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Biotech

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33 views8 pages

Biotech

Uploaded by

gwenaurtherxx07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Acknowledgment

I express my sincere thanks to my biology teacher Mrs. Jayalakshmi who always


guided me, with information and helped me to know about this subject

I am very thankful to our principal Dr B Santhosh and those people who helped
me and guided me

I also thank my parents who provided me with all these resources and
information required to do this project.

Uthara.N.Binod
Application of Biotechnology
Table of contents
● Biotechnology ............................1

● Recombinant DNA ...................1

● Application in Agriculture ......2

● A pplication in medicines ........

● Gene therapy ..........................

● Transgenic Animals................

● Reference ...............................
Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the application of biological principles, organisms, and systems to develop


products and technologies that improve human life. It combines biology, technology, and
engineering to create innovative solutions in various fields.

Types of Biotechnology:

1. Red Biotechnology: Health care, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals.


2. Green Biotechnology: Agriculture, plant breeding, and crop improvement.
3. White Biotechnology: Industrial applications, biofuels, and bioproducts.
4. Blue Biotechnology: Marine and aquatic biotechnology.

Applications:

1. Medicine: Vaccine development, gene therapy, and regenerative medicine.


2. Agriculture: GM crops, pest control, and livestock improvement.
3. Environment: Bioremediation, waste management, and pollution control.
4. Industry: Biofuels, bioplastics, and enzyme production.
5. Forensics: DNA analysis and crime scene investigation.

Recombinant DNA Technology:

Enzymes:

1. Restriction Endonucleases (REs): Cut DNA at specific sites.


2. DNA Ligase: Joins DNA fragments.
3. Reverse Transcriptase: Converts RNA to DNA.
4. Polymerase: Synthesizes DNA strands.
5. Exonucleases: Remove nucleotides from DNA ends.

Vectors:

1. Plasmids: Small, self-replicating circular DNA.


2. Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs): Large DNA inserts.
3. Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs): Large DNA inserts.
4. Phagemids: Combine features of plasmids and phages.
5. Viral Vectors: Use viruses to deliver DNA.

Cloning Techniques:

1. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Amplifies DNA sequences.


2. DNA Sequencing: Determines DNA sequence.
3. Gene Cloning: Creates multiple copies of a gene.
4. Expression Cloning: Expresses cloned gene in host.
5. Subcloning: Transfers DNA from one vector to another
DNA Manipulation:

1. Gel Electrophoresis: Separates DNA fragments.

Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture, enhancing crop yields, disease


resistance, and nutritional content.

Applications:

1. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Improved pest resistance, drought tolerance, and
herbicide resistance.
2. Crop Improvement: Enhanced nutritional content, flavor, and texture.
3. Plant Tissue Culture: Micropropagation for rapid plant multiplication.
4. Vaccine Production: Plant-based vaccines for animal and human diseases.
5. Biofertilizers: Microorganisms promoting plant growth and soil health.
6. Biological Control: Natural pest control using beneficial organisms.
7. Precision Agriculture: Gene editing, genomics, and phenomics for optimized crop
management.

Benefits:

1. Increased crop yields


2. Improved food security
3. Enhanced nutritional content
4. Reduced pesticide use
5. Increased drought tolerance
6. Improved water management
7. Reduced post-harvest losses

Examples:

1. Golden Rice: Vitamin A-enriched rice for combating vitamin deficiency.


2. Bt Corn: Pest-resistant corn reducing pesticide use.
3. Drought-tolerant crops: Crops engineered to thrive in water-scarce conditions.
4. Flood-tolerant crops: Crops engineered to survive flooding.
5. Biofortified crops: Crops enriched with essential micronutrients.

Biotechnology has revolutionized medicine, transforming the way we diagnose,


treat, and prevent diseases.

Therapeutic Applications:

1. Gene Therapy: Treating genetic disorders by replacing or repairing damaged genes.


2. Vaccine Development: Creating vaccines using recombinant DNA technology

Diagnostic Applications:
1. Genetic Testing: Identifying genetic disorders and predispositions.
2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detecting infectious diseases.
3.Imaging Techniques: Using biotechnology for medical imaging (e.g., MRI, PET).

Genetically Engineered Insulin

Genetically engineered insulin, also known as recombinant human insulin (RHI), is a


biosynthetic insulin produced through genetic engineering. It's identical to natural human
insulin, but produced in microorganisms like bacteria or yeast.

1982: Eli Lilly introduced Humulin, the first commercially available genetically engineered
insulin.

Production Process

1. Gene cloning: Human insulin gene is inserted into a plasmid.


2. Transformation: Plasmid is introduced into bacteria (E. coli) or yeast.
3. Fermentation: Microorganisms produce insulin.
4. Purification: Insulin is extracted, purified, and crystallized.

Gene Therapy

Gene therapy is a medical treatment that uses genes to prevent or treat diseases. It involves
replacing, repairing, or regulating genes to restore normal cellular function.

Types of Gene Therapy

1. Germline Gene Therapy: Targets reproductive cells (sperm, egg) to correct genetic defects.
2. Somatic Gene Therapy: Targets non-reproductive cells (body cells) to treat diseases.

Vectors Used in Gene Therapy

1. Viral Vectors: Adenovirus, Retrovirus, Lentivirus, AAV (Adeno-Associated Virus)


2. Non-Viral Vectors: Liposomes, Nanoparticles, Electroporation

Steps Involved in Gene Therapy

1. Gene Cloning: Identifying and isolating the desired gene.


2. Gene Editing: Modifying the gene to correct defects.
3. Vector Preparation: Preparing the vector to carry the gene.
4. Cell Targeting: Delivering the vector to specific cells.
5. Gene Expression: Allowing the gene to function.

Applications of Gene Therapy

1. Genetic Disorders: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Muscular dystrophy


2. Cancer: Targeting tumor cells to prevent growth
3. Infectious Diseases: HIV, Hepatitis
4. Neurological Disorders: Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease
Transgenic Animals

Transgenic animals are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that have had their DNA
altered to introduce desirable traits. This technology has revolutionized fields like medicine,
agriculture, and biotechnology.

Types of Transgenic Animals

1. Knockout Animals: Genes are disabled or "knocked out" to study gene function.
2. Transgenic Animals: Genes are introduced to express desired traits.
3. Gene-Edited Animals: Precise gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9.

Methods of Creating Transgenic Animals

1. Microinjection: Injecting DNA into fertilized eggs.


2. Embryonic Stem Cell Transfer: Introducing DNA into embryonic stem cells.

Applications of Transgenic Animals

1. Medical Research: Studying human diseases, testing treatments.


2. Agriculture: Improving crop yields, disease resistance.
3. Biotechnology: Producing pharmaceuticals, enzymes.
4. Conservation: Preserving endangered species.

Examples of Transgenic Animals

1. Mice: Humanized mice for cancer research.


2. Cattle: Genetically modified for increased milk production.
3. Pigs: Transgenic pigs for organ transplantation.
4. Fish: Genetically modified for faster growth.

Ethical Concerns

1. Animal Welfare: Potential harm to animals.


2. Environmental Impact: Unintended consequences.
3. Patenting Life: Ownership of living organisms.

Regulations and Safety

1. National Institutes of Health (NIH): Guidelines for transgenic research.


2. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Regulating transgenic products.
3. Biosafety Protocols: Ensuring safe handling.
Reference

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