ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
College Engineering

Department of electrical and computer engineering

Electrical Machine I

Lab Reports I-IV

Sec: A

Group Members​ ID
1. Anwar Abdela……………………ETS0207/14
2. Arsema Elias……………………. ETS0218/14
3. Aryam Ezra …………………….. ETS0220/14
4.Aschalew Girma…………………ETS0221/14​
5. Awel Yasin……………………….ETS0227/14​
6. Ayana Samuel…………………...ETS0230/14​
7. Ayantu Dejene…………………...ETS0231/14​
8. Birhanu Matebe…………………..ETS0364/14

Submitted to: Dr.Mengistu

Submission Date: May, 29 2024

Table of Contents

Laboratory Number - I:- Operating Of Single Phase Transformer and Measuring its Parameters. 1
Laboratory Number - II:- Single Phase Transformer Testing.......................................................... 7
Open circuit test......................................................................................................................... 7
Short circuit test....................................................................................................................... 10
Laboratory Number - III:- Single Phase Transformer on the load test.......................................... 13
1. Transformer on resistive load............................................................................................................ 14
2. Transformer on capacitive load............................................................................................15
3. Transformer on Inductive Load........................................................................................... 16
Laboratory Number - IV:- Three-Phase Transformer Testing....................................................... 19
NO-LOAD TEST OF A THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER.............................................................. 19
SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST OF A THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER.................................................. 24
Laboratory Number - I:- Operating Of Single Phase
Transformer and Measuring its Parameters

Materials Required for the Lab:​

➢ Variable AC source (DL10100TABE)

➢ Connectors
➢ Two Digital Multimeters
➢ Single phase transformer (DL10103ET)

Objectives:
➢ To understand how single-phase transformers operating and measure its parameters
➢ To determine the transformer turns ratio

Technical specification:
The DL10103ET single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab. It is a step-down
transformer having the following technical features.
✓ Rated power: 50VA
✓ Rated frequency: 50Hz
✓ Primary: 48V/1.1A with center taps 42V/1.1A,24V/1.1A
✓ Secondary: 12V/2.2A
✓ Tertiary: 12V/2.2V
✓ Number of turns:N1=170 or 73, N2=N3=51

Procedure:
1. Rated Quantities
From the transformer nameplate, rated values of S1, V1, and V2 were noted and used to
calculate the rated maximum currents for the ammeters on the primary and secondary sides so as
to not exceed these values.
2. Resistance Measurements
Using an ohmmeter, measure the resistance of the transformer primary (R1), secondary (R2) and
tertiary (R3) Windings.
R1 = 1.5 Ω
R2 = 0.5 Ω
R3 = 0.5 Ω

1
3. Turns ratio
The turn’s ratio of a transformer is equal to the ratio of primary and secondary voltages at no
load
𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝𝑜
𝑎 = 𝑁𝑠
= 𝑉𝑠𝑜

Where: Vpo = Primary voltage

Vso = Secondary voltage

Result:
No N1 N2 N3 N1/N2 N1/N3 Vpo Vso1 Vso2 a=Vpo/Vso1 a=Vpo/Vso2

1 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 5 1.6 1.6 3.125 3.125

2 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 10 3.1 3.1 3.22 3.22

3 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 15 4.6 4.6 3.26 3.26

4 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 20 6.1 6.1 3.27 3.27

5 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 25 7.6 7.6 3.28 3.28

●​ The supply was connected to terminals 1.3(B) and 1.4(C) of the primary terminals of
the transformer and the input was adjusted between 0 - 14V. The terminals 2.2(3) and
3.1(4) were also connected as shown in figure 2 and the output voltage had to be
measured across terminals 2.1(1) and 3.2(2) using AC Voltmeter.
●​ The values were recorded in table 2 given below:

