COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB

Code:IT318

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

UG Student
Bankuru Ganesh -A22126511005

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
(AUTONOMOUS)
(AffiliatedtoAU,ApprovedbyAICTEandAccreditedbyNBA&NAACwith‘A’Grade)
SANGIVALASA-531162,Bheemunipatnam(Mandal),VisakhapatnamDist.
Phone:08933-225083/84/87 Fax:226395 2024-2025

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 ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCE ( AUTONOMOUS)
(AffiliatedtoAU,ApprovedbyAICTEandAccreditedbyNBA&NAACwith‘A’Grade)
SANGIVALASA-531162,Bheemunipatnam(Mandal),VisakhapatnamDist.
Phone:08933-225083/84/87 Fax:226395

CERTIFICATE
This is certify to that BANKURU GANESH

is a student studying III/IV B.Tech .

register No. A22126511005.branch INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY has done

10 no. of experiments during theyear

2024-2025 in the subject COMPUTER NETWORKS LAB.

Lecture-in-charge Head of the Department

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 INDEX
S.No Date Experiment CO PageNo’s Grades Sign
1. Study of specifications of latest desktop CO1 5-15
and laptops
2. Familiarization with Networking CO1
Components and devices: LAN Adapter
Hubs, Switches, routers etc.
3. Familiarization with Transmission media
WEEK 1 1/08/24 CO1
and Tools: Co axial cable, UTP Cable
Crimping tool, Connectors etc.
4. Study of various LAN topologies and
their creation using network devices, cable CO2
and computers
5. Study of Client Server Architecture CO2
6. To study LAN using bus, tree, star CO2
topology 16-18
WEEK 2 8/08/24 7. To study pc to pc communication using
parallel port CO2
8. To study fiber optics communication CO2
9. To study wireless communication
CO2
1. preparing straight and cross cables. CO2
2.Study of network commands and
WEEK 3 22/08/24 CO2 19-25
network configurationcommands
3.Implementation of file and printer CO2
sharing
29/08/24 4. Designing and implementing Class A, B, CO2
WEEK 4 and C Networks . 26-28
5. Subnet planning and its implementation. CO2

6. To configure the IP address for a CO2

5/09/24 computer connected to LAN and to 29-32
WEEK 5
configure network parameters of a web
browser for the same computer.
7. To configure WLAN CO3
8. To install and configure CO2
WEEK 6 12/09/24 wireless access points 33-40
9. To configure hub/switch and router C01

10. Configuring Network Neighborhood. CO2

19/09/24 1. Configure a network topology using 41-44
WEEK 7 packet tracing software CO3

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 2. Configure a network using Distance CO3
WEEK 8 26/09/24 vector routing protocol using packet 45-50
tracer software.
3.Static and dynamic routing using CO3
packet tracer software
4. DHCP, DNS, HTTP configuration CO3
WEEK 9 17/10/24 using packet tracer software 51-56

5. Configure a Network with Virtual CO3

WEEK10 24/10/24 LANS 57-58

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 WEEK-1
1) Study of specifications of Latest desktops and Laptops.
Aim: To study of specifications of latest desktops and Laptops.
Description :
Specifications includes:
• A 17 " wide screen TFT display;
• An intel 2.33Ghz Core 2 Duo processor
• An Apple Mac operating system x 10.40 o.s
• AnIntegrated10/100/1000 LAN, also with an integrated wireless LAN: 802.1 1b/g.
• An Integrated bluethooth; A buit-in webcam;
• 2 USB 2.0 ports for interfaces
• A built-in stereo speakers for sounds.
• A built-in microphone -And a 3.1Kg
Apple iMac Intel Core 13
Apple iMac Intel Core i3 3.06GHz/4GB/500GB/ TFT21.5/ DVDRW/MacOSX 10.6 Snow Leopard.
Product name iMacIntel Core i3 3.06GHZ/4GB/ 500 GB/TFT 21.5/DVDRW /Mac OSX 10.6
snowLeopard
CPU type: Intel Core i3
processor speed: 3.06 GHZ
Sound card Integrated
Hard Drive size 500GB
Monitor TFTJLCD
Operating system Mac OS X 10.6
Screen size 21.5
Optical Drive 21.5
Internal Memory 4096 MB
Graphics Card Radeon HD 4670
Memory Size Extra hardware Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR,
camera manufacturer Apple WLAN 802.11a/b/g.

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 2) Familiarization with Networking Components and devices: LAN Adapters, Hubs,
switches, routers etc.
Aim: To Explain about Networking Components and devices: LAN Adapters, Hubs, switches, routers etc
Description:
Networking components: Network Components are the major parts which are needed to install the
software some of the Components are Lan adapter, hubs, switches, routers etc...
1. LAN Adapter: A LAN adapter is a device used to allow a computer to interface with a network. Many
computers may have some port of LAN adapter already installed, but others may require a Special
Installation, which is accomplished by adding a network interface card to the system or possible connecting
the adapter to a USB port
A LAN adapter can be used with a wireless or wire network, a wired LAN adapter is used for Ethernet
connections one of the fastest and most reliable forms of wired networks.
Types of LAN Adapter:
wireless LAN adapter: wireless LAN provides instant connectivity to mobile personal. It also avoids the
costly expense of running Ethernet cable throughout a building, providing effortless desktop connectivity
between clients .
WIFI LAN adapter: It normally requires Opening the case and plugging the card into an expansion slot.
USB LAN adapter: The USB router adapter Simply connects to the computer through a USB port.and
then will find wireless networks in the area and allow the user to connect to one.
Virtual LAN adapter: such adapters may function as an External network adapter and thus remain outside
the primary Electronic device or they may be installed into the device's main physical body.
Wireless LAN USB adapter: A keyboards mouse or headset can be be connected to your computer using
a dongle that plugs into a USB port on the computer but its doesn't need to connect to anything on the other
side.
HUB: A special type of network device called Hub can be found in many home and small business
networks. hub is a small rectangular box, often made of Plastic that receives its power from an Ordinary
wall outlet. A hub ioins multiple computers together to form a single network.

