Question 1. What Are The Plc Ranges Available In Rockwell?

Answer :

Pico: Non modular small PLCs

Micrologix 1000, 1200 and 1500 Series
SLC: SLC 5/01, 5/02, 5/03 ….
Control Logix Flex Logic and Soft PLC
Question 2. What Is The Software Used With Ab?

Answer :

For Pico soft for Pico PLC programming

RS Logix 500 for Micrologix and SLC PLCs programming
RSLogix 5000 for Controllogix PLCs programming
SCADA – RS View earlier Control View
Question 3. What Is Use Of Rs Linux Software?

Answer :

RS Linux software is used to perform following tasks:

Configure communication drivers

View configured drivers and active nodes
Enable communication tasks such as uploading, downloading, going online, updating firmware
and sending messages.

Question 4. What Is Use Of Rs Logix Software?

Answer :

RS Logix is PLC programming software. It contains all the instructions needed for PLC
programming. We can develop the program, down load / upload the program, work on line / off
line and force the I/Os using the software.

RS Logix 500 is used for Micrologix and SLCs

RS Logix 5000 is used for Control Logix PLCs
Question 5. How To Creating Linkage Between Plcs And Plc Programming Software?

Answer :

The RS Linux software is used for linking the PLC and software Either you can manually
configuration the communication settings or By using Auto Configure facility the software will
detect the communication settings automatically.

Question 6. What Is The Meaning Of Upload And Download?

Answer :

Upload means transferring the program data from PLC to PC.

Download means transferring the program data from PC to PLC.

Question 7. What Are The Various Communication Interfaces Supported By Ab?

Answer :

The commonly used communication protocol in AB includes DH+, DH485, ETH, Modbus,
Device Net and Control Net.

Question 8. Give Information About Dh, Control Net, Device Net And Ethernet Protocol?

Answer :

Data Highway: The proprietary data network used by Allen Bradley PLCs to communicate
information to and from other PLCs on the network or to and from host computers attached to
the network.

Control Net: A real-time, control-layer network providing high-speed transport of both time-
critical IO data and messaging data, including upload/download of programming and
configuration data and peer-to-peer messaging, on a single physical media link

Device Net: A low-cost communication link that connects industrial devices to a network. It is
based on broadcast-oriented communication protocol – the Controller Area Network (CAN).

Ethernet: The standard for local communications networks developed jointly by Digital
Equipment Corp., Xerox, and Intel. Ethernet baseband coaxial cable transmits data at speeds
up to 10 megabits per second. Ethernet is used as the underlying transport vehicle by several
upper-level protocols, including TCP/IP.

Question 9. What Is Latency In Communication?

Answer :
The delay time between the end of one communication and the start of another. During this
time, the processes associated with the communication are hung up and cannot continue. The
latency has to be minimum.

Question 10. How The Communication Protocols Are Distinguished?

Answer :

The protocols are distinguished with following specifications

No. of nodes supported, total network length, Speed of communication.

Question 11. Is Allen Bradley Rockwell?

Answer :

Allen–Bradley is the brand-name of a line of Factory Automation Equipment manufactured by

Rockwell Automation (NYSE ROK).

Question 12. What Is Rslogix?

Answer :

The RSLogix™ family of IEC-1131-compliant ladder logic programming packages helps you
maximize performance, save project development time, and improve productivity.

(SCADA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)

Question 1. What Is The Scada System?

Answer :

SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a system, operates with coded signals over
communication channels so as to provide control of remote equipment (using typically one
communication channel per remote station).
Acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition, a computer system for gathering and
analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment
in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining
and transportation. A SCADA system gathers information, such as where a leak on a pipeline
has occurred, transfers the information back to a central site, alerting the home station that the
leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as determining if the leak
is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and organized fashion. SCADA systems
can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office
building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the activity in a nuclear power
plant or the activity of a municipal water system or other plants.

Question 2. What Is Meant By Plc Scada?

Answer :

Programmable Logic Controller or PLC is a computing system used to control

electromechanical processes. SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It is
a type of industrial control system that is used to monitor and control facilities and infrastructure
in industries.

Question 3. What Is Scada Network?

Answer :

Acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition, a computer system for gathering and
analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or equipment
in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining
and transportation.

Question 4. What Is Meant By Supervisory Control?

Answer :

Supervisory control is a general term for control of many individual controllers orcontrol loops,
whether by a human or an automatic control system, although almost every real system is a
combination of both.

Question 5. What Are Some Different Levels Of Scada Machines And Systems?

Answer :

SCADA machines have several different forms. You can have field level devices such as
sensors. You can have remote terminal units (RTUs), a main controller or “master station,” or
you can have a simple computer system interface that displays data for the user.