2
Result:

No N1 N2+N3 N1/N2+N3 Vpo Vso a=Vpo/Vso

1 73 178 0.41 10 25.2 0.39

2 73 178 0.41 11 27.5 0.4

3 73 178 0.41 12 29.9 0.4

4 73 178 0.41 13 32.5 0.4

5 73 178 0.41 14 34.9 0.4

Discussion:
Compare the calculated and measured values for the turns ratio. What do you understand
from this lab? And what kind of transformer is it?
Comparison of Calculated and Measured Turns Ratio:
After conducting the turns ratio test, the calculated turns ratio and the measured values are
close together, which indicates that the transformer is operating within the expected
range and its windings are properly designed.
Understanding from the Lab:
By comparing the calculated and measured turns ratio, the measured turns ratio is higher
than the calculated turns ratio, it suggests a voltage rise or a fault in the secondary
winding. These differences can help diagnose problems and determine the overall
health of the transformer.
●​ Based on these specifications, the DL10103ET transformer is a step-up transformer

3
4. Current Transformation Ratio
The turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the ratio of primary and secondary current values at
no load
𝐼𝑝(𝑡) 1
𝐼𝑠(𝑡)
= 𝑎

Where: Ip(t) -Primary current = I1

​ Is1(t) - Secondary current = I2
​ Is2(t) -Tertiary current = I3
To determine the turns ratio, the circuit was connected as shown in figure 3. The transformer
was supplied with a variable voltage and both primary and secondary currents were measured
and recorded.

➢ Starting from Vpo=0---10V turn the variac knob was slowly increased the input voltage
in the step of 2V and was recorded Ip, Is1 (t), and Is2(t) then we were able to determine the
turns ratio in the given table

4
Result:
No N1 N2 N3 N1/N2 N1/N3 Vpo Ip Is1=I2 Is2=I3 1/a=Ip/Is1 1/a=Ip/Is2

1 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 2 0.37 1.26 1.26 0.238 0.238

2 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 4 0.72 2.42 2.42 0.297 0.297

3 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 6 1.07 3.67 3.67 0.291 0.291

4 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 8 1.41 4.73 4.73 0.239 0.239

5 170 51 51 3.33 3.33 10 1.76 5.86 5.86 0.3 0.3

➢ The supply was connected to terminals 1.3(B) and 1.4(C) of the primary terminals of
the transformer and the input was adjusted 0—10V. The terminal 2.2(3) and 3.1(4) was
also connected as shown in figure 4 so the output voltage has to be measured across
terminals 2.1(1) and 3.2(2) using AC Voltmeter. The values were recorded in the table
below

5
Result:

No N1 N2+N3 N1/N2+N3 Vpo Ip Is 1/a=Ip/Is

1 73 178 0.41 2 2.32 0.95 2.44

2 73 178 0.41 4 4.66 1.90 2.45

3 73 178 0.41 6 6.63 2.71 2.446

4 73 178 0.41 8 8.17 3.31 2.468

5 73 178 0.41 10 8.43 3.43 2.457

Discussion:
➢ Compare the calculated and the measured values for the turns ratio or transformer ratio.
What do you understand from this lab? What kind of transformer is it in terms of
number of phases, cooling and design or construction?
In a step-up transformer, the primary coil has fewer turns than the secondary coil. When
an alternating current (AC) passes through the primary coil, it generates a changing
magnetic field in the core of the transformer. This changing magnetic field induces a
voltage in the secondary coil according to the turn’s ratio of the transformer.

According to the principle of energy conservation, in an ideal transformer with no losses,

the power in the primary side equals the power in the secondary side. Power is the
product of voltage and current (P = V x I). Therefore, if the voltage increases in the
secondary coil due to the step-up transformation, the current must decrease in order to
maintain the power balance which can be understood from the table above.

Number of phases: Single-phase

Cooling: Likely natural (air) cooling, as no specific cooling method is mentioned
Design or construction: Distribution transformer.

6
Laboratory Number - II:- Single Phase Transformer Testing

Materials Required for the Lab

➢ Variable AC source (DL10100TABE)

➢ Connectors
➢ Two Digital Multimeters
➢ Wattmeter.
➢ Single phase transformer (DL10103ET)

Objectives

➢ To perform the no-load (open) and short circuit tests.

➢ To calculate the transformer’s equivalent circuit.

Technical specification

The DL10103ET single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab.

✓ Rated power: 50VA/100VA/1000VA

✓ Rated frequency: 50Hz
✓ Primary: 48V/1.1A with center taps 42V/1.1A,24V/1.1A
✓ Secondary: 12V/2.2A
✓ Tertiary: 12V/2.2V
✓ Number of turns:N1=170 or 73, N2=N3=51

Open circuit test

Procedure
1. Rated Quantities

From the transformer nameplate, the rated values were noted of apparent power(S1), Primary
voltage (V1), and Secondary voltage(V2). The rated maximum currents were calculated for the
ammeters on the primary and secondary sides that do not exceed these values.