Benefits:
• Easy to use and flexible
• cost effectiveness
Limitations:
• Limited Bandwidths
• Broadcast storms.
Switches: A switch is a hardware devices that connects multiple devices on a Computer Network. A switch
contains more advanced feature than Hub. The switch contains the updated table that decides where the
data is transmitted or not. A switch does not broadcast the message to the entire network Like hub.

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Benefits:
• Increases capacity
• Reduces Burden.
Limitations:
• costly
• Tough Availability issues.
Router: A router is a hardware a device which is used to connect a LAN with an intemet connection. It is
used to receive, analyze and forward the incoming Packets to another network. A router forwards the packet
based on the information available in the routing table.

Benefits:
• security is high
• more Reliabile
Limitations:
• Limited Bandwidth
• Limited Range

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3)Familiarization with Transmission media and tools: co axial cable, UTP cable,
crimping tools, connectors etc.
Aim: To Explain about familitation with transmission media and tools: Coaxial, UTP cables, crimping
tools, connectors.
Description:
Transmission media: Transmission media is a pathway that carries the information from sender to
Receiver. we use different types of cables to transmit data. It is also called as communication channel.

Types of transmission media

1.wired & Guided Media
2.unwired or unGuided Media

• Guided Media: Guided media are the cables that are tangible or have physical Existence and are
limited by physical geography. different cables are twisted pair, co-axial cable and fiber optical
cable.
• unGuided Media: unguided media are the way to transmitting data with out using any cables.
These media are not bounded by physical geography.
1) Twisted pair:
It is one type in Guided media.The Pair of twisted is that the simplest transmission medium. It consists of
1 or more pairs of Electrical son arranged spiral.

Types of Twisted pairs:

1. UTP: UTP stands for unshielded Twisted Pair. It is commonly used as coppers telephone wiring. These
are a pair of two insulated copper wires twisted together without any other insulation or shielding.

Benefits of UTP:
• 1.It is thin and flexible which makes Installation easier
• 2. It is Less Expensive, small in size

Limitations of UTP:
• It can be used up to cable segment Lengths of about 100m only.

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 • It is more susceptible to interference compare to most of the other cable types.

2. STP: It is mad up of Pairs of copper wires that are twisted together. The pairs are covered in a in a foilor
braided mesh.

Benefits:
• have higher bandwidth
• It can be easily terminated with modular connector
Limitations:
• Very Expensive
• These can be installed underground only

2) Coaxial Cable:Coaxial cable is a type of Copper cable Specially built with a metal shield and Other
components Engineered to block signal interference. It has two wires of copper. It provides high band with
rates.

Benefits:
• Supports high bandwidth Levels
• Provides better resistance to crusting and bending, which makes it more reliable and durable .
Limitations:
• Expensive to install for longer distances
• Cable failure can cause your entire network to go down.

3) Ethemet:It is designed for the transmission data over the channel using wired technology and is used
for high speed data transmission .
Benefits:
• The cost of Installing an ethernet connect ion is affordable.
• high speed data transmission takes place.

Limitations:
• Ethernet networks are more suited for Short distance connections .
• Troubleshooting faults in the ethernet Connection is difficult.

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4) Crimping tool:Crimping is a way of joining pieces of metal or other ductice material by deforming
one or both of the pieces to hold the other, and this deformity is Known as the "Crimp" .

5) Connectors:In Network cabling, besides cables, there are also Network cable connectors There are
different types of networking connections are used for different Purposes in network world.

Types of connectors:
• Rj45 (Registered Jack45)
• BNC (Bayone -Neil-concelman)
• SC connector.
• SN Connector.

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4) Study of various LAN topologies and their creation using network devices, cables
and computers.

Aim: To study various Lan topologies and their creation using network devices, cables and computers.
Description: LAN- Local area Network Lan topologies involves understanding the different ways in
which network devices, cables and computers are interlinked or connected within a small area, typically
within a building or campus. LAN topologies Created using cables, network devices and computers.

1. Bus topology:
• All the devices are connected to a single Cable Data is travels in both directions along the
backbone. it forms a linearpath.
• This topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as Bus master to solve the
issues.

Creation: connect computers using drop cables to the main coaxial or Ethernet cable.
Benefits:
• Simple and cost-efficient to set up
• Requires Less cable compared to star
Limitations:
• Backbone cable failure disrupts the entire network
• Limited scalability

2. Ring topology:
• Devices are connected in a closed-Loop fashion each device is connected To exactly two other
devices.
• Data travels in one direction around the ring.

Creation: connect computers using ethernet cables in a circular arrangement, forming a closed Loop.
Benefits:
• Data travels in a Predicatable path.
• Equal data sharing among devices.

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Limitations:
• Failure of a single device or connection can bring down the entire network.
• Adding and removing devices can disrupt the network.

3. Star topology:
• Devices are connected to a central hub.
• Each devices has a seperate cable connection to the hub/switch.
• Data traffic passes through the hub.

Creation: Connect computers using ethernet. cable to the ports on the hub/ switch.
Benefits:
• Easy to install and manage
• fault isolation: If one system connection fails it doesnot affect other devices.
• Centralized managment and monitoring
Limitations:
• Dependency on the central hub/switch. if it fails, the whole may fail
• costly as it requires hub.