Question 6. Why Scada Systems Are Implemented?

Answer :

Some of the reasons or advantages why SCADA systems are implemented are:

SCADA systems improves the performance of the operation of the plant

SCADA systems provides better protection to the equipment of the plant
SCADA systems improves productivity of the personnel
Information receives very fast, process the information and display it to opertor in graphs and
plots. Hence helps the operator to take the decisions fast.
Provides better energy savings and saves economy.

Question 7. Why Do Companies Use Scada?

Answer :

SCADA is a methodology that defines performance and protection of data for the plant or
communication center. It helps improve productivity for employees and helps the economy save
energy.

Question 8. What Voltage Does An Rtu Operate With?

Answer :

A remote terminal unit operates at 110V/240V.

Question 9. Why Would A Company Want To Use A Plc Over An Rtu?

Answer :

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is much cheaper and more flexible with programming.
PLCs have been replacing RTUs because they are also easier to troubleshoot and have more
sophisticated controls than RTUs.

Question 10. What Is An Hmi?

Answer :
An HMI (human machine interface) is the system that connects to a SCADA database that
displays data for the user. The HMI allows the operator to review diagnostic data and trending
graphs.

Question 11. What Is Dde?

Answer :

DDE is the acronym for dynamic data exchange. DDE provides a communication protocol that
allows devices to send and receive communication signals. This protocol was developed by
Microsoft.

Question 12. What Are Some Advantages Of Scada Over Other Protocols?

Answer :

SCADA allows users to create object-oriented graphs, they can offer trending graphs to review
data in real-time. SCADA also deals with big data, so you can develop a database system that
displays trends over a number of years. This allows the business quick access to important data
that can be used for future growth and enhancements.

Question 13. How Does Scada Handsyfxsccffff fxxdle Data?

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Answer :

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the user. SCADA also logs information about who runs rep Xtgforts and
the data that is used.
Question 14. How Does Scada Handle Issues?
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Answer :

SCADA has an alarm or alert system that interfaces with personnel to send them a warning
wheszaazzn a system is not working properly.

Question 15. What Is The “historian” In Scada?

Answer :

The historian is the name given to the software service that collects events and logs them into
the database for future use.1#1eseawssyfdwqyc Yourself Apart From Other Candidates In Your
Scada Interviews?

Answer :-😂If so, you should consider SCADA training to set yourself apart from the crowd. Fill
out the form below for a course syllabus and pricing information on our instructor lead, live
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uestion 17. Is This Control6-6&_5 And Monitoring System Supplied

Asked +:”dfA Single Package?

Answer :

Yes

Question 18. How Much Does Each Additional Driver Cost?

Answer :

Most are included.

Question 19. Does The Control & Monitoring System Use Client/server Distributed Processing?

Answer :

Yes

Question 20. Can The System Be Expanded, Without Re-engineering, To Handle Future
Requirements?

Answer :

Yes,system can be expanded.

Question 21. Can I Make Changes To The System Without Shutting Down?

Answer :

Changes take place immediately as there is no compiling. If there are redundant servers all
changes are automatically sent to the Standby servers.

Question 22. How Can We Exchange Data With Other Applications?

Answer :

Exchange of data with other applications and systems is done with Ethernet, Modbus, OPC,
ODBC (SQL), or through an API. The OPC interface supports OPC-DA (Real-time Data
Access), OPC-HAD (Historical Data Access), and OPC-AE (Alarms and Events).

Question 23. Can Other Automation Systems, Like A Dcs, Communicate Using Industry
Standard Communication Drivers Like Modbus Or Dnp3?

Answer :

The system supports being a Modbus or DNP3 Slave so other systems can connect and access
real-time data. This is accomplished by configuring a virtual device which only the points
required for the other system are mapped.

Question 24. What External Databases Does The Control And Monitoring System Support?

Answer :

Any ODBC compliant (SQL) database.

Question 25. How Can We Provide For Data Integrity And System Control In The Event Of
Hardware Failure?

Answer :

Data integrity & system control is maintained through server mirrored redundancy. The system
supports triple mirrored server redundancy.

Question 26. Are Multiple Copies Of The Configuration Database Required To Enable
Redundancy?

Answer :

No, the redundancy is mirrored. Mirrored redundancy means that no programming or extra
database configuration is required to make the redundancy work. All functions are available
from the standby or redundant server.

Question 27. What Happens If A Computer Or Io Node Or Client Fails?

Answer :

If a server fails, then automatically connect to the standby server as soon as the client detects
that Main server has failed, transparent to the user.

Question 28. How Can We Provide Backup For Critical Tasks Such As Plant-floor I/o, Alarms
And Trends?