7
2. Measurement of primary resistance

A DC ohmmeter was connected across the primary terminals and the primary resistance (Rp)
was recorded.

3. Purpose of test

The purpose of the no-load of the transformer is to determine the iron losses due to hysteresis,
eddy currents and magnetization currents. The transformer's secondary winding should be
open-circuited and the Primary winding should be connected to a full-rated line voltage (figure
1).

4. No load current as a percentage of the rated current.

The primary current on no load is usually less than 5% of the full load. So copper loss is
very small than the primary loss (Io2R) or full load and therefore can be neglected. Hence the
wattmeter readings give the core loss Po of the transformer.

5. Electric diagram of open circuit tests

6. When the above circuit has been realized, the DL10100TABE module is switched on and the
transformer was supplied with different voltage values. Then input voltage (Uoc), input current
(Ioc), and input power (Poc) to the transformer were measured.

8
Result:
7. Measurement table
No Uoc(V) Ioc(A) Poc(W) Cos(Фo)

1 5 0.01 0 0

2 10 0.02 0.299 1.495

3 15 0.03 0.458 1.02

4 20 0.04 0.687 0.86

5 25 0.06 0.993 0.662

Discussion:
What do you understand from open circuit testing?

Core Loss Measurement: The open-circuit test helps in determining the core losses (iron losses)
of the transformer, which include hysteresis and eddy current losses. These losses occur in the
core due to the alternating magnetic field, even when there is no load connected.

Efficiency Calculation: By knowing the core losses, it's possible to calculate the transformer's
efficiency at various load levels. Efficiency is crucial for determining the overall performance
and economic viability of the transformer.

Voltage Regulation Analysis: The open-circuit test helps in evaluating the transformer's voltage
regulation characteristics. Voltage regulation refers to the ability of the transformer to maintain
the secondary voltage within specified limits under varying load conditions. The core losses
determined from this test contribute to the voltage regulation calculations.

Exciting Current Measurement: Exciting current, which flows through the primary winding
due to the magnetizing component of the transformer's current, is also measured during the
open-circuit test. This information is important for understanding the magnetizing characteristics
of the transformer.

9
Short circuit test

Procedure
1. Rated Quantities
From the transformer nameplate, rated values were noted of apparent power(S1), Primary
voltage (V1), and Secondary voltage(V2). The rated maximum currents were calculated for the
ammeters on the primary and secondary sides that do not exceed these values.

2. Purpose of the test

The short circuit test of the transformer consists of determining the copper loss, besides inferring
the elements required for the evaluation of the voltage variation. The transformer’s secondary is
closed in a short circuit (Figure 3) and the Primary winding is connected to a fairly low-voltage
source. So that the input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short-circuited windings is
equal to its rated value.

3. Excitation current

Excitation current is negligible since the input voltage is very low. Thus, the voltage drop in the
excitation branch can be ignored. All the voltage drops can be attributed to the series elements in
the circuit.

4. Electric diagram of Short-circuit tests

10
5. When the above circuit has been realized, the DL10100TABE module is switched on and the
transformer is supplied with decreasing current values, starting from a value slightly greater than
the rated current.

N.B:-At the same time, the instrument readings were noted with a speed enough not to
significantly heat the windings.

6. Input voltage or the primary voltage (Vsc), input current or the primary current (Isc), and input
power (Psc) to the transformer were measured.

Result:

Measurement table
No Isc(A) Vsc(V) Psc(W) CosФ

1 2.15 6.8 13.45 0.92

2 2 6.4 11.77 0.92

3 1.75 5.6 9.096 0.92

4 1.5 4.8 6.650 0.92

5 1.25 4.0 4.662 0.92

6 1 3.3 3.057 0.92

7 0.75 2.4 1.758 0.92

Discussion:
What do you understand from short circuit testing?

