REPRODUCTION

1)List the advantages of vegetative propagation.

• It helps in the easy propagation of non–flowering plants.
• It helps in producing hybrids of various plants, with improved qualities.
• It helps in the propagation of a large number of populations in a very short duration.
• It helps in the propagation of plants that do not produce seeds or produce them in very small quantities

2)Mention the reproductive parts of a flower.

A)Male reproductive part – Stamens
Female reproductive part – Pistil.

3)What is pollination? Describe cross-pollination.

A)The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma is called pollination by wind , water and insects.

4)What are the male and the female gonads in the human beings? Mention their functions.
A)Testes are the male gonads in human beings. Their functions are
• To produce male hormones like testosterone.
• To produce the male gamete – sperm.
Ovaries are the female gonads in human beings. Their functions are
• To produce female hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
• To produce the female gamete – ovum.

5)Mention the secondary sexual characters in human males and females.

a) MALE: growth of hair on the chest, near the genitals, on the face in the form of beard and moustache,
development of deep hoarse voice, etc.
FEMALES : development of breasts and mammary glands, axial and pubic hair, etc.

.6)Describe the menstrual cycle.

Solution:
• The commencement of menstruation at puberty is termed menarche and marks the beginning of the
reproductive life of a female.
• Initially, inside the ovary, an oogonium or an ovarian follicle is developed into a mature ovum and released into the
fallopian tube. This is termed as ovulation.
• After the release, the uterus and the fallopian tubes undergo changes like the thickening of the uterine wall,
development of the endometrial lining, etc. to prepare the body for a probable pregnancy.
• If fertilization does not occur, then the thickened inner wall of the uterus breaks down along with its blood
vessels and moves out of the vagina in the form of bleeding, called menstrual flow (menstruation).
• It lasts for about 4-7 days.
• This cycle of events taking place in the ovaries and the uterus every 28 days and marked by the menstrual flow is
known as the menstrual cycle.
• In a normal healthy woman, ovulation takes place around the 14th day and menstruation occurs every 28 to 30
days.

7) State the method used for growing following:

rose plants: Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like cutting
jasmine plant: Artificial methods of vegetative propagation like layering
bryophyllum: artificial method of vegetative propagation by leaf bud
8)What is ‘reproduction’? Mention the importance of DNA copying in reproduction.
Answer: Reproduction is the process of producing new individuals of the same species by existing organisms of a
species, i.e. parents. The importance of DNA copying in reproduction are as follows:
(i) DNA copying is called DNA replication. In this process, one copy each of replicated DNA will be passed to
daughter cells.
(ii) Variations may be introduced during DNA copying. This inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction
forms the basis of evolution.
Q9) “Variations that confer an advantage to an individual organism only will survive in a population.”
Justify.
Answer: It is because the chances of survival depend on the nature of variations and different individuals have
different kinds of advantages.
For example: A bacteria that can withstand heat will survive better in a heat wave, i.e. the organisms that are fit in
the competitive environment and with great variations will be able to survive and adapt. Thus, more offsprings and
population with genetic variations will survive.
Q10) Name one sexually transmitted disease each caused due to bacterial infection and viral infection. How
can these be prevented?
Answer: Sexually transmitted disease caused due to
(i) Bacterial infection is gonorrhoea, and syphillis
(ii) Viral infection is AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) and warts. These diseases can be prevented
by use of condom during intercourse, etc.
Q11): (a) In the human body what is the role of (i) seminal vesicles, and (ii) prostate gland?
Answer: (a) The role of seminal vesicles and the prostate gland are as follows:
(i) Seminal vesicles produce seminal plasma which is in the form of fluid makes the transport of sperms smooth.
(ii) Prostate gland secretes prostatic fluid that keeps the sperms alive and helps them to swim vigorously.
Q12) What is regeneration? State a reason why a more complex organism cannot give rise to new individuals
through this method.
Answer: Regeneration is the ability of a fully differentiated organism to give rise to new individual organisms from
its body parts. More complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration because:
(i) their body is highly complicated.
(ii) there are specific organs to do specific functions.
(iii) there is a labour division in the body of complex organisms.
(iv) regeneration is carried out by specialised cells which are not present in complex organisms.
Question 13: List any four reasons for vegetative propagation being practised in the growth of some type of
plants.
Answer: (i) Vegetative propagation is a cheaper, easier and more rapid method of propagation in plants than
growing plants from their seeds.
(ii) Better quality of plants can be maintained by this method.
(iii) It results in propagation of those plants which do not produce viable seeds or produce seeds with prolonged
period of dormancy.
(iv) The plants generated from vegetative means are more uniform and genetically similar to the parent stock.
Question 14: Write differences between binary fission and multiple fission in a tabular form as observed in cells of
organisms