Answer :

All server functions are mirrored to the redundant server. The system provides for Data backups
to Local or Storage on a network client with backup device (like large hard drive or tape).

Question 29. When The Primary Server Fails, Is There Any Loss Of Monitoring Or Control
Before The Redundant I/o Server Assumes Control?

Answer :

No, the transfer is transparent to the users and all functions are as normal.

Question 30. When The Primary And Standby Servers Are In Operation, Are They Both Polling
The I/o Devices (plcs)?

Answer :

No, only the server acting as Main will communicate to the IO.
Question 31. What Happens To Alarms Monitoring If The Primary Alarms Server Fails?

Answer :

The servers are mirrored and all functions are transferred transparently to the users or functions
ongoing.

Question 32. What Happens If The Lan Fails?

Answer :

If redundant LANs are installed the transfer is transparent to the system.

Question 33. If We Need To Make A Configuration Change To One Data Point, For Example,
Does That Changed Need To Be Made On All Nodes?

Answer :

The system has only one configuration database and any change made are automatically
propagated to all servers and clients. Nothing else is required.

Question 34. Can We Build Display Pages On One Node And Display Them Any Node In The
System?

Answer :

Yes assuming that the users on the other clients have permissions to see the display page.

Question 35. How Do We Backup/archive The System Configuration Information?

Answer :

The system has an Export function which allows saving the database to any media.

Question 36. How Do We Restore The System Configuration And History In An Event Of Data
Loss?

Answer :

Import the backup file or database.

Question 37. How Do We Set Up Communication With An I/o Device (plc)?

Answer :

The system uses a objects/addresses for defining IO devices. Define the object, and configure
the individual parameters in the IO window. This can be used as a template object so it can be
reused in the system.

Question 38. Can We Control How The System Polls The I/o Devices (plcs)?

Answer :

Yes and the polling configuration is easily controlled by adjusting communications parameters of
the device.

Question 39. Can We Retain System Values On Disk At Shutdown And Restore Them On
System Restart?

Answer :

Yes the system maintains all the last values of every point in the system with a timestamp.

Question 40. How Many Separate Security Areas Can We Define?

Answer :

As many groups and-or individual as is needed, no limit.

Question 41. What Elements Of The System Can We Associate With Security Areas?

Answer :

The security level can be defined down to the database point level.

Question 42. How Do We Configure A System That Only Uses An Industrial Keyboard?

Answer :

The system primary input is through the pointing device. A screen keyboard can be
implemented for function not on an external keyboard.

Question 43. How Do We Draw Complex Entities Such As 3d Pipes?

Answer :

The 3D effects are done with shading and sizing techniques like most artists do.
Question 44. How Easily Can We Construct Intelligent Objects That Will Save Drawing And
Configuration Time?

Answer :

Objects can be made into templates from which instances are created. Each instance contains
all database entries. Typically only addressing and selection of the physical IO device are
necessary.

Question 45. Can We Edit Library Objects And Intelligent Objects Supplied With The Package?

Answer :

Yes, but it is recommended to copy/paste the original object into the library and modify it as a
new object; thereby, keeping the original library.

Question 46. If We Change A Library Object Or Template Object, Are The Changes Reflected
Throughout The System—or Do We Have To Change Every Occurrence Of The Object?

Answer :

The changes will take affect immediately to all other instances of object or template in the
system.

Question 47. What Graphics File Formats Can We Import Into The Graphics Builder?

Answer :

The AutoCAD, DXF, and all other graphics formats supported by the particular vendor software
can be imported or copied and pasted into the drawing builder.

Question 48. How Do We Recover From Accidental Deletion Or Moving Of Objects When
Editing A Complex Display Page?

Answer :

The use of undo function is used to reestablish deletions. It also support layers so graphics
objects can be put on separate layers to prevent accidental changes.

Question 49. How Do We Align Objects On The Page?

Answer :
Use a snap to grid or align the object with the alignment tool.

Question 50. How Can We Add Special Effects To Text And Other Objects?

Answer :

Special effects are done with colors, lines, shading etc.

Question 51. How Can We Make A Global Change Of One Color For Another In A Object?

Answer :

Special color tags may be created. When these are referred to for colors, changing the tag color
will change all instances that use that color.

Question 52. How Can We Edit A Group Of Objects?

Answer :

Objects with common attributes can be selected, and the changes will apply to all in the
selected group.

Question 53. How Are Alarms And Hardware Communications Failures Reported By The
Control And Monitoring System?

Answer :

Alarms are reported and are always visible on any page through the alarm banner which is
normally at the bottom of the page. There is an Alarm Management system within the system
that provides for alarm redirection, sorting, filtering, filed editing, etc. Custom alarm lists can be
embedded on any page that is filtered for that specific page. For instance, you only what to see
the alarms that pertain to a specific substation or breaker.