4. Mesh topology:
• Each devices is Connected to every other device in the network.
• Provides redundancy and fault tolerance and high Level of reliability

Creation:
Connect computers with ethernet cables in a point-to-Point manner, creating multiple direct connections.
Benefits:
• High redundancy and fault tolerance.

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 • Efficient data routing without congestion.
Limitions:
• Expensive data to the no.of cables required
• Complex and costly to implement and manage.

5 .Hybrid Topology:
• Combination of two or more differentTopologies.
• can be more complex to design and manage.

Creation: combine Elements of different topologies, such as connecting multiple star topologies through
a backbone cable.
Benefits:
• offers flexibility and scalability
• can optimize performance based on specific needs.
Limitations:
• Requires careful planning and design.
• Increased complexity in managing multiple topologies.

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5) Study of Client Server Architecture.

Aim:To study of client server architecture

Description: A client-server architecture is a design that breaks the entire functionality of a software
application into smaller functions and assigns each function to a specific component or a group of
components.Typically, there are three main functions of an application. These functions are data storing,
data processing, and data presenting. The client-server architecture assigns these functions to separate
componentsof the software application. Once a function is assigned, the component performs only the
assigned function.In a complex architecture, these functions can be assigned to dedicated computers.
Depending on which part of the application is installed, the computer is known as the server computer, the
intermediate computer, and the client computer. The server computer stores data. The intermediatecomputer
processes data. The clientcomputer presents data.

Types of the client-server architecture:

Tire-1 client-server architecture:

In this type, the entire application is installed on a system. Since all components of the application are
availableon the same system, they can access each other without going outside the system.

Tire-2 client-server architecture:

In this type, the application is installed on two or more computers. The components that store and process
data are installed on the server system and the components that present the data are installed on the client
system. There can be more than one server and clients in the network. For example, you may have two
server computers and ten client computers or one server computer and fifty client computers. No computer
sits between the client computers and server computers. Client computers access the server computers
directly.

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Tire-3 client-server architecture:
This architecture is similar to the Tire-2 architecture except in this architecture the components that process
the data are installed on separate computers. Computers that process data sit between the client computers
and server computers. All-access requests from the client computer reach the server computer through the
intermediate computer that processes the data.

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 WEEK-2
1) To study pc to pc communication using parallel port.
Aim: To study pc to pc communication using parallel port.
Description:
• Parallel port: A parallel port is a type of computer interface that allows you to connect devices for
data transfer. It was commonly found on older computers and used for connecting printers, scanners
and Other peripherals. It also called printer port.
• Communicating between two PCs using parallel ports was a common practice in the past, especially before
the widespread adoption of USB and other modern communication methods.
• The parallel port, also known as the printer port, was primarily designed to connect printers to computers.
However, it was also used for various other purposes, including PC-to-PC communication.

Requirements:

1. ParallelPort Cables: You would need a special cable called a "null modem" cable or a "laplink" cable
to connect the parallel ports of the two PCs. These cables had the necessary wiring to enable bidirectional
communication.
2. Software: You would need software that can handle the communication over the parallel port. This
software would usually include drivers to manage the communication protocol and data transfer.

Steps:
1. InstallSoftware: Install the communication software on both PCs. This software would provide the
necessary drivers and utilities to establish a connection.
2. Cable Connection: Connect the null modem or laplink cable between the parallel ports of the two PCs.
3.Configuration: Launch the communication software on both PCs. You would need to configure the
softwareto use the parallel port as the communication channel.
4. Protocol and Data Transfer: The software would likely provide a protocol for data transfer. You might
have options to send and receive files, or even to establish a remote command-line interface between the
two PCs.
5. Data Exchange: Once the connection is established, you can use the software's interface to exchange
databetween the two PCs. This could involve sending files, messages, or commands.
6. Termination: When you're done with the communication, properly terminate the connection using
thesoftware's interface. This ensures that the parallel ports are released and the PCs can go back to normal
operation

Challenges:

1. Compatibility: Different communication software might use different protocols and methods. Both
PCs needto have compatible software to establish a successful connection.
2. Speed: Parallel ports were relatively slow compared to modern communication interfaces. Data
transfer ratescould be limited, and large file transfers might take a considerable amount of time.
3. Hardware Limitations: Parallel ports were initially designed for printers, so their capabilities for
general-purpose communication were limited. This might affect the types of data you can exchange.
4. Obsolete Technology: As mentioned earlier, parallel ports are outdated technology, and finding the
necessary hardware and software might be challenging today.

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2) To study fiber optics communication.
Aim: To Know and study about fiber optics Communication
Description:
Fiber optics Communication involves transmitting data through aptical fibers, which are thin, flexible
strands of glass or plastic that Carry Light signals over Long distances with minimal signal Loss. This
technology has revolutionized communication by providing high speed and high data transmission of data.
Fiber optics communication:

Components:
1. Optical fiber: It is a thin strand that guided Light source signals through total intemal
reflection. Itconsists of core and cladding that ensures Light remains within core.
2. Light source: Laser diodes generates Light Signals that carry data.
3. Modulator: These are diodes commonly used for modifying Light signal's properties (intensity
frequency).
4. Photo detectors: Devices that converts incoming Light signals back into Electrical signals for
decoding
5. Connector: Components used to connect

Advantages
• High data Rate
• Broadband Capabilities
• Low interference.
Limitations:
• Installation and Maintenance costs
• Fragility
• Applications:
• Telecommunications
• Cable TV
• Data centers
• Medical Imaging
• Military

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3) To study wireless communication.

