1) Mention the steps involved in coal handling

2) Define Waste Heat Recovery

Waste Heat Recovery can be defined as ,”the process of collecting the heat created as an undesired byproduct of
a process or operation of an equipment or machinery, so that it can be used fulfill energy requirements of some
other processes.”

3) List any four points considered in site selection for nuclear power plant

1. Geological Stability
2. Proximity to Water Resources
3. Population Density and Land Use
4. Security and Access Control
5. Environmental Impact Assessment
6. Infrastructure and Transportation
7. Regulatory Compliance

4) Give any four advantages of Diesel Power Plant

1. Flexibility and Quick Start-Up

2. High Reliability and Durability
3. Fuel Availability and Versatility
4. Compact Design and Portability
5. High Efficiency at Partial Loads
6. Low Initial Cost
. Independence from Grid Infrastructure

5) Explain with labeled diagram, working of Benson Boiler

Feed pump sends the water into the economizer, in the economizer; the water is preheated using combustion
gases. Now the water from economizer which is already heated at a certain temperature passes to the radiant
superheater for further heating. In the radiant super heater, the water is heated using the radiant heat transfer
method by receiving heat from the combustion chamber. From here, it is further sent to the convection super
heater for converting it into steam. In the convective super heater, the remaining water or partial steam is fully
converted into vapor or steam and this superheated steam will go to the prime mover for the rotation of the
turbine.
 6) Compare Co-generation & Tri-generation (Any four points)

7) Explain with neat sketch working principal of electrostatic precipitator

Working:
The unclean flue gas flowing through the passage is supplied to two electrodes, oppositely
charged. The gases become ionized because of high applied voltage. As air is passed through this
ionized chamber both positive and negative ions are formed. The ionized air is made to pass
through the collecting unit consisting of metal plates spaced to 15 to 20 cm apart. The positive
plates are near the wall and negative electrodes at the Centre negative and move to a positive
electrode, while positive ions move to negative electrodes. The dust particles collected is clean by
shaking motion or light rammers driven by cams. The dust removed from plates is collected in
hoppers and dump in dumping sites

8) Give classification of Nuclear Reactor

Nuclear reactors can be classified based on various criteria, including their design, fuel cycle, coolant type, and
purpose. Here's a classification based on design and purpose:
1)Based on the basis of Neutron Energy
i)Fast reactors
ii)Slow or thermal reactors
iii)Intermediate reactors
2) Based on type fuel used
i) Natural Uranium fuel Reactor
ii) Enriched Uranium fuel reactor
3) Based on type of coolant used
i) Water cooled reactor
ii)Heavy water reactor
iii)Liquid metal cooled reactor
iv) Gas cooled reactor
4) Based on moderators used
i) Water
ii) Heavy water reactors
iii) Graphite reactors
iv) Beryllium reactors
5)Based on Type of fuel-moderator assembly
i) Homogenous reactors
ii) Heterogeneous reactors
6)Based on of type of construction of core
i) Cubical
ii) Cylindrical
iii)Spherical
iv) Octagonal

9) Mention the classification of power plant.

Power plant classified in the following manner-
1. On the basis of source of energy:
(i) Steam power plants of condensing and non-condensing type.
(ii) Hydroelectric power plants.
(iii) Nuclear power plants.(iv) Gas turbine power plants.
(v) Diesel power plants.(vi) Nuclear power plants.
(vii) Tidal power plants.(viii) Wind power plants.
2. On the basis of conventional or non-conventional sources:
(i) Conventional sources:
(a) Thermal power plants (Steam, Diesel, and Gas)
(b) Hydro power plant.
(c) Nuclear power plant.
(ii) Non-conventional sources:
(a) Tidal power plant.
(b) Wind power plant.
(c) Solar power plant.
(d) Geo-thermal power plant.
3. On the basis of nature of load:
(1) Peak load plant.
(ii) Base load plant.
(iii) Stand-by plant.
4. On the basis of location:
(i) Central power station (ii) Isolated Power station

10) Give advantages & disadvantages of nuclear power plant

Advantages:

1. Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2. High Energy Density
3. Reliable Base load Power
4. Long Operational Lifespan
5. Energy Security

Disadvantages:

1. Radioactive Waste
2. Risk of Accidents
3. High Initial Cost
4. Limited Fuel Supply
5. Nuclear Proliferation Risks

11) Explain the concept of water hammer effect.

The water hammer effect, also known as hydraulic shock or surge, is a phenomenon that occurs in fluid systems,
particularly in piping systems carrying liquid, such as water. It occurs when there is a sudden change in the flow
velocity of the fluid, causing a pressure surge or shock wave to propagate through the system.
Water hammer effect typically occurs:
Sudden Valve Closure: The water hammer effect often occurs when a valve in the piping system is closed
abruptly. This sudden closure causes the fluid flow to stop abruptly as well.
Energy Conversion: When the flow of fluid is suddenly stopped, the kinetic energy of the moving fluid is
converted into pressure energy. This rapid conversion leads to a sharp increase in pressure within the piping
system.
Pressure Wave Propagation: The increase in pressure generates a shock wave or pressure wave that travels
rapidly through the fluid in the piping system. This pressure wave travels back and forth along the length of the
pipe, reflecting off closed valves, bends, or changes in pipe diameter.
Effects: The water hammer effect can exert significant forces on the piping system, leading to potential damage
or failure. These effects include pipe vibration, noise, structural damage, and even rupture of pipes or fittings. In
extreme cases, the water hammer effect can cause catastrophic failure of the piping system.