Question 54. Do We Have To Configure Alarms For All Items Of Hardware?

Answer :

No but we can also configure as per requirement.

Question 55. When An Alarm Is Acknowledged At One Operator Station, Is It Automatically

Acknowledged At All Nodes (workstations) Without Having To Write Programs Or Scripts?

Answer :
Yes. This is true even on cluster servers.

Question 56. How Many Logical Alarms Groups Can We Create?

Answer :

The system provides for as many alarm groups as desired or individual & group.

Question 57. How Can We Prioritize Alarms?

Answer :

Alarms can be prioritized by severity, time, device, etc.

Question 58. Can We Send Alarms To A Printer And File As Well As Display Them On The
Screen?

Answer :

Yes and alarms can be sent out to groups or individuals via Email, pager, and/or text messages
to cell phones.

Question 59. What Flexibility Does The Control And Monitoring System Provide For Defining
Trend Data?

Answer :

Any database object may be configured to be placed in the Historian and trended. Any point in
the system can also be viewed using a feature called Current Trending which allows operators
to select a point to view the current trend of a point without it being configured in the Historian.

Question 60. What Facilities Are Provided For Handling Trend Data On The Screen?

Answer :

All trending is accessed through the Historian using standard menus items. Data can be viewed
in a list or graphically without custom configuration. If needed, custom trend pages can be
configured in the system.

Question 61. How Do We Display And Extract Historical Data?

Answer :

The Historical database or Historian is a SQL accessible database. This allows SQL queries to
access the data and display it on screens. There are also standard tools to extract the data so
no SQL knowledge is required to extract data. For instance, display the Maximum and Average
can be internal to a mimic or external to a mimic (a trend page to itself).

Question 62. How Do We Archive And Retrieve Historical Data?

Answer :

Historical data is stored in weekly files on all the servers. The files can be archived or restored
at anytime without shutting down the system.

Question 63. How Long And What Is Keep In The Historian?

Answer :

All data, reports, configuration, and events etc. are stored in the one Historical database. The
data is actually stored in weekly/monthly/yearly files and the system is configurable as to how
many days are keep online.

Question 64. What Flexibility Does The Control And Monitoring System Provide For Defining
Reports?

Answer :

The system has a inbuilt Reports Runtime engine embedded that provides for reports from any
historian parameter. Reports function is required to generate a new report design then move the
report template into the Historian for general reporting; display, print, email, etc any report.

Question 65. How Can I Include Plant-floor Data In A Report?

Answer :

Pull up a report template and select the parameters to report, click generate report, and the
report data appears.

Question 66. How Does The Control And Monitoring System Communicate With The Plant
Floor?

Answer :

Communication with devices, plant floor, and other devices is done by the selected media: RS-
485 to devices converted to Ethernet, modbus, OPC, direct Ethernet, cable, fiber, radio, or any
usable media.
Question 67. Hat Is The Fastest Method Of Communicating With The Plant Floor?

Answer :

Currently the fastest method of communication to devices and the plant floor is via some media
using Ethernet.

Question 68. How Do We Ensure That Data Exchange With The Plant-floor Is Maximized?

Answer :

The system provides a data quality parameter with most protocols and devices.

Question 69. Will The Performance Be Maintained As The Application Grows?

Answer :

Using managed switches and proper cabling performance is keep with growth.

For example:limiting the RS-485 devices to 5 or 6 units per 485 LAN connected to the Ethernet.

Question 70. What Is The Built In Language (scripting Engine) Provide Standard Programming
Facilities?

Answer :

The system uses the IEC61131-3 (logic engine) programming. Most customers use the
“function block programming” to write the functions desired that are not already in the system or
they use Visual Basic Script (VBS), but VBS requires programming code knowledge.

Question 71. Can We Create Tasks That Are Triggered By System Events Or Run At Certain
Times?

Answer :

Yes the system is event driven. Can we activate other Windows applications Yes, in fact, we
launch other manufacturer’s software to do many device specific functions like waveform
capture and harmonics.

(HMI DEVELOPMENT INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)

Question 1. What Are The Basic Types Of Hmis?

Answer :

There are three basic types of HMIs: the push button replacer, the data handler, and the
overseer. Before the HMI came into existence, a control might consist of hundreds of push
buttons and LEDs performing different operations. The pushbutton replacer HMI has
streamlined manufacturing processes, centralizing all the functions of each button into one
location. The data handler is perfect for applications requiring constant feedback from the
system, or printouts of the production reports. With the data handler, you must ensure the HMI
screen is big enough for such things as graphs, visual representations and production
summaries. The data handler includes such functions as recipes, data trending, data logging
and alarm handling/logging. Finally, anytime an application involves SCADA or MES, an
overseer HMI is extremely beneficial. The overseer HMI will most likely need to run Windows,
and have several Ethernet ports.