Aim: To study wireless communication

Description: Telecommunication these days is mostly wireless. It involves transmission of information
without wires, cables or any other electrical conductors within a shorter distance or across the globe.
Wireless communications are growing to new heights because of its huge business benefits. Wireless
technology offers speed, flexibility, and network efficiency. It has become a powerful tool for tech-savvy
generation as it facilitates easy information sharing and boosts productivity. One gets the freedom to roam
around freely without worrying about the internet connection and still stay connected.
Advantages of Wireless Communication
• Wireless networks are cheaper to install and maintain.
• Data is transmitted faster and at a high speed.
• Reduced maintenance and installation cost compared to other form of networks.
• Wireless network can be accessed from anywhere, anytime.Disadvantages of Wireless
Communication:
• Wireless communication has its own disadvantages as its advantages.
• It leads to security threats and data exploitation if not secured appropriately.
• An unauthorized person can easily capture wireless signals that spreads through the air and misuse
informationthatis transmittedoverthewirelessnetwork.To secure wireless signals like WPA and
WPA2, one must use strong security protocols.
• Alternatively, you can also use wireless intrusion prevention system to secure the wireless
network.

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 WEEK-3
1) preparing straight and cross cables.
Aim:To preparing straight and cross cables.
Description: Straight and crossover cables are two common types of Ethernet cables used to connect devices
in a network. The type of cable you need depends on the devices you're connecting. Here's how toprepare
both types of cables:

Straight Cable (also known as a patch cable):

Use this cable to connect different types of devices, such as a computer to a switch or a router to a
modem.The wiring order for both ends of a straight cable is the same.
Materials you'll need:
Cat 5e, Cat 6, or Cat 6a Ethernet cable (length as required)RJ45 connectors (2)
Crimping toolWire stripper Cable cutter Steps:
Strip about 1.5 inches (3-4 cm) of the outer insulation from the Ethernet cable.
Untwist and arrange the internal wires according to the T-568B or T-568A wiring standards (pick one and
use itconsistently on both ends):
T-568B Wiring: (white-orange, orange, white-green, blue, white-blue, green, white-brown, brown) T- 568A
Wiring: (white-green, green, white-orange, blue, white-blue, orange, white-brown, brown)Trim the wires
to ensure they are all the same length.
Insert the wires into the RJ45 connector with the chosen standard's orientation, making sure they reach the
end.Use a crimping tool to secure the connector to the cable.
Repeat the process for the other end of the cable, ensuring that the wiring order is identical.
Crossover Cable:
Use this cable to connect similar devices, like two computers or two switches, without the need for a
router orswitch in between.
The wiring order on one end of the cable is different from the other end.
Materials you'll need:
Cat 5e, Cat 6, or Cat 6a Ethernet cable (length as required)RJ45 connectors (2)
Crimping toolWire stripper Cable cutter Steps:
Strip about 1.5 inches (3-4 cm) of the outer insulation from the Ethernet cable.
Untwist and arrange the internal wires according to the T-568B wiring standard on one end and the
T-568Awiring standard on the other end.
Trim the wires to ensure they are all the same length.
Insert the wires into the RJ45 connector with the appropriate orientation for each end, following the
respectivewiring standards.
Use a crimping tool to secure the connector to the cable.
Repeat the process for the other end of the cable, ensuring the wiring order is different from the first
end (T-568A for one end, T-568B for the other).
Once you've prepared the cables, you can use them to connect your devices as needed, whether for
straight-through or crossover connections. Remember to label or color-code them for easy identification .

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2) Study of network commands and network configuration commands
Aim:To Study of network commands and network configuration commands. Description: Description:
There are different network configuration commands
• ipconfig
• nslookup
• hostname
• netstat
• ping
• Arp
• Tracert
• systeminfo.
1. Command: ipconfig
Description: It gives information about the IP address of the computer it is Executed on but also much
moreinformation as DNS addresses are stored in the cache.
Output:

2.Command: ipconfig/all
Description: The "/all" option of the ipconfig command displays the full configuration information.
Output:

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3.Command: 1Pconfig/release
Description: It is Executed to force the client to immediately give up its lease by sending the server a
DHCPrelease notification.
Output:

4.Command: hostname
Description: It is used to display the host name of the computer or device in a network.
Output:

5.Command: ping
Description: This command tests connection b/w the Local machine and the host server.
Output:

6.Command: Ping –n count

Description : Number of echo requests to send.
Output:

7. Command : ping –r count

Description : Record route for count hops
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Output:

8. Command: Tracert
Description:It traces the route from a computer to a host server.it is used to diagnose path related
problems.
Output:

9. Command : nslookup
Description: nsLookup command is used to troubleshoot network connectivity issues in the system. It is
used in in networking to query the Domain name system (DNS).
Output:

10.Command: netstat
Description: This command displays the Connections active on the computer and the Ports the computer
is Listening to the command displays the four parameters: Protocols, Local address, foreign address and
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state.
Output:

11. Command: Arp

Description: This command is a short form for address resolution protocol. This command is used to
display and modify the IP to the Physical address translation table used by the address resolution protocol.
Ouput:

12.command: Systeminfo
Description: It is used to retrieve detailed information about the hardware and software configuration of
a windows -based computer.
Output:

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3) Implementation of file and printer sharing.

Aim: To Implementation of file and printer sharing

Description:

Enable or disable file and printer sharing in windows 10

1. Open the Control Panel.
The quickest method is to open the Run dialog box with the Win + R keyboard combination and
enter thecommand control and press Enter.
2.Select Network and Internet if you're viewing the categories in Control Panel, or skip down to Step 3
if youjust see a bunch of Control Panel applet icons.