12) The peak load on power station is 35 MW. The load having maximum demands of 15, 10, 5 and 7
MW are connected to power station. The capacity of power station is 40 MW. The annual load
factor is 50%. Find (i) Average Load (ii) Energy supplied (iii) Demand Factor (iv) Diversity
Factor

13) Explain maintenance procedure for different component of gas turbine power plant.

1. Gas Turbine: Scheduled Inspections: Regular visual inspections of turbine blades, combustion chamber, and
other critical components to detect signs of wear, erosion, or damage.
2. Compressor: Filter Replacement: Regular replacement of air intake filters to prevent debris from entering the
compressor and causing damage.
3. Combustion System:
Fuel System Inspection: Inspection of fuel supply lines, valves, and injectors for leaks, blockages, or wear.
Ignition System Check: Testing and maintenance of ignition system components to ensure reliable startup and
combustion stability.
Emissions Monitoring: Regular monitoring of emissions to ensure compliance with environmental regulations
and optimize combustion efficiency.
4. Cooling System Maintenance: Maintenance of cooling systems for the turbine, generator, and other
components to prevent overheating.
Control System Calibration: Calibration and testing of control systems to ensure accurate operation and
response.
Instrumentation and Monitoring: Regular calibration and maintenance of sensors, transmitters, and other
instrumentation to ensure accurate data measurement and monitoring.
5. Generator: Stator and Rotor Inspection: Periodic inspection of stator windings and rotor components for
insulation degradation, overheating, or mechanical damage.
Bearing Lubrication: Regular lubrication and inspection of generator bearings to prevent overheating and
bearing failure.
Electrical Testing: Routine electrical testing, including insulation resistance testing and merger testing, to
detect any potential issues with the generator windings.
6. Overall System:
Performance Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of key performance parameters such as power output,
efficiency, and emissions to identify trends and optimize operation.
Predictive Maintenance: Implementation of predictive maintenance techniques such as vibration analysis,
thermography, and oil analysis to detect potential issues before they lead to equipment failure.

14) Explain with sketch general arrangement of Nuclear power plant

15) Identify various elements in control system of steam power plant

Various elements in control system of steam power plant:
1. Process control System
2. Operational Monitoring System
3. Automatic Generation Control System
4. Load Frequency Control System
5. Power Plant maintenance
6. Plant Monitoring System

16) State any four limitation of diesel power plant.

1. High operating cost

2. High maintenance cost
3. Capacity is limited. Maximum up to 150 MW.
4. Noise is a serious problem.
5. They cannot supply overloads continuously, whereas thermal power plants can work under
25%
6. Diesel power plants are not economical, if fuel is to be imported. overload continuously.
7. Life of a diesel power plant (2 to 5 years) is very small as compared to thermal power plants
(25) to 30 years).

19) Elaborate world scenario of demand and supply of energy

World and National scenario of demand and supply of energy:

World energy consumption is the total energy produced and used by the entire human
civilization. Typically measured per year, it involves all energy harnessed from every energy
source applied towards humanity's endeavors across every single industrial and technological
sector, across every country. It does not include energy from food, and the extent to which
direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented. Being the power source
metric of civilization, world energy consumption has deep implications for humanity's socio-
economic-political sphere. World total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2018
Coal (27%)
Natural Gas (24%) Hydro (renewables) (7%)
Nuclear (4%)
Oil (34%)
Others (renewables) (4%)
Demand of energy in India During the fiscal year 2017-18, the utility energy availability was
1,205 billion KWh, a short fall relative to requirements of 8 billion KWh (-0.7%). Peak load
met was 160,752 MW, 3,314 MW (-2%) below requirements. In the 2018 Load Generation
Balance report, India's Central Electricity Authority anticipated energy surplus and peak
surplus to be 4.6% and 2.5%, respectively, for the 2018–19 fiscal year It stated that power
would be made available to the few states expected to face shortages from regions with a
surplus, through regional transmission links From calendar year 2015 onwards, power
generation in India has been less of a problem than power distribution. Supply India has
recorded rapid growth in electricity generation since 1985, increasing from 179 TWhr
in 1985 to 1,057 TW-hr in 2012.The majority of the increase came from coal-fired plants and
non-conventional renewable energy sources (RES), with the contribution from natural gas,
oil, and hydro plants decreasing in 2012-2017. The gross utility electricity generation
(excluding imports from Bhutan) was 1,372 billion kWh in 2018-19, representing 5.53%
annual growth compared to 2017-2018.The contribution from renewable energy sources was
nearly 17% of the total. In the year 2018-19, more than 50% is contributed by the renewable
energy sources to the total incremental electricity generation.
20.State the function of pressurizer in PWR and explain the characteristic features of a PWR