Question 2. How To Select An Hmi?

Answer :

An HMI is a substantial purchase, so it is important to know exactly what is required of it. An

HMI is used for three primary roles: a push button replacer, data handler, and overseer. The
push button replacer takes the place of LEDs, On/ Off buttons, switches or any mechanical
device that performs a control function. The elimination of these mechanical devices is possible
because the HMI can provide a visual representation of all these devices on its LCD screen,
while performing all the same functions. The Data Handler is used for applications that require
constant feedback and monitoring. Often these Data Handlers come equipped with large
capacity memories. The last of the HMI three types is referred to as the overseer, because it
works with SCADA and MES. These are centralized systems that monitor and control entire
sites or complexes of large systems spread out over large areas. An HMI is usually linked to the
SCADA system's databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and
management information.

Question 3. What Programming Software To Choose?

Answer :

When considering which programming software to use, there are three main categories to
choose from: proprietary, hardware independent and open software. Proprietary software is the
software that the manufacturer provides, which is typically easy to use and allows for quick
development. The drawback is that proprietary software will only run on that specific hardware
platform. Hardware-independent software is third party software developed to program on
several different types of HMIs. This type of software gives the developer much more freedom
for the HMI selection. The downside to hardware independent software is that it is not as user-
friendly as the proprietary. Open Software should only be selected by the advanced
programmer. It allows the developer to have complete openness in the design process.
Question 4. What Are The Advantages Of An Hmi?

Answer :

The greatest advantage of an HMI is the user-friendliness of the graphical interface. The
graphical interface contains color coding that allows for easy identification (for example: red for
trouble). Pictures and icons allow for fast recognition, easing the problems of illiteracy. HMI can
reduce the cost of product manufacturing, and potentially increase profit margins and lower
production costs. HMI devices are now extremely innovative and capable of higher capacity and
more interactive, elaborate functions than ever before. Some technological advantages the HMI
offers are: converting hardware to software, eliminating the need for mouse and keyboard, and
allowing kinesthetic computer/human interaction.

Question 5. How Many Different Hmi Types Are Currently Offered By Anaheim Automation And
What Are The Major Differences?

Answer :

With just Kinco, Anaheim Automation offers three different types of HMI starting with the
MT4000, ranging in sizes from; 4.3" to 12.1," with a 400 MHz processor. The MT5020 and
MT6000 on the other hand, both contain a 520 MHz processor. The MT5020 series comes
standard with Ethernet capabilities along with more ports than the MT4000. The MT6000 is the
complete package, although it has the same processing power as the MT5020. This HMI comes
standard with Windows CE and its own SDK, which allows the user to use any programming
language to build an application.

Question 6. What Are The Benefits Of Using Both An Hmi And Plc, As Opposed To Just A Plc?

Answer :

The benefits of using an HMI along with a PLC are substantial. PLCs tend to be complex, with
many wires connected to them, making it difficult to find the correct input to manually toggle.
With an HMI, the user can toggle PLC's through memory, as opposed to having to re-wire. HMIs
also provide a real time view of the system, so if recipe memory in the PLC was to max out, the
user could easily wipe its contents without having to disconnect the PLC.

Question 7. What Is A Baud Rate?

Answer :
Baud, synonymous to symbols per second, or pulses per second, is often times referred to as
the unit of the symbol rate. It is the number of distinct symbol changes made to the transmission
medium per second in a digitally modulated signal or a line code.

Question 8. What Communication Protocols Are Applicable To Our Hmi Line?

Answer :

RS232
RS422
RJ-45
Question 9. Which Plc Unit Do I Select If My Plc Is Not Listed Under Compatible Plc's?

Answer :

Selecting a PLC depends on what protocol this PLC or controller uses. If the controller uses
Modbus RTU, then the user should select Modbus RTU Slave. If the controller uses ASCII, then
the user should select the Universal ASCII slave.

Question 10. What Is Windows Ce And What Is The Codesys Packet?

Answer :

Windows CE in an embedded operating system, which translate to a very stripped and

minimalistic copy of windows for smaller devices such as HMIs and cellular phones. The
Codesys packet is a proprietary third party software, which will give allow the user to program
an HMI and PLC.

Question 11. What Type Of Touch Panel Do These Kinco Hmi's Use?

Answer :

TFT, which stands for Thin Film Transistor.

Question 12. How Many Controllers Can I Hook Up To One Hmi?

Answer :

As many COM ports as that specific HMI has.