3.Open Network and Sharing Center.

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4. From the left pane, choose Change advanced sharing settings. Listed here are the different networks you'reusing.
If you want to disable file and printer sharing on the public network, open that section. Otherwise, choose a
different one.

5.Find the File and Printer Sharing section of that network profile and adjust the option, selecting either
Turnon file and printer sharing or Turn off file and printer sharing.Some other sharing options might be
available here too, depending on your version of Windows. These might include options for public folder
sharing, network discovery, HomeGroup and file sharing encryption.

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 WEEK-4
1) Designing and implementing Class A, B, and C Networks.

Aim: To designing and implementing Class A, B, and C Networks

Description:
Steps1: select a router and click on that, swichoff router and add 3-PT-Router-NM-1CE, PT-Router NM-
1CFC and switch on the Router. then Configure that one.
Step2: Select 3 switches and connect them with Router using Ethernet straight through cable for each
Lan.class A
Step3: Select some end devices and connect them with switches using ethernet straight through cable in
each Lan.
Step4: consider 3 of them as different classes (A, B, C) and assign IP address to all the Pc's according to
their classes range(A-1.0.0.0), (B-128.1.0.0), (C-192.0.1.0), also assign IP address for the Connection blw
router and switches.

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2) Subnet planning and its implementation.

Aim: Subnet planning and its implementation

Description: There are 5 steps for subnetting
1. Identify the class of the IP address and note the default subnet mask.
2. convert the default mask in to Binary
3. Note the no of hosts required per subnet and find the subnet Generator (SG) and Octet position.
4. Generate the new subnet mask.
5. use the 5G and generate the network. ranges (subnets) in the appropriate octet- position.
Implementation:

By taking one Example:

Subnet the IP address 150.15.0.0 into 500 hosts in each subnetos not mor By using 5 step approach we
got some subnets of Network ranges.
150.15.0.0-150.15.1.255
150 15.2.0-150-15.3.255
150. 15.4.0-15415.5.255
150 15.6.0-150-15.7.255
150.15.8.0-150.15.9.255 and soon...
Inter LAN or Inter subnet communication implementation in CPT:
Steps:
1. First take two switches and each contain some PC and connect them with cable and give IP
addresses that are belongs to the second subnet to the pc that are connected to one switch and IP
addresses that are belongs to the 5th subnet to the pc's that are connected to other switch. Two LANs
are formed.
2. Assign IP address for each Pc's in range (150.15.2.1),(150.15.8.0)of both the switch of different
Lans and check the connection of each pc's with in the network.by selecting one pc and goto desktop
and then select ipconfig and assign ip addess and subnetmask.similarly repeat for all pc’s.

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3. Now, for communication b/w two pc's of different network switch is not useful. So, by connecting
Router to two LANS the communcation b/w two different Pc's of diffest Network will takes place
and By sending packets we can Check whether the communication is going on or not.

4. Also check whether the communication blw two Pc's with in the same network is successfull or not.
Then connect the router. Now assign an IP addresses to the interfaces of both the LANS (Local area
networks) with in the Subnet ranges.

5. Now paste the default gate to all the PC's of both the Local area Networks. and select one packet
and source and destination. Now try to send that packet from source to destination if the packet is
reached to destination then there will be communication between them .so, process of
communication is successful.

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 WEEK-5
1) To configure the IP address for a computer connected to LAN and to configure
network parameters of a web browser for the same computer.
Aim: To configure the IP address for a computer connected to LAN and to configure network parameters
of a web browser for the same computer.
Description: Configuring the IP address for a computer connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) and
adjusting network parameters for a web browser are separate tasks, but I'll guide you through both
processes.Configuring the IP Address for a Computer on a LAN:
Open Network Settings: On your computer, navigate to the network settings. The exact steps may vary
depending on your operating system. Here are the general steps for common operating systems: Windows:
Go to Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Change adapter settings.
macOS: Open System Preferences > Network.
Linux: Use your network manager, such as NetworkManager or ifconfig command.
Select the Appropriate Network Interface: Identify the network interface connected to the LAN (usually
Ethernet or Wi-Fi) and select it.
Configure IP Address:
For a Static IP Address:
In the network settings, choose to manually configure the IP address.
Enter the desired IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server(s). These details should be
provided by your network administrator or based on your network's configuration.
For a Dynamic IP Address (DHCP):
Select "Obtain an IP address automatically" or a similar option. This will allow your router or DHCP
server toassign an IP address to your computer.
Save the Settings: Save your changes, and your computer will now use the configured IP address for the
LAN.
Configuring Network Parameters for a Web Browser:
Once your computer is correctly configured with the IP address, you can adjust network parameters for
yourweb browser.
Open Your Web Browser: Launch your preferred web browser (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,
Microsoft Edge, etc.).
Access Browser Settings:
Google Chrome: Click the three dots (Menu) in the top right corner > Settings.
Mozilla Firefox: Click the three horizontal lines (Menu) in the top right corner > Options or Preferences.
Microsoft Edge: Click the three horizontal dots (Menu) in the top right corner > Settings.
Configure Proxy Settings: Proxy settings are often what you need to configure. Here's how you can do it
inChrome as an example:
In Chrome, scroll down to the "Advanced" section.Under "System," click "Open proxy settings."
In the "Internet Properties" window, go to the "Connections" tab.Click "LAN settings."
Configure your proxy server settings if necessary. If your network doesn't use a proxy server, make sure
"Automatically detect settings" is selected.
Save the Settings: Save any changes you make in your browser settings.
Now your computer is configured with the correct IP address for the LAN, and your web browser is adjusted
touse the network parameters you specified. Make sure you have the necessary permissions or information
from your network administrator to complete these tasks if you're in a corporate or shared network
environment.