Equivalent Series Impedance (Zeq): Short-circuit testing helps in determining the equivalent
series impedance of the transformer. This impedance consists of both the resistance and
reactance of the transformer's windings and other components. The equivalent series impedance
is crucial for analyzing the transformer's performance, fault calculations, and designing
protection systems.

11
Copper Losses Measurement: During short-circuit testing, the current flowing through the
short-circuited secondary winding causes copper losses in the transformer's windings. By
measuring these losses, it's possible to assess the transformer's efficiency and the amount of
power dissipated as heat under short-circuit conditions.

Voltage Regulation Analysis: Short-circuit testing provides valuable information about the
transformer's voltage regulation characteristics under short-circuit conditions. Voltage regulation
refers to the ability of the transformer to maintain the secondary voltage within specified limits
when subjected to varying loads. Understanding the voltage regulation during short-circuit
conditions helps in designing systems to maintain voltage stability during faults.

12
Laboratory Number - III:- Single Phase Transformer on the
load test

Materials Required for the Lab

➢ Variable AC source (DL10100TABE)

➢ Connectors
➢ Two Digital Multimeters
➢ AC Wattmeter.
➢ Single phase transformer (DL10103ET)

Objectives
➢ To perform the on-load transformer circuit tests.
➢ To observe the effect of resistive, capacitive, and inductive load on power factor, current,
power, and voltage.

➢ To calculate the percentage of voltage regulation and efficiency of single-phase

transformer.

Technical specification
The DL10103ET single-phase transformer will be investigated in this lab.

✓ Rated power: 50VA/100VA/1000VA

✓ Rated frequency: 50Hz

✓ Primary: 48V/1.1A with center taps 42V/1.1A,24V/1.1A

✓ Secondary: 12V/2.2A

✓ Tertiary: 12V/2.2V

✓ Number of turns: N1=170 or 73, N2=N3=51

13
Procedure
1.​ Transformer on resistive load
1. Rated Quantities

From the transformer nameplate, note the rated values of apparent power(S1), Primary voltage
(V1), and Secondary voltage(V2). The rated maximum currents were calculated for the ammeters
on the primary and secondary sides do not exceed these values.

2. The apparatus was connected as shown in Figure 1. The rated input voltage was applied to the
primary winding and input voltage, current, and power and output voltage, current, and power
were measured.

3. The switch was connected at point A and tthe required values were recorded in the table 1
below.

4. Electric diagram of transformer on resistive load

Figure-1 Transformer on resistive load

5. Supply voltage: AC, 0-48V,5A Ammeters for ac measurement 1-5A range for I1 and I2
Voltmeters for ac measurement 50V range for U1 and U2 Wattmeter 1-10A/50V range U2-I2
function Load Resistance(R), Capacitance(C) and inductance (L).

6. Set the input voltage V1=42V, The data in the table 1 was completed
7. The parameters of the power factor were determined using the formula given in
the theoretical part.

14
 𝑉𝑠(𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) − 𝑉𝑠(𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑉𝑅(%) = 𝑉𝑠(𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
𝑥 100%

8. Draw resistance versus power factor characteristics curve.

Table-1 Measured values for a transformers on resistive load
No Load V1(V) I1(A) P1(w) Cos(Ф1) V2(V) I2(A) P2(W) Cos(Ф2) V VR(%) η (%)

1 R1 42 1.21 55.4 1.090 35 1.35 46.8 0.995 20 84.47

2 R2 42 2.16 91.1 1.004 31.1 2.31 71.5 0.993 35.05 78.48

3 R3 42 2.86 119 0.990 27.9 3.08 85.3 0.992 50.5 71.68

4 R4 42 0.13 3.25 0.595 40.5 0 0 0 3.7 0

5 R5 42 0.12 3.25 0.644 40.5 0 0 0 3.7 0

6 R6 42 0.12 3.25 0.644 40.4 0 0 0 3.96 0

2. Transformer on capacitive load

2.1 Procedures 2-8 were repeated for the circuit given in Figure 2 below by connecting
a capacitive load by placing the switch at position B and the values were recorded in
Table 2.

Table-2 Measured values for a transformer on capacitive load.