Question 13. What Programming Language Comes Standard With The Ev5000?

Answer :

ANSI C89

Question 14. Do Hmis Have Printing Capabilities?

Answer :

It varies depending on the manufacturer. Some HMIs will come with specific printers that are
compatible, while others will not have printing capabilities. Some HMIs have the capability to
install the user's own drivers for the printer of choice.

Question 15. How Does One Program An Hmi?

Answer :

There are a few third party programs that can be used to create an HMI graphical user interface,
such as CodeSys and EV5000. Some HMIs come standard with their own proprietary software,
which provides the functions specific to that HMI. Lastly, some HMI's come with SDK packages
so the user can program the HMI in his/her native language.

Question 16. What Are The Benefits Of An Hmi Over A Desktop?

Answer :

An added benefit of an HMI is that it is application-specific. In other words, a panel will not allow
for internet browsing, solitaire game play, or update reminders unless it pertains to the task at
hand. HMIs provide absolute control; meaning that you may give the user limited access to
specific features, or full access depending on how the interfaces are created. (See Advantages
of an HMI).

Question 17. What Does Hmi Stand For?

Answer :

Human Machine Interface

(PLC SCADA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)

Question 1. What Is Plc?

Answer :

PLC means Programmable Logic Controller. It is a class of industrially hardened devices that
provides hardware interface for input sensors and output control element. The field I/p include
element like limit switches, sensors, push button and the final control elements like actuator,
solenoid/control valves, drives, hooters etc.

PLC Senses the input through I/P modules, Processes the logic through CPU and memory and
gives output through output module.

Question 2. Applications Of Plc?

Answer :

PLC can be used in almost all industrial application solutions right from small machine to large
manufacturing plants. Even it caters applications of redundant systems at critical process plants.

Question 3. Explain The Role Of Plc In Automation ?

Answer :

PLC plays most important role in automation. All the monitoring as well as the control actions
are taken by PLCs. PLC Senses the input through I/P modules, Processes the logic through
CPU and memory and gives output through output module.

Question 4. Explain The Role Of Cpu ?

Answer :

This component act as a brain of the system.

CPU consist of Arithmetic Logic Unit, Program memory, Process image memory, Internal timers
and counters, flags It receives information from I/P device, makes decisions depending upon the
information and logic written and sends information through the O/P devices.

The CPU’s are distinguished with following features:

Memory capacity
Instruction set supported
communication option
time required to execute the control program.
Question 5. Explain The Role Of Power Supply In Plc System ?

Answer :

Power supply provides system power requirement to processor, I/O and communication
modules.

Typically the power supply has input voltage 120 V – 230 V AC or 24 V DC and back plane
output current 2 A to 5 A at 5 V DC

Question 6. Explain The Role Of Rack Or Chassis In Plc System ?

Answer :

A hardware assembly, which houses the processor, communication and I/O modules.
It does following functions.
Power distribution
Containment of I/O modules
Communication path between I/O module and CPU
The chassis are available in different slots in various PLC systems. Additional chassis can be
connected using chassis interconnecting cable.

Question 7. What Is Role Of I/o Modules?

Answer :

Electronic plug in units used for interfacing the i/p and o/p device in the machine or process to
be controlled.

I/P module receives data from i/p devices (Pushbutton, Switches, Transmitters) and send it to
processor. The O/P module receives data from processor and send it to output device (Relay,
Valves).

Digital/Discrete :- Sends and Receives On/Off signal

Analog :- Sends and receives variable input or output signals

Question 8. Explain The Role Of Eeprom Memory Module?

Answer :
This module is inserted into processor system for maintaining a copy of project (PLC program).
This is helpful in case of memory corruption or Extended power loss.

Question 9. Difference Between Fixed And Modular Plcs?

Answer :

In non modular PLCs the processor will have inbuilt power supply and I/Os in one unit.
The modular PLC, will have separate slots for components like Power supply, I/O modules. You
can select the I/Os or power supply as per the need.

Question 10. What Are The Types Of I/os?

Answer :

Local – These are the I/Os placed in the PLC main rack containing CPU. These I/Os are
connected to CPU through backplane.

Distributed/Remote – These are the I/O placed at remote location from the main rack containing
the CPU.

These I/O’s are to be connected on communication bus like control net, device net or FIP I/O.

Question 11. What Is Meaning Of Resolution In I/o Cards In Plcs ?

Answer :

It is the minimum change in i/p parameter which can sensed by the i/p card. As far as Digital I/O
is concerned it takes only one bit for operation. In case of analog input the resolution determines
how much bits are used for input or output. For example a 12 bit resolution card means the
input will come as 0 to 4095 count (2^12). For 16 bit data the counts will be from 0 –
65536(2^16). More the resolution the data will be more accurate

Question 12. What Is An Analog Input Module ?