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2) To configure WLAN.
Aim: To configure WLAN
Description: It is a LAN that uses radio communication to provide mobility to the network userswhile
maintaining the connectivity to the wired network.
Steps:
Step1: Select a wireless Router under wireless devices, and similarly add three Pc's as shown.

Step2:under GuI tab >Disable DHCP server and Save the settings.

Step3: under wireless settings, change the Network name as My home Network", and save the settings.

Step4: under security mode>select wep> and give security Key as 0123456789 > save it.

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Step5:we assign the required IP configuration for each PC as shown in picture.

Step6: under Destop tab, click PC wireless It shows that interface of wireless of is missing.

Step7: so click on PC0,the physical device view Ts shown in picture first turn off the Pc we donot have
any place to add interface.
Step8:Drag WMP300N and drop where we deleted the previous interface and then turn on the PC.

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Step9: under Desktop tab go to pc wireless >under Connect tab click on wireless mode and click connect
Then enter the security Key as 0123456789 (wePkey) > connect.

Step10:In Link information tab we can see as. shown in picture. Repeat step 7,8,9 for remaining two pc's
also Result can be shown as below

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 WEEK-6
1) To install and configure wireless access points

Aim: To install and configure wireless access points

Description:
Access point (AP,WAP):This I sa networking devices that creates wifi or wire less network also know as
wireless access points.
They enable users to connect through the internet ,the signal is strong when we are near to it.
Steps:

Step1:First select two access points(AP-PT) from wireless devices.then select some end devices like
laptop,smartphones,telephones,tablets etc.then we can see there ae connectiong to the accesspoints .
Step2:The wifi network that has been created by these devices has no key material it doesn’t has password
So,any wifi enabled os device can connect to it automatically.so,this devices likesmartphone,tablets have
connected to this the wifi network created by this access point automatically because it doesnothave
password.

Step3: The laptop does not connect to this because we have not enabled the wifi port or the wire less port .
So now select that laptop and click the power off button. now insert a wireless module at the port and power
on the laptop again.

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Step4: After enable the laptop is connected to the access point automatically because they did not have any
password.
step5: For configuration go to access point and click on the devices and the select config and select port
0, port1. In port 1 default name and the password is not given.so the devices are connected automatically.

Step6: Now, after changing the password, name and authentication then no device is connected to the
accesspoint whch is having password. All devices are now connected to the accesspoint having no
password.

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Step7: If the another access point is also having password then there will be not connections between devices.

Step8:Now select any of the device and goto config and click on wireless 0 and change the name and password
of any of the access point then we can see the connection .connect all the devices t the accesspoints by
changing name and password. Similarly config allthe devices.

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2) To configure hub/switch and router.

Aim: To configure hub/switch and router

Description:
Steps to configure Hub:

• Select HUB, PCs (this pcs are select by seeing how may ports are there in hub).After arranging
connect each devices with the hub by using Ethernet straight through cables( from fastethernet0
to fastethernet0 ,1,2,..).then local area network will be established .

• So now assign IP address for all the individual PCs which is in the format(10.0.0.1).for the first
pc ip is given as 10.0.0.1 same as assign ip address to all the PCS present.

• select any one of the pc and run that in commandprompt and ping that pc(source) with other
pc(destination) to check the are they able to communicate or not .

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 • Change it to simulation mode.select packet and click on source and destination pcs then
firstypacket isreceived by the hub .this hub will broadcasting this data to all the ports
connected to it
.but only the destination pc will accept the packet because it is intended to that pc onlyother pcs
will reject that packet .

• For acknowledgement the reply to send again to the hub and sends the packet to all the
remainingportsexcept the destination port .

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Steps to configure Switch:
Step1:Switch contains two types of ports fast ethernet ports ,gigabit ethernet ports. Select SWITCH,
PCs
.After arranging connect each devices with the switch by using Ethernet straight through cables( from
fastethernet0 to fastethernet0 ,1,2,..).then local area network will be established.

Step2:Switch performs its operations based on its MAC address only instead of IP address. So now
assign IP address for all the individual PCs which is in the format(10.0.0.1).for the first pc ip is given as
10.0.0.1 same as assign ip address to all the PCS present.
Step3:select any one of the pc and run that in commandprompt and ping that pc(source) with other
pc(destination) to check the are they able to communicate or not .

Step4:Change it to simulation mode.select packet and click on source and destination pcs then firsty
packet isreceived by the switch .this switch will send the packet to destination packet only.
Step5:For acknowledgement the reply to send again to thes witch and sends the packet to the
source pc.no broadcasting takes place in switch.

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Steps to configure Router:

Step1:Router has two interfaces each of them are connected to separate LANS.Firsty we create two local
area networks by taking two switches and take 2 pcs for each LAN s . After arranging connect each devices
with the switch by using Ethernet straight through cables.

Step2:Switch performs its operations based on its MAC address only instead of IP address. So now assign
IP address for all the individual PCs which is in the format(10.0.0.1).for the first pc ip is given as
10.0.0.1 same as assign Ip address to all the PCS present.in both LANs

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Step3:Assign Ip addresss for other LAN pc’s in the formate and configure them.

