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    CHEMISTRY COAL AND PETROLEUM 2024-25 notes

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    CHEMISTRY COAL AND PETROLEUM 2024-25 notes

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    CHEMISTRY COAL AND PETROLEUM 2024-25 notes

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    aaishamohd.12

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    of 4

    CHEMISTRY NOTES

    CHAPTER: Coal and Petroleum

    Topic : COAL

    1. What are Fossil Fuels?


    Fossil fuels are formed from dead remains of plants and animals over a period
    of millions of years. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are examples of
    fossil fuels.

    2. Differentiate between exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources . Give two


    examples of each.

    Exhaustible natural resources Inexhaustible natural resources


    Resources whose supply is limited Resources which are present in
    They cannot be renewed once unlimited quantity in nature
    exhausted. Eg: Sunlight, air
    Fossil fuels ( Coal, Petroleum and
    natural gas)

    COAL
    ❖ Coal is a sedimentary rock that burns.
    ❖ It is black or brownish black in colour.
    ❖ Coal contains mainly carbon

    3. How is coal formed ?


    ❖ Over 300 to 400 million years ago Earth had dense forest and wetlands .
    ❖ Due to natural process like flood , earthquakes these trees died and their
    remains got buried in the swampy soil.
    ❖ Overtime these remains were covered by more and more layers of
    sediments .
    ❖ Due to rise in temperature and pressure and low oxygen conditions these
    buried plant material formed a dark brown material called peat.
    ❖ Gradually more and more sediments got deposited over peat and peat got
    compressed and formed lignite.
    ❖ Further compression led to the formation of bituminous coal.
    ❖ Even further compression led to the formation of anthracite.

    4. Define Carbonisation.
    The slow process of conversion of dead plants and trees into coal is called
    carbonisation.

    5. Write the name of various types of coal and give the percentage of carbon in each one of
    them?
    Based on carbon content coal is classified into 4 types
    • Peat – less than 55-65% carbon
    • Lignite – contains 65 to 75% carbon . It is lowest grade of coal. It is mainly used
    for power generation.
    • Bituminous – contains 75% to 90% carbon. It is used for manufacturing another
    fuel called coke.
    • Anthracite – contains 92-98 % carbon. It is mainly used for heating. It is the
    highest grade of coal . It is also known as smokeless coal.

    6. What is meant by destructive distillation of coal? Name the products


    obtained and their uses when coal is processed in industry.
    The process of heating coal in the absence of air is called the destructive distillation of
    coal. The various useful products obtained are coke, coal tar and coal gas.
    Coke : It is a solid fuel . It is used in the manufacture of steel and in the
    extraction of many metals.
    Coal tar : It is a thick black opaque fluid. It is used in anti-dandruff shampoos,
    ointments. Soaps , perfumes, paints etc
    Coal gas : It is a gaseous fuel. It is used for cooking and lighting purposes .

    Destructive distillation of coal


    THINK AND ANSWER:
    We know that coal is mainly made up of carbon. It is a non – metal which
    cannot conduct electricity. How is then coal the major source of power
    generation in India?
    TOPIC : PETROLEUM

    PETROLEUM
    Petroleum is a dark coloured viscous inflammable crude oil found deep below the
    ground in certain areas. Petroleum is a complex mixture of several hydrocarbons.

    7. How is petroleum formed?


    Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As the organisms died, their bodies settled at
    the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of sand and clay. Over millions of years, absence of
    air, high temperature and high pressure transformed the dead organisms into petroleum and natural
    gas.
    8. Why is petroleum referred to as black gold?
    Petroleum is known as Black Gold - because when crude oil is extracted from the land it
    is black in color. It is called gold because of its commercial value in the market.

    9. What is refining of petroleum? Draw labelled diagram of fractionating column.


    Ans : The process of separating crude into its components is called refining of
    petroleum.
    ( Draw fig )

    10. ? What are the various fractions obtained from refining of petroleum? Write one
    use for each.

    ➢ Petroleum gas - used as a domestic fuel in liquid form (LPG)


    ➢ Petrol – used in automobiles
    ➢ Kerosene – jet fuel , used in lamps
    ➢ Diesel – used in heavy motor vehicles
    ➢ Fuel oil – power stations and ships
    ➢ Lubricating oil- used for lubrication
    ➢ Paraffin wax- used in candles, petroleum jelly
    ➢ Asphalt / Bitumen– used for making roads

    11. Describe some air pollutants and their harmful effects.


    Carbon monoxide: Produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
    Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause head ache and dizziness and can even
    lead to coma and death.
    Carbon dioxide: Global warming
    Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen: These gases react with oxygen and nitrogen in
    the atmosphere and produce dilute solution of sulphuric acid and nitric acid and
    thereby causes acid rain.
    Soot particles: : Produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It can trigger
    asthma attacks and cause wheezing, coughing.
    12. We read in news papers that burning of fossil fuels is a major cause of global
    warming . Explain why?
    When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a
    greenhouse gas, into the air. It has the ability to trap heat. The excessive use of such fuels
    lead to increase in the level of CO2 in the atmosphere. Due to this, average temperature of
    the Earth increases. This increase in temperature is called global warming.
    13. What is PCRA?
    Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) ‘

    14. List any 2 ways by which you can conserve fossil fuels.

    15. Think and Answer :


    Look at the following figure where petroleum and natural gas deposits are shown.
    Why do we find oil layer above water layer?

    ---------------------------------------------------

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