Answer :

An I/O module that contains circuits that convert analog input signals to digital values that can
be manipulated by the processor. The signals for pressure, flow, level, temperature transmitters
are connected to this module. Typically the input signal is 4-20 mA, 0-10 V
Question 13. What Is Analog Output Module ?

Answer :

An I/O module that contains circuits that output an analog dc signal proportional to a digital
value transferred to the module from the processor. By implication, these analog outputs are
usually direct (i.e., a data table value directly controls the analog signal value).

Question 14. What Is Meaning Of Universal Analog Input Card?

Answer :

Normally there are different cards for different signals. But in universal input card the same
channels can be configured for RTD, Thermocouple, Current or voltage input.

Question 15. Give Examples Of I/p And Output Connected To Plcs?

Answer :

Digital I/P (Pushbutton, Switches )

Analog I/P (Temp, Pressure, Flow, Level)
Digital O/P (Solenoids valves, Contactors)
Analog O/P (Control Valves, Speed)

Question 16. Explain Source And Sink Concept ?

Answer :

Sinking Source type modules gives out the current to the field digital devices while sink type
modules draw current when the device is in high state

Sinking – When active the output allows the current to flow to a common ground.

Sourcing – When active, current flows from a supply, through the output device and to ground.

Question 17. What Is Forcing Of I/o ?

Answer :

Forcing the I/Os means making the desired status of I/O in PLCs irrespective of its status
coming from the field.
In certain cases when there is problem in receiving field input /output, we can force the i/Os so
that the logic takes desired state.
Question 18. What Is Meaning Of Scan Time In Plc?

Answer :

Scan time is the Time required to read the I/P, Process the logic and update the output in one
cycle.

Question 19. What Is Typical Scan Time In Plcs ? What Affects Scan Time ?

Answer :

Typically it is less than 10 ms. It depends on the complexity of logic, PID algorithm etc.

Question 20. How To Program Plcs ?

Answer :

Every PLC manufacturer have their own software for programming the PLC. For example
Siemens uses Simantic S7 Manager, Allen Bradley uses RS Logix and Modicon uses PLC pro
programming software.

The programming language used is

Ladder Logic (LD),

Statement List (STL),
Functional Block Diagram (FBD),
Sequential Function Chart (SFC),
Instruction List (IL) etc
Question 21. What Is Ladder Diagram ?

Answer :

This is a programming language, which expresses a program as a series of “coils” and

“contacts”, simulating the operation of electromechanical relays. The resultant program is the
equivalent of an equation, which is executed continuously in a combinatorial manner. The
advantage of this language is the familiarity many electricians have with the simple operation of
relays. Disadvantages include the complexity of large, cross-connected programs, and the
difficulty of expressing such non-binary functions as motion control and analog I/O.

Question 22. What Is Redundancy ?

Answer :
The capacity to switch from primary equipment to standby equipment automatically without
affecting the process under control. Redundancy means provision for standby module. In case
of failure of one module is running process, the standby module takes over. Hot redundancy
means the changeover of control from active processor to standby processor in less than 1 scan
time.

Question 23. What Is The Need Of Redundancy?

Answer :

In critical processes, it is important to run the plant without failure. In such case it is important to
have redundancy so that even if one system fails the redundant system can take care without
affecting plant.

Question 24. Explain The Types Of Redundancy?

Answer :

CPU redundancy: In case of CPU failure the standby CPU takes care of the plant

Power Supply redundancy: In case the power supply fails the standby power supply takes
control of the situation.

Communication : Multiple communication channels are provided to take care of communication

failure

I/O Redundancy : Multiple I/O channels are provided to take care of input or output failure.

Question 25. What Are Components Of Redundant Plc System ?

Answer :

Typical component on Schneider Redundant PLCs

The backplane used is either 4 slot o6 6 slot with

Power Supply
Controller with built-in Modbus Plus and Modbus ports
Optional dual cable Modbus Plus
Optional fiber optic Modbus Plus
CHS Hot Standby module
Dual cable Remote I/O Head
The master and Standby configuration must be identical
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition Software : Wonderware InTouch

Question 26. What Is Scada ? Role Of Mmi/hmi Scada In Industrial Automation?

Answer :

SCADA : Supervisory control and data acquisition

MMI : Man Machine Interface

HMI : Human machine Interface

This acts as an operator station. The operator can monitor as well as control the process
parameters from this stations. Apart from online process data the operator will have access to
historical and real-time trends, alarms and reports. The operator can give commands to control
hardware for opening the valve, change the set point, start the pump etc..

Question 27. What Are Features Of Scada Software ?