Step4:select any one of the pc and run that in commandprompt and ping that pc(source) with other
pc(destination) to check the are they able to communicate or not .select 2911 router and connect two
interfacesfor each LANs by ethernet straight through cable
Step5:Now change it to simulation mode and select one packet.
Step6:The packet first moves to the router and then to the destination port.

Step7: For acknowledgement the reply to send again to the router and sends the packet to all the remaining
ports except the destination port.

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 WEEK-7
1) Configuring Network Neighborhood.
Aim: Configuring Network Neighborhood
Description: It allows you to easily share and access resources, such as files and printers, across
multiplecomputers. Here are the steps to configure Network Neighborhood on Windows 11:
Ensure Network Type:
Make sure that all the computers in your lab are on the same network and have the same network profile
(e.g., Private network). This will allow devices to discover and communicate with each other.
Enable Network Discovery:
Press Win + I to open the Settings app. Click on "Network & Internet."
Under the "Advanced network settings" section, click on "Sharing options." In the "Network discovery"
section, select "Turn on network discovery."
You might be prompted to provide administrative credentials to make these changes.
Share Folders or Drives:
To share a folder or drive with other computers on the network, right-click on the folder or drive you
want toshare and select "Properties."
Go to the "Sharing" tab.Click "Share" and select who you want to share it with. You can add specific users
or share it witheveryone onthe network.
Configure Network Neighborhood:
Open File Explorer (Win + E) and navigate to "This PC."
On the left sidebar, you should see a section for "Network." Click on it to see the computers and
sharedresources available on your network.
Access Shared Resources:
Double-click on a computer to see the shared folders and printers. You might be prompted to enter the
username and password of a user on that computer who has permission to access the shared resources.
Advanced Sharing Settings:
To fine-tune your network sharing settings, you can go back to the "Network & Internet" settings in the
ControlPanel and click on "Advanced sharing settings." Here, you can configure settings like password-
protected sharing and public folder sharing.
Remember to configure firewalls and security settings appropriately to ensure that your network is secure.
You may also need to create user accounts and assign appropriate permissions to access shared resources
on each computer.

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2) Configure a network topology using packet tracing software.

Aim: Configure a network topology using packet tracing software

Description:
Bus topology: Bus topology is a network in which nodes are directly linked with a Common half duplex
Link. A host is called a station. every station will accept all network packets.
Implementation:
step1: select switches and pc and connect them in Bus formate using cables Now assign IP address of
range (192.168.0.0) for all pc's. also verify the connection in command prompt.
Step2: Now after connections send one Packet From one Pc to other Pc then communication will be
successfull.

Ring topology: It is a networktopology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes.
Implementation:
Step 1: select some switches and Pc and connect them in the form of ring and verify in
command prompt.
Step 2: assign Ip's for all Pc's and change it to simulation mode. packets will reach successfully.

Star topology: It is a topology for a LAN inwhich all nodes are individually connected toa central connection

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point Like Switch or hub.
Implementation:
Step 1: select some Pc's and connect all of them to the switch.
Step2: assign IP address to all and check the connections. then change that to simulation mode.

Mesh topology: In mess topology the infrastructure nodes connect directly, dynamically and hierarchically
toas many other nodes as possible and Cooperate with one another to efficiently route data to and from
clients.
Implementation:
Step 1: select some pc's and switches and connect them using cable Every switch should connect for
remainingswitches.
Step2: assign IP address of all pc's and simulate them.

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Hybrid topology: connection of two or more topologies.
Implementation:
Step1: select two or more topologies and connect them using crossover Cable.
Step2: Send packet from one topology Pc to other topology Pc.

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 WEEK-8
1) Configure a network using Distance vector routing protocol using packet tracer
software.

Aim: To configure a network using Distance vector routing protocol using Packet tracer software.
Description: RIP (Routing Information Protocal) is an active routing protocol that operates hop count as
a routing metric to find the most suitable route b/w the source and destination.
Implementation:
Step1: Select the devices and assign IP addresses for all Pc's of range(192.168.0.0)
Step2: Then, create a network topology, use an automatic connecting cable to Connect the devices with
others.
Step 3: configure the PC's with IPV4 address and subnet mask according to the IP addressing, for all the
Pc's.
Step 4: Configure router with IP address and subnet mask for all the routers after configuring all of them
we need to assign the routers to the routers.
step5: Click on CLI and type commands (router rip) and then network <network id> for all the routers.
Step6: verify the network by pinging the IP address of any pc.
Step 7: Change it to simulation mode and perform simulation.

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2) Static and dynamic routing using packet tracer software.

Aim: Static and dynamic routing using Packet tracer software.

Description:
Static routing using Packet tracer software Implementation:
Step1: we will create four different network with different IP addresses range (192.168.1.0) and
Selectthem with router. Now take a different end devices for each of the 4 networks.
Step2: connect Pc's with switches using cable and also connect Routers because we cannot communicate
with different networks with different IP address. So we use Routers for communication of different
networks. Connect router using straight through cable.

step3: Now we need to connect the routers and you can see only two folder here one Port is here but there
we need two more different ports.
step4 : For increasing the number we need to go to physical turn off this switch. then on the left side go to
WIC-2T then take that and insert this box and turn on the switch.

step5:Now it is already you can see that there are two more serial port, here we can use this serial code to
connect the routers Repeat the same for all the routers.

step 6: As we can see that we cannot Connect Ethernet with serial port so we need to have serial ports in
other routers too. for connecting them.

Step 7: connect the two routers using Serial DTE cable (connect serial port o with serial port o and serial
port 1 with another router serial port o and same as connect all the routers and assign ip address for all the
pc's switches.