15
No Load V1(V) I1(A) P1(w) Cos(Ф1) V2(V) I2(A) P2(W) Cos(Ф2) VR(%) η(%)

1 C1 42 0.9 7.47 0.197 40.1 1.15 3.28 0.071 4.738 44.26

2 C2 42 1.9 20.1 0.251 39.7 2.23 6.48 0.073 5.79 32.2

3 C3 42 3.73 64.8 0.413 38 4.26 9.84 0.061 10.52 15.18

4 C4 42 5.14 118.4 0.548 34.9 5.69 12.51 0.062 20.34 10.56

3. Transformer on Inductive Load

3.1. Procedures 2-8 were repeated for the circuit given in Figure 3 below by connecting
an inductive load by placing the switch at position C and the values were recorded in
Table 3.

Figure 3. Transformer on inductive load.

Table-3 Measured values for a transformer on inductive load.
No Load V1(V) I1(A) P1(w) Cos(Ф1) V2(V) I2(A) P2(W) Cos(Ф VR(%) η (%)

1 L1 42 0.93 11.7 0.299 39.2 0.9 3.35 0.094 7.14 28.63

2 L2 42 1.81 24.3 0.139 37.9 1.85 6.1 0.086 10.82 25.10

3 L3 42 3.26 61.2 0.446 34.5 3.48 12.51 0.104 27.74 20.44

4 L4 42 4.39 104.8 0.568 30.5 4.74 16.98 0.117 37.7 16.20

16
 ➢ What do you understand from this laboratory session?
Table 1 (Resistive Loads)

Load Characteristics:
●​ Resistive loads (R1 to R6) have a power factor (Cos(Φ1)) close to 1, indicating that the
current is in phase with the voltage, typical of purely resistive loads.
●​ Voltage and current (V1, I1) increase with the load.
●​ Power (P1) and apparent power (V1 * I1) also increase with the load.
●​ There's no apparent power (P2) or current (I2) on the secondary side since these are
resistive loads.

Voltage Regulation (VR%):

●​ Voltage regulation decreases as the load increases, which is expected since the voltage
drop across the internal impedance of the transformer becomes relatively smaller with
higher loads.

Efficiency (η%):
●​ Efficiency decreases with increasing load, which is common due to factors like winding
resistance losses and core losses becoming more significant at higher loads.

Table 2 (Capacitive Loads):

Load Characteristics:
●​ Capacitive loads (C1 to C4) have a power factor (Cos(Φ1)) less than 1, indicating a
lagging current compared to voltage, typical of capacitive loads.
●​ Voltage (V1) remains relatively constant across different loads.
●​ Current (I1) and power (P1) increase with the load.
●​ Apparent power (V1 * I1) also increases with the load.
●​ Voltage (V2) and power (P2) increase with the load on the secondary side.

Voltage Regulation (VR%):

●​ Voltage regulation decreases as the load increases, similar to the resistive loads, but the
percentage change is smaller due to the capacitive nature of the loads.

Efficiency (η%):
●​ Efficiency decreases with increasing load, similar to resistive loads, due to losses in the
transformer.
Table 3 (Inductive Loads):

17
 Load Characteristics:
●​ Inductive loads (L1 to L4) have a power factor (Cos(Φ1)) less than 1, indicating a leading
current compared to voltage, typical of inductive loads.
●​ Voltage (V1) remains relatively constant across different loads.
●​ Current (I1) and power (P1) increase with the load.
●​ Apparent power (V1 * I1) also increases with the load.
●​ Voltage (V2) and power (P2) increase with the load on the secondary side.

Voltage Regulation (VR%):

●​ Voltage regulation decreases as the load increases, similar to resistive and capacitive
loads, but the percentage change might differ due to the inductive nature of the loads.

Efficiency (η%):
●​ Efficiency decreases with increasing load, similar to resistive and capacitive loads, due to
losses in the transformer.

Conclusion:
●​ The Voltage regulation decreases with increasing load for all load types.
●​ Efficiency decreases with increasing load for all load types due to losses in the
transformer.

18
Laboratory Number - IV:- Three-Phase Transformer Testing

Materials Required for the Lab

➢ Three Phase Variable AC source

➢ Connectors

➢ Digital Multimeters

➢ Three phase wattmeters.

➢ Three phase transformer(MOD.3195)

Objectives
➢ To perform the no-load (open) and short circuit tests.

➢ To calculate the transformer’s equivalent circuit parameters.