Binary fission Multiple fission

Two daughter cells are formed from the Many daughter cells are formed from the splitting of the
splitting of the parent’s cell or Nucleus. parent’s cell or Nucleus.

Occurs during favourable conditions. Occurs during unfavourable conditions.

Divides only once. Divides repeatedly.

Both the Nucleus and cytoplasm divide

First, the nucleus divides and is surrounded by cytoplasm.
simultaneously.

Includes definite pattern of division. Has no definite pattern of division.

 Example: Amoeba, Bacteria, Euglena, etc., Example: Plasmodium, Sporozoans, Algae, etc.

Question 16: Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Answer: DNA copying is an essential part of the process of reproduction because:
(i) DNA copying provides cellular apparatus in the daughter cells.
(ii) DNA in daughter cells will be able to control the functioning of daughter cells.
(iii) DNA copies will retain the traits
Question 28: Define the terms unisexual and bisexual giving one example of each.
Answer: Unisexual is the plant whose flowers contain either stamens or carpels but not both. Example: Papaya,
Watermelon.
Bisexual is the plant whose flowers contain both stamens and carpels. Example: Hibiscus, Mustard.
Question 29: Differentiate between ‘self-pollination’ and ‘cross-pollination’. Describe double fertilisation in
plants.

Self-Pollination Cross-Pollination

Transfer pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of Transfer pollen grains from the anther to the
the same flower. stigma of a different flower.

This process can take place in the same flower or a This process can take place between two flowers
different flower of the same plant. present on different plants.

decreases genetic variation. increases genetic variation.

Produces limited amounts of pollen grains. Produces large amounts of pollen grains.

Transfers a limited number of pollens. Transfers large numbers of pollen.

Q30) Describe double fertilisation in plants.

Question 31: (a) List any four reasons for adopting contraceptive methods.
(b) If a woman is using Copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually transmitted diseases? Why?
Answer: (a) Four reasons for adopting contraceptive methods are:
(i) To increase the gap between, two children.
(ii)To prevent unwanted pregnancy.
(iii)To prevent transmission of STDs.
(iv)To control population growth. (b) If a woman is using a copper-T, it will not help in protecting her from sexually
transmitted diseases. Copper-T prevents only implantation in the uterus.
Question 32: Explain the following methods of contraception giving one example of each:
(i) Barrier method
(ii) Hormonal imbalance method
(iii) Surgical method.
Answer: (i) Barrier Method: In this method, physical devices such as condoms, diaphragm and cervical caps are
used. These devices prevent the entry of sperm in the female genital tract during copulation, thus acting ‘ as a
barrier between them.
(ii) Hormonal Imbalance Method: In this method, specific drugs are used by females, which are of two types: oral
pills and vaginal pills. Oral pills contain hormones which stop the ovaries from releasing ovum into the fallopian
tube. These pills are also called oral contraceptives (OCs) which act by changing the hormonal balance of the body
so that eggs are not released and fertilisation cannot occur. The use of Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCDs)
prevents implantation in the uterus. This device is copper-T placed safely inside the uterus by a doctor or nurse.
(iii) Surgical Method: In this method, a small portion of vas deferens in male and the fallopian tube in ‘ female is
surgically removed or tied. It is called vasectomy in males and tubectomy in females. In this case, if the vas
deferens in male is blocked, sperm transfer will be prevented and if the fallopian tube in the female is blocked, the
egg will not be able to reach the uterus, thus fertilisation will not take place.
Question 33: (a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D and E.

(b) Where do the following functions occur?