Function:-
• Before starting the reactor the water in pressurizer is boiled and converted into steam by
electric heating coil.
• In order to prevent the boiling of water in the core, it is kept under pressure of about 130 to
150 bar.
• The pressurizing tank (Pressurizer) included in the circuit maintains a constant pressure in the
circuit throughout the load range.
• To reduce the pressure, water spray is used to condense the steam.
Feature:-
• Water is used both as coolant and moderator which is cheap and easily available.
• Reactor is compact
• The desirable characteristic of modern PWD is requirement of small number of control rods.
• Fission products remain contained in the reactor.
• It has separate secondary circuit provides capability to optimize the turbine cycle for the
purpose of low heat supply.
• PWR allows to reduce the fuel cost.
21) Explain with neat sketch working of loeffler boiler . state its advatages

Working:-
• The high pressure feed pump draws water through the economizer and deliver it into the
evaporating drum.
• An evaporator drum is outside the boiler. In this feed water is evaporated by mixing superheated
steam coming from superheated.
• The stream circulating pump draws saturated stream from the evaporator drum.
• The steam passes through radiant and convective super-heaters where it is heated to required
temperature.
• Steam coming from super heater, about 1/3 of superheated steam is supplied to steam turbine
and the remaining 2/3 superheated steam is supplied to evaporator drum to evaporator the feed.
Advantage:-
• The evaporator tubes in this boiler carries superheated steam, therefore there is no salt
deposition on the surface of tubes
• Compact in design.
• Capacity to produce 100 tonnes/hour of steam at a temperature of 500 °C and at a pressure
of 140 Bar.
• Suitable for marine application.

22) Draw a neat line diagram of in plant coal handling and indicate the components used at
different stages.
23) Following are the two types of FBC boiler
1) Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion (BFBC)
2) Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC).

24) State the necessity of waste heat recovery in thermal power plant

Waste heat is the heat which is not used and exhausted out as a waste product. In thermal
power plant large quantity of heat at lower thermal potential ( 70 0c) is discharged to the
atmosphere. If we recover this heat, there will be reduction in fuel consumption, lower
harmful emissions and improvement in production efficiency.

25.Classify hydroelectric power plant.

Classification of hydroelectric power plants-
1. According to the availability of head
High head power plants
Medium head power plants
Low head power plants
2. According to the nature of load
Base load plants
Peak load plants
3. According to quantity of water available
Run-off river power plants without pondage.
Run-off river power plants with pondage
Reservoir power plants.
Pump storage plants
Mini and micro Hydel plants
26.Layout of solid fuel handling system used in steam power plant

27)Explain the concept of Trigeneration and enlist the opportunities in thermal

power plant

Trigeneration Concept Trigeneration is the simultaneous process of cooling, heating and

power generation from only one fuel input. Trigeneration is the process by which some of
heat produced by co-generation plant is used to generate chilled water for air conditioning or
refrigeration. Thermal power plants are used to produce electricity. The byproduct is waste
heat, which is then directed to absorption chillers and boilers for space cooling, hot water and
related purposes. Because of trigeneration we have,
High efficiency production of electricity and heat
 Reduced fuel and energy costs
Lower electrical usage during peak summer demand
Engine heat can be used to produce steam of hot water for onsite use
Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions
No harmful chemical pollutants since water is used as the refrigerant
Opportunities in thermal power plants: In thermal power plants the high pressure vapour
produced by a boiler is expanded in the turbine generates electricity and the heat is then
available as low pressure steam. This steam is then utilized for heating and cooling. Also
exhaust gases (flue gas) from boiler after producing steam is utilized in trigeneration.

28) Explain with neat sketch intercooling method used to improve the thermal
efficiency of a open cycle gas turbine plant

Intercooling Method to improve the thermal efficiency of gas turbine plant:

Net work of the gas turbine cycle can be increased either by reducing the compressor work
or increasing the turbine work..
If the compression is achieved in two or more stages, the air delivered by the 1st stage of
the compressor, is cooled, on its way to the next stage. This cooling of air in between the
two stages is called intercooling. When the air is cooled to the temperature of air entering
any stage, intercooling is called perfect intercooling.
1- 2 Isentropic compression in first stage
2- 3 Intercooling between the stages
3-4 Isentropic compression in the second stage
1-5 Isentropic compression without intercooling
Vertical distance between 3-4 is less than the vertical distance 2-5 and therefore,
[(1-2) + (3-4)] < (1-5)
∴ The compression work is reduced while the turbine work remains same when other data
remains same.
∴ Network = Wt – Wci
= Constant – reduces Wc

> Wt – Wc
Where Wc = h5 – h1
Wci = Compression work with intercooling.
When the intercooling is perfect and when the intermediate pressure is the geometric mean
(P2 = √p1 x p3) then the compression work is minimum.