NO-LOAD TEST OF A THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Theory:- The three-phase transformers no load test is analogous as the single-phase

transformers. The test target is then to determine both the derived equivalent parameters
and the machine iron loss. The transformer is supplied by a three-phase voltage variator.
As it is a symmetric three-phase voltage, the connection of a voltmeter between two wires
is enough to measure the line voltage. In order to work with more precision, three
voltmeters are connected to the three phases; the middle value of the three readings is
considered valid.
The three-phase transformer is one case of unbalanced load because of the three different
magnetic circuits. Therefore three ammeters must be employed, each one on each phase
(Fig.1). If the three ammeters are not available, one commutable ammeter can be
connected to the three phases in order to establish the no-load power and power factor.

19
Procedure
1. Rated Quantities

From the three-phase transformer nameplate, note the rated values of apparent power(S1),
Primary voltage (V1), and Secondary voltage(V2). The rated maximum currents were
calculated for the ammeters on the primary and secondary sides do not exceed these
values.

2. Measurement of primary resistance

A DC ohmmeter was connected across the primary terminals and the primary resistance
(Rp) was recorded.
3. Purpose of the test

The purpose of the no-load of the transformer is to determine the iron losses due to
hysteresis, eddy currents, and magnetization currents. The transformer's secondary
winding should be open-circuited and the Primary winding should be connected to a
full-rated line voltage (figure 1).

4. No load current as a percentage of the rated current.

The primary current on no load is usually less than 5% of the full load. So copper loss
is much smaller than the primary loss (3Io2R) or full load and therefore can be
neglected. Hence the wattmeter readings give the core loss Po of the transformer.

5. Electric diagram of open circuit tests

Figure 1. Connection for three phase transformer open circuit tests

20
 When the above circuit has been realized, the variable three phase module is switched on
and the transformer is supplied with different voltage values. Then input voltage (Uoc),
input current (Ioc), and input power (Poc) to the transformer are measured
Measurement table

Ioc(A) Ioc(A) Ioc(A) Ioc=

I’+I’’+I’
for for for Zo Xo=
’’
Uoc(V each each each √3 Poc Poc (Po) =WA Cos(Ф =V/√3 Ro=Zo/ Zo/sinФ
No ) line line line (Wa) (Wb) +WB o) (Фo) *Ioc cosФoc oc
0.052 11.132 0.618 2220.57 3593.16
1 200 0.04 0.02 0.03 4.25 6.882 51.83 8 8 2824.514
0.069 15.506 0.519 2091.84 4030.53
2 250 0.05 0.03 0.04 6.42 9.086 58.735 9 8 2447.248
0.087 21.58 0.477 1990.86 4173.71
3 300 0.06 0.04 0.05 8.59 12.99 61.51 3 7 2265.175
0.115 28.32 0.406 1757.15 4327.96
4 350 0.08 0.05 0.07 9.48 18.84 66.046 3 3 1922.757
0.139 33.07 0.361 1578.36 4372.21
5 380 0.09 0.07 0.08 8.89 24.18 68.838 8 1 1692.505

21
22
 Discussion
What do you understand from open circuit testing of single-phase and three-phase
transformers?

Open Circuit Voltage (Uoc): This is the voltage measured across the secondary winding of
the transformer when there is no load connected to the primary winding. It represents the
voltage that the transformer would produce under no-load conditions.

Open Circuit Current (𝐼oc): This is the current that flows through the secondary winding
when the primary winding is left open (no load connected). It indicates the magnetizing
current and any core losses in the transformer.

Power Factor (cos Φo): This is the ratio of the active power (real power) to the apparent
power in the secondary winding when the primary winding is open. It provides
information about the phase relationship between the voltage and current in the
transformer.

By conducting open circuit testing, we can obtain valuable information about the
performance and characteristics of the transformer under no-load conditions. This
information is crucial for designing, analyzing, and evaluating the efficiency and operating
parameters of the transformer. Additionally, open circuit testing helps in determining
parameters such as magnetizing current, core losses, power factor, impedance,
equivalent resistance, and reactance which are essential for transformer design and
operation.