(i) Production of an egg
(ii) Fertilisation
(iii) Implantation of zygote.
(c) What happens to the lining of uterus:
(i) before release of a fertilised egg?
(ii) if no fertilisation occurs?
Answer: (a)
A – Oviduct or Fallopian tube;
B – Ovary;
C – Uterus;
D – Cervix;
E – Vagina.
(b) (i) Ovaries;
(ii) Fallopian tube;
(iii) Lining of the uterus.
(c) (i) The lining of uterus becomes
(ii) The lining of uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous, if no fertilisation occurs.
Question 34 (a) Draw a diagram showing germination of pollen on stigma of a flower.
(b) Label pollen grain, male germ- cells, pollen tube and female germ-cell in the above diagram.
(c) How is zygote formed?
Answer: (a) and (b)
(c) Zygote is formed when male gamete, Le. sperm fuses with female gamete, i.e. ovum.
Question 35: Draw a longitudinal section of a flower and label the following parts:
(i) Part that produces pollen grain.
(ii) Part that transfers male gametes to the female gametes.
(iii) Part that is sticky to trap the pollen grain.
(iv) Part that develops into a fruit.

Question 36: (a) Explain the role of placenta in the development of human embryo.
(b) Give example of two bacterial and two viral sexually transmitted diseases. Name the most effective contraceptive
which prevents spread of such diseases.
Answer: (a) Role of placenta in the development of human embryo: A special tissue develops between the uterine wall and
the embryo (foetus) called placenta, where exchange of nutrients, glucose and oxygen takes place. The developing embryo
will also generate waste substances which can be removed by transferring them into the mother’s blood through the
placenta. The development of the child inside the mother’s blood takes approximately nine months.
(b) Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) transmitted by bacteria are:
(i) Gonorrhoea
(ii) Syphilis
STDs transmitted by virus:
(i) AIDS
(ii) Genital warts
The most effective contraceptive which prevents the spread of these diseases is by the use of mechanical barriers such as
physical devices like condoms.
Question 37: Describe in brief the role of (i) testis (ii) seminal vesicle, (iii) vas deferens, (iv) ureter and (v) prostate gland in
human male reproductive system.
Answer: (i) Testis: Testes are oval shaped primary reproductive organs in men. The function of testes is to produce sperms
and male sex hormone testosterone. The scrotum provides optimal temperature for the formation of sperms.
(ii) Seminal vesicle: Seminal vesicles are a pair of thin walled muscular elongated sac which secrete fluid for nourishment of
sperms.
(iii) vas deferens: The sperms are carried by a long tube called vas deferens to organs called seminal vesicles where the
sperms get nourishment and stored.
(iv) Ureter It is the tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder. In humans, there are two ureters, one attached
to each kidney.
(v) Prostate glands: Prostate glands produce a fluid which is released in the urethra along with secretion of seminal vesicles
for nourishment and transportation of sperms.
Question 38: Draw a diagram of a human female reproductive system and label the part
(i) that produces egg
(ii) where fusion of egg and sperm take place
(iii) where zygote is implanted
What happens to human egg when it is not fertilised?
Answer:

If the egg is not fertilised, the thick and nourishing lining of the uterus breaks and comes out through vagina as blood and
mucous.
Q39: State in brief the changes that take place in a fertilised egg (zygote) till birth of the child in the human female
reproductive system. What happens to the egg when it is not fertilised?
Answer: The egg gets fertilised in the oviduct. The fertilised egg, the zygote gets implanted in the lining of the uterus and
starts dividing. The uterus prepares itself every month to receive and nurture the growing embryo. The lining thickens and is
richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing embryo.
The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue called placenta. The development of the
child inside the mother’s body takes approximately nine months. On completion of 9 months, the child is born as a result of
rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the uterus.
If the egg is not fertilised, the thick and nourishing lining of the uterus breaks and comes out through vagina as blood and
mucous.
.
Q40(a) How do Leishmania and Plasmodium reproduce?
(b) State one difference in their mode of reproduction.
(a) Leishmania and Plasmodium reproduce by fission (asexual mode of reproduction).
(b) (i) Leishmania reproduce by binary fission in which the parent organism splits to form two new organisms.
(ii) Plasmodium reproduce by multiple fission in which the parent organism splits to form many new organisms at
the same time.
Q41)(a) State the role of placenta in the development of embryo.
(b) What happens when the egg is not fertilized?
(a) Role of placenta. After implantation, a disc like special tissue develops between the uterus wall and the embryo
called placenta.
The exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the mother takes place through
the placenta.
(b) If the egg does not get fertilised (due to non-availability of sperms in the female body) then the thick and soft
inner lining of uterus along with the blood vessels and the dead egg comes out of the vagina in the form of
bleeding called menstruation.
Q42) (a) Explain the process of regeneration in Planaria.
(b) How is regeneration different from reproduction?
A0(a) Planaria, a flatworm, possesses great power of regeneration. If the body of planaria gets cut into a number
of pieces, then each body piece can regenerate into a complete planaria by growing all missing parts.
The process of getting back a full organism from its body parts is called regeneration.

