core required for their operation. The size and weight of transformers can be a
disadvantage when it comes to installation, transportation, and space requirements. For
example, large transformers used in power stations and substations require significant space
and special equipment for installation. This increases the cost and complexity of setting up
and maintaining power systems.

In residential and commercial applications, distribution transformers may also be relatively

bulky, requiring proper housing and safety enclosures. Additionally, their weight makes them
difficult to transport or relocate once installed.

3. Noisy Operation

Transformers, particularly large ones, can generate noise during operation due to the
vibration of the core material caused by the alternating magnetic field. This noise, known as
the "humming" sound, is produced when the transformer core undergoes magnetostriction, a
process in which the core's dimensions change slightly when exposed to a magnetic field. The
frequency of the alternating current causes repeated expansion and contraction of the core,
leading to noise.

In areas where noise pollution is a concern, such as residential neighborhoods or hospitals,

the sound generated by transformers can be a significant issue. Efforts to reduce transformer
noise, such as soundproof enclosures, add to the cost and complexity of the installation.

4. Limited to AC Systems

Transformers only work with alternating current (AC) systems, as they rely on the principle
of electromagnetic induction, which requires a changing magnetic field to induce a voltage.
This means transformers cannot be used directly in direct current (DC) systems, limiting their
application in systems where DC power is predominant, such as in certain renewable energy
systems (solar power), electric vehicles, and other electronics.

While AC is the standard for power transmission and distribution, many modern
technologies, including batteries and some renewable energy sources, operate on DC. This
limitation makes it necessary to use additional equipment, such as inverters or DC-DC
converters, to adapt the voltage in DC systems, increasing the complexity and cost of such
systems.
 CONCLUSION
Transformers are indispensable devices in the modern world of electricity, playing a crucial
role in power generation, transmission, and distribution. They enable the efficient transfer of
electrical energy from one circuit to another by stepping up or stepping down voltage levels,
which is critical for minimizing energy losses during long-distance power transmission.
Without transformers, the widespread distribution of electrical power would not be feasible,
as it would lead to significant energy losses, increased costs, and the unsafe handling of high-
voltage electricity.

The versatility of transformers is evident from their wide range of applications. From massive
power transformers that operate at high voltages in transmission grids to small distribution
transformers that deliver electricity safely to homes and industries, they are essential at every
stage of the electrical supply chain. Instrument transformers ensure accurate measurement
and system protection, while isolation transformers protect sensitive equipment by providing
electrical isolation. The adaptability of transformers to various functions and environments
has made them central to the design of reliable and efficient power systems.

While transformers have several advantages, such as high efficiency, durability, and the
ability to isolate electrical circuits, they also come with certain limitations. Energy losses due
to copper and iron resistances, the need for proper insulation and cooling, environmental
concerns, and high initial costs are some of the challenges associated with transformers.
However, advances in technology, materials, and design have helped mitigate many of these
drawbacks, making transformers more efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly.

In conclusion, transformers are fundamental to the functioning of modern electrical systems.

Their ability to regulate voltage levels efficiently, provide electrical isolation, and support
both small and large-scale power distribution ensures the continuous flow of electricity across
cities, industries, and homes. Despite their few disadvantages, transformers remain a
cornerstone of power infrastructure, and their importance will only grow as global energy
demands increase and new technologies emerge.
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