23
SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST OF A THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
The short-circuit three-phase transformers test is carried out like the short-circuit
Single-phase transformers test. One of the two terminals must be connected in short
circuits and on the other side the transformer must be supplied with a reduced voltage in
order to make the nominal current flow in the windings. For the short-circuit voltage
measure, because the supply is symmetry, only one voltmeter connected between two
phases is enough (Fig. 2). Three voltmeters can be used too, to measure the three line
voltages or only one instrument commutable on the three phases. The current measure is
executed by connecting an ammeter on one of the three wires. This indication is enough
because a short-circuit three-phase transformer is a balanced load created by the equal
windings of each phase. It’s also possible to connect three equal ammeters one on each
phase and then execute the three indications average, but this isn’t necessary.
The transformer absorbed power is indicated by two power meters is (Psc) = WA+WB
The obtained value is the loss in the copper, which is the same as the absorbed power (
Pcu =Psc) The star equivalent parameters can be calculated as follows:
Zsc=Vsc/√3*I, Rsc=Pcu/3I2and Xsc=√Zsc2-Rsc2
Procedure
1. Rated Quantities

From the three-phase transformer nameplate, note the rated values of apparent power(S1),
Primary voltage (V1), and Secondary voltage(V2). The rated maximum currents were
calculated for the ammeters on the primary and secondary sides do not exceed these
values.

2. Purpose of the test

The short circuit test of the transformer consists of determining the copper loss, besides
inferring the elements required for the evaluation of the voltage variation. The
transformer’s secondary is closed in a short circuit (Figure 2) and the Primary winding is
connected to a fairly low-voltage source. So that the input voltage is adjusted until the
current in the short-circuited windings is equal to its rated value.

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Excitation current

The excitation current is negligible, since the input voltage is very low. Thus, the voltage
drop in the excitation branch can be ignored. The entire voltage drop can be attributed to
the series elements in the circuit.
Electric diagram of Short-circuit tests

Fig.2 - Short-circuit test of a three-phase transformer

5. When the above circuit has been realized, the variable AC three-phase module is
switched on and the transformer is supplied with decreasing current values, starting from a
value slightly greater than the rated current.

N.B:-At the same time, the instrument readings are noted with a speed enough not to
significantly heat the windings.

Input voltage or the primary voltage (Vsc), input current or the primary current (Isc), and
input power (Psc) to the transformer were measured.

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Result:

Measurement table

PSc =
Isc(A) for Psc(WA Psc(WB WA + Zsc=Vsc/ Rsc=P Xsc=√Zsc
No each line Vsc(V) ) ) CosФ WB √3*I cu/3I2 2
-Rsc2
1 2.15 24.7 34.6 51.2 1.6 85.8 6.633 6.187 9.07
2 2 23.1 30.1 44.3 1.6 74.4 6.668 6.2 9.11
3 1.75 20.6 22.9 35.1 1.6 58 6.796 6.313 9.28
4 1.5 17.9 17.11 26.8 1.6 43.91 6.89 6.505 9.48
5 1.25 14.6 11.35 17.49 1.6 28.84 6.743 6.153 9.13
6 1 12.5 7.24 12.69 1.6 19.93 7.217 6.643 9.81
7 0.75 9.6 3.96 7.5 1.6 11.46 7.39 6.791 10.04

Discussion
What do you understand from short circuit testing?

In a three-phase transformer short-circuit test, we stress the transformer with a near-zero

resistance at its output to measure its internal strength. This helps us understand how well
it can handle surges in current and maintain voltage stability during faults. It's like a gym
test for transformers!

Short Circuit Current (𝐼sc): This is the current flowing through the transformer's secondary
winding when the primary winding is short-circuited. It indicates the maximum current
that the transformer can deliver under short circuit conditions.

Short Circuit Voltage (𝑉sc): This is the voltage measured across the secondary winding of
the transformer when the primary winding is short-circuited. It provides information about
the voltage drop across the transformer under short circuit conditions.

Short Circuit Power (𝑃sc): This is the power dissipated in the transformer due to the short
circuit current. It consists of two components: Psc(𝑊𝐴) and 𝑃sc(𝑊𝐵) which likely
represent active (real) and reactive power, respectively.

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Power Factor (cosΦ): This is the ratio of the active power to the apparent power in the
transformer under short circuit conditions. It provides information about the phase
relationship between the voltage and current during short-circuit testing.

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