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Step 8: Now change it to simulation mode after assigning Default gateways and IP address for all the
devices. Here communication is successful between the Pc's with in the same network.

Step 9: Now if we want to send message from a different network to another different network. If we send

the packet It will not reach the router because we did not set the IP address we need to Configure router
first.
step 10: Configure all the routers with different class ranges. by adding IP address and subnet marks for all
the routers. then simulate they by sending packet.

Step 11:Similarly config all the routers with Other routers by selecting static on the left side and by adding
all the required network addresses for communication.
Step12: select one packet and pass it from one network PC to other network PC. It is successful
communication takes place successfully.

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Dynamic routing using packet tracer software:
Implementation:
Step1: we will create three different networks using routers connect the routers with end devices Like
Pc's
Step2 :Connect the routers through cables for communication and data packet transfer connect these
routers using straight through cable.

Step3: Add the IP address for the all the pcs of range(192.168.1.0)and remember it for further data transfer.
Step4: To increase serial ports of the router turn off the router and import the ports for extra connections
Step5: Go to the WIC- 2T. Take the port and insert into the black box given for the inserting the ports.

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Step6: Now we can see the required number of serials ports for connections.
Step7: for the configuration of the router. go to the config of each router and goto RIP routing, add all the
Network address of the devices connected to that specific routor and assign IP'c for all the PC's.

Step8: And also add the fast ethernet and serial port IP configuration to the respective router.

Step9: After assigning all the port numbers and IP addresses to all devices change it to the simulation
mode.
Step 10: Before changing to simulation mode config all the routers by adding network address in RIP
routing.

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Step 11: Now for the communication, assignmessage packes to any two pc's connected to two different
routers. then after the processing done the packet reaches successfull. some times it will fail for the first
time. repeat same till it reaches successfully.
Step 12: Now, again connect the first and Last routers through cable directly and add RIP routing address
to each router and resend the packets the status of Simulation will be in progress and then shows successfull
.

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 WEEK-09
1)DHCP, DNS, HTTP configuration using packet tracer software.
Aim: DHCP, DNS, HTTP Configuration using Packet tracer software.

Description:
Implementation of DHCP configuration using Packet tracer software:
To Enable DHCP service on a Generic server
Step1: Make a network topology by selecting PTSwitch, PTrouter (Default gate way), and end devices
(Pcs)and also select one generic Server connect them with the copper the straight through wire.

step2: Now select the router and goto config then click on the fast ethernet 0/0 interface. Now click on port
status on and assign IP address Select Server and assign IP address to the server and make sure that itis in
staticmode also fill the default gateway that is IP address of the router

step3:Now goto services block and select.DHCP then turn on the service and change the default gateway
that isIp address of router. then save the changes.

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Step 4: select PC0, PC1, and assign, the IP address for both of them and make sure that DHCP service is
in onstate or not the By default we can see that IP addresses are assigned for both the Pc's in the network.

Implementation of DNS configuration using packet tracer saftware:

Step1: Create a network topology by selecting one pc and switch, server connect 3 of them with
CopperStraight through wire.
Step2: Assign an IP address to the server. and also assign the DNS Server address as Same as IP address.

Step3: Now go to services and select HTTP services and select index.html file an Now change the code
inindex.html and save it. Now select DNS server and Enable it by giving name and IPaddress Of server
then save it.
Step4: Select the Pc and assign IP address to the PC and also assign the IP address of DNS Server.

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Step5: Now select the web browser in destop and enter the URL of the website we created or enter
the IPaddress we can see the Output.

Implementation of HTTP configuration using packet tracer software:

Step1: Create a network topology by selecting Pc, switch and two server (webserver, DNA server). and
connectthem with copper Straight through.wire (By selecting Port in each).

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Step2: Assign IP addresses for both theservers and then go to services option and select HTTP service
and writesome code in index.html file and save it.

Step3: Now select DNS service and activate on option and give some name to the file and save it then
open
the web browser and place the url there either IP address of the server (or) name of the file the we can
see theoutput.

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step 4: Now If we change the name of file but entering the previously. Save name in the URL then we
cannotSee the output correctly we should enter the correct name or IP address.

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 WEEK-10
1)Configure a Network with virtual LANS.

Aim: To configure a network with virtual Lans

Description:
VLAN: A vlans to a group of devices on one or more LANS that are configured to communicate as if
they were attached to the Same wire, when in fact they are Located
on a number of different LAN segments.
Steps:
Step1: select switches of different networks and connect some pc's for each switches by using copper
straight through cable. and also connect switches using copper Cross over cable and assign IP address for
all Pc's range(192.168.10.0)

Step2: If we select one packet and send from one pc to other then it reaches the destination successfull.
before Creating VLAN. eventhrough Pc connected to different switches.

Step3: If we create some vlans then wecan only the Pc under the same vlans will be able to send the with
each other and all the other data will be different. By this we can Protect data.

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Step4 : Now for creating VLANs select one switch and go to CLI and enter the Commands. enable after
enabling It then we can see the hash sign so now we can actually configure our switch and name all the
vlans after naming given command as show VLAN the we can bee configuration.

Step5: configure first ethernet (int fa 0/1) Port and write switchport mode access (sw) and give the 016 port
under VLAN 10.If we send packet from one Pc to other Pc under same VLAN message bill pass
successfully. Similarly create all VLANS. In all switches If they are of different VLANS we cannot send
message. it will fail.

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Step6: Now we need to write command for the cables which are used for Connecting switches (sw mode
trunk) and then sw nonegotiate. for all the lines (cables).
Step7 : Now send, packets from one pc to other pc which are belongs to different Switch but under same
VLAN.

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