(b) Regeneration is different from reproduction because most simple animals would not depend on being cut into
pieces to be able to reproduce.
Q43)(a) Name the following:
(i) thread like non-reproductive structures present in Rhizopus.
(ii) ‘blobs’ that develop at the tips of the non-reproductive threads in Rhizopus.
(b) Explain the structure and the function of the structures released from the ‘blobs’ in Rhizopus.
A) (a) (i) Thread like non-reproductive structures present in Rhizopus is hyphae.
(ii) Blob like structure at the tip of hyphae is sporangia.
(b) Thread like non-reproductive parts develop on the substrate (like bread) called hyphae. At the tip of the hyphae
tiny blob like structures develop called sporangia which contain spores. These spores can develop into new
Rhizopus individuals. The spores are covered by thick walls that protect them until they come into contact with
another moist bread and can begin to grow.
Q44) Explain budding in Hydra with the help of diagrams only.
A)Budding in Hydra. Hydra reproduces by budding which is an asexual type of reproduction.

During this type of reproduction, a bulb like projection arises from the parent body which is known as bud. The bud
may be unicellular or multicellular formed by mitotic division of its cells. This bud then grows gradually to form a
small hydra. And finally, the tiny new hydra detaches itself from the body of the parent hydra and lives as a
separate organism. Thus, the parent hydra produces a new hydra.
Q45) Suggest three contraceptive methods to control the size of human population which is essential for the
health and prosperity of a country. State the basic principle involved in each.
A)Methods of Contraception:
1. Barrier methods. In these methods, physical devices such as condoms, diaphragm and cervical caps are used.
These devices prevent the entry of sperm in the female genital tract, thus acting as a barrier between them.
2. Surgical methods. There are surgeries that can be carried out in males and females. In males, a small portion of
the sperm duct (vas deferens) is blocked by surgical operation. This presents the sperms from coming out. In
females a small portion of the fallopian tubes (oviducts) is blocked by a surgical operation. It prevents the egg to
reach the uterus. In both the cases, fertilisation will not take place.
3. Chemical methods. This category of contraceptives acts by changing the hormonal balance of the body so that
eggs are not released and fertilisation cannot occur. Females use two types of pills for preventing pregnancies, i.e,,
oral pills and vaginal pills.
The oral pills contain hormones which stop the ovaries from releasing ovum into fallopian tube. This is also called
oral contraceptives (OC).
Other contraceptive devices such as loop or the copper-T are placed in the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
Effect of these methods on health of the family. Contraceptive methods are used to prevent the spreading of STDs
like syphillis, AIDS, etc.
Effect of these methods on the prosperity of the family. If a couple has less number of children, they can provide
good clothes, good food and a good education to each child. This will make the parents as well as children happy.
Q45)Define reproduction. How does it help in providing stability to the population of species?
A)The production of new organisms from the existing organisms of the same species is known as
reproduction. It is essential for the survival of a species on earth. It helps in replacing the lost section of
the population due to death and various other causes.
Populations of organisms live in well defined places called niches in the ecosystem using their ability to
reproduce.
-Reproduction involves DNA copying which is the source of information for making proteins thereby
controlling body design.
-These body designs allow the organism to use a particular niche for the stability of the population of a
species.
-Minor variations may also lead to the stability of the species.
Q46)Question 21.
(a) List two reasons for the appearance of variations among the progeny formed by sexual
reproduction. ( two parents , fertilization of gametes , new combinations
(b)

(i) Name the part marked ‘A’ in the diagram. Pollen grain
(ii) How does ‘A’ reach part ‘B. pollination
(iii) State the importance of part ‘C’. ) ‘C’ ⇒ Pollen tube ( helps the male gamete reach the egg )
(iv) What happens to the part marked ‘D’ after fertilisation is over? Zygote forms embryo