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Tutorial

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roberamaldo
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ECE 2202

Tutorial 6 (Oscillator)

Example 1.

It is desired to design a phase-shift oscillator, where the resistance value


equals 10 KΩ. Select the value of C for oscillator operation at 1 kHz.

Example 2 .

Design the RC elements of a Wien bridge oscillator for operation at fo = 10 KHz.


Solution:

Using equal values of R and C we can select R = 100 KΩ and calculate ther required value of C.

Example No 3 .

Determine the maximum and minimum frequency of oscillations of a Wien Bridge


Oscillator circuit having a resistor of 10kΩ and a variable capacitor of 1nF to
1000nF.

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ECE 2202
The frequency of oscillations for a Wien Bridge Oscillator is given as:

Wien Bridge Oscillator Lowest Frequency

Wien Bridge Oscillator Highest Frequency

Example No 4 .

Calculate the resonance frequency of the Wien bridge oscillator.

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ECE 2202

Example No5
An inductance of 200mH and a capacitor of 10pF are connected together in parallel to create an
LC oscillator tank circuit. Calculate the frequency of oscillation.

Then we can see from the above example that by decreasing the value of either the capacitance,
C or the inductance, L will have the effect of increasing the frequency of oscillation of the LC
tank circuit.

Example No 6 - Colpitts Oscillator


A Colpitts Oscillator circuit having two capacitors of 10pF and 100pF respectively are
connected in parallel with an inductor of 10mH. Determine the frequency of oscillations
of the circuit.
The oscillation frequency for a Colpitts Oscillator is given as:

The circuit consists of two capacitors in series, so the total capacitance is given as:

The inductance of the inductor is given as 10mH, then the frequency of oscillation is:

Then the frequency of oscillations for the Colpitts Oscillator is 527.8kHz

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ECE 2202

Example No 7

For an FET Colpits oscillator given the following circuit values detrmine the
circuit oscillation frequency: C1 = 750 pF, C2 = 2500 pF, and L = 40 µH.

Example No 8 - Hartley Oscillator


A Hartley Oscillator circuit having two individual inductors of 0.5mH each, are designed to
resonate in parallel with a variable capacitor that can be adjusted between 100pF and 500pF.
Determine the upper and lower frequencies of oscillation and also the Hartley oscillators
bandwidth.

From above we can calculate the frequency of oscillations for a Hartley Oscillator as:

The circuit consists of two inductive coils in series, so the total inductance is given as:

Hartley Oscillator Upper Frequency

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ECE 2202

Hartley Oscillator Lower Frequency

Hartley Oscillator Bandwidth

Example No 9 Quartz Crystal Oscillator:

A series resonant crystal has the following values after being cut, R = 1kΩ, C = 0.05pF and L =
3H. Calculate the fundamental frequency of oscillations of the crystal.

The frequency of oscillations for the Quartz Crystal Oscillator is given as:

Then the fundamental frequency of oscillations for the crystal is given as: 411 kHz

Example No 10 - Quartz Crystal Oscillator:


A quartz crystal has the following values: Rs = 6.4 Ω, Cs = 0.09972 pF and Ls = 2.546 mH. If
the capacitance across its terminal, Cp is measured at 28.68 pF, calculate the fundamental
oscillating frequency of the crystal and its secondary resonance frequency.
The crystals series resonant frequency, ƒS

The crystals parallel resonant frequency, ƒP

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ECE 2202

We can see that the difference between ƒs, the crystals fundamental frequency and ƒp is small at
about 18 kHz (10.005 MHz – 9.987 MHz). However during this frequency range, the Q-factor
(Quality Factor) of the crystal is extremely high because the inductance of the crystal is much
higher than its capacitive or resistive values. The Q-factor of our crystal at the series resonance
frequency is given as:

Crystal Oscillators Q-factor

Then the Q-factor of our crystal example, about 25,000, is because of this high XL/R ratio. The
Q-factor of most crystals is in the area of 20,000 to 200,000 as compared to a good LC tuned
tank circuit we looked at earlier which will be much less than 1,000. This high Q-factor value
also contributes to a greater frequency stability of the crystal at its operating frequency making it
ideal to construct crystal oscillator circuits.

Assignment:

1. Draw the general frequency response graph of the amplifier and


determine the following terms.
Mid band
Low frequency band
High frequency band

2. Derive an expression to determine the low frequency limit of the


amplifier (Consider the effects of the coupling capacitors in detail).

3. Explain in detail about the inter electrode capacitance of the transistor


at high frequency.

Electronic Circuits II Page 6

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