Answer :

The common features of SCADA include Dynamic process mimic, Trends, Alarm, Connectivity
with hardware, Recipe management etc.

Question 28. Some Of The Leading Leading Scada Companies?

Answer :

Invensys Wonderware InTouch

Siemens WinCC (Earlier COROS)
Allen Bradley RS View (Earlier Control View)
Intellution iFix (Earlier Fix DMACS)
GE Fanuc Simplicity
Question 29. Types Of Wonderware Scada Packages?

Answer :

No. of I/Os – Wondeware InTouch comes is 64, 128, 256, 1000 and 64,000 tags package.

Development + Runtime + Network (DRN) / Runtime + Network (R+N) and View Node

D+R+N : With this package development and editing of the application is possible, Runtime
monitoring and control of the plant is possible and Networking is possible.
R+N : With this package development and editing of the application is NOT possible, Runtime
monitoring and control of the plant is possible and Networking is possible.

Factory Focus : With this package development and editing of the application is NOT possible,
Runtime monitoring is possible but control of the plant is NOT possible and Networking is
possible. This package is used a view node

Question 30. What Type Of Licensing Patterns Used In The Scada Software?

Answer :

Typically two types of licenses are used in the SCADA software

Dongle Key : It is a hardware lock which can be put on the communication port of the PC.

Software Lock : Here the software code is the license. Typically you can put the code while
installation or transfer the code from Floppy to hard-disk.

Question 31. Various Exe Files Used In Intouch Software And There Role?

Answer :

InTouch : It is an application manager. Using this you can create new application. Move
between various applications.

View : Windowviewer. This will start Runtime application. From this you can monitor and control
the plant.

WM : WM.XE is Window maker. This will start the development package in InTouch. Using this
you can you can develop the application.

Question 32. Explain The Types Of Window ?

Answer :

Replace : Automatically closes any window(s) it intersects when it appears on the screen
including popup other replace type windows.

Overlay : Appears on top of currently displayed window(s) and can be larger than the window(s)
it is overlaying. When an overlay window is closed, any window(s) that were hidden behind it will
reappear. Clicking on any visible portion of a window behind an overlay window will bring that
window to the foreground as the active window.

Popup : Similar to an overlay window except, it always stays on top of all other open windows
(even if another window is clicked). Popup windows usually require a response from the user in
order to be removed.

Question 33. What Is Symbol Factory ?

Answer :

Symbol Factory contains symbols which can be readily used in the application. The symbols is
contains include various Tanks, Reactor, Pipes, Icons, Flags.

Question 34. What Type Of User Input Used In Intouch ?

Answer :

User inputs include data entry Discrete, Analog, String/Message, Sliders and pushbuttons.

Question 35. What Type Of Animation Can Be Given In Intouch ?

Answer :

Colour Fill, % Fill, Blinking, Size Control, Location, Orientation, Visibility, Action, Hide Show
Window

Question 36. What Are Trends?

Answer :

Trends means graphical representation of data.

“Real-time” and “Historical. You can configure both trend objects to display graphical
representations of multiple tagnames over time. Real-time trends allow you to chart up to four
pens (data values), while Historical trends allow you to chart up to eight pens.
Real-time trends are dynamic. They are updated continuously during runtime with whatever time
span given in configuration. You can not scroll the real-time trends to see previous data.
Historical trends provide you with a “snapshot” of data from a time and date in the past. They
are not dynamic. Unlike real-time trends, historical trends are only updated when they are
instructed to do so either through the execution of a QuickScript or an action by the operator, for
example, clicking a button. You can zoom in / zoom out the trends. You can also access the
previous data.
Question 37. What Are Alarm And Events In Intouch?

Answer :

Alarms and Events are the notifications used to inform operators of process activity: Alarms
represent warnings of process conditions that could cause problems, and require an operator
response. A typical alarm is triggered when a process value exceeds a user-defined limit.
InTouch uses for types of alasm LOLO, LO, HI and HIHI.

Events represent normal system status messages, and do not require an operator response. A
typical event is triggered when a certain system condition takes place, such as an operator
logging into InTouch.

Question 38. Explain About Security Management?

Answer :

Security provides the ability to control whether or not specific operators are allowed to perform
specific functions within an application. Security is based on the concept of the operator “logging
on” to the application and entering a “User Name” and “Password.” (The application developer
sets up each operator with a “User Name,” a pre-assigned “Password” and an “Access Level”
via the Special/Security/Configure Users..command either in WindowMaker or WindowViewer.)

When a new application is created, the default “User Name” is “Administrator” with an access
level of 9999 (which allows access to all security commands).

Question 39. What Is The Use Of Scripts In Intouch ?

Answer :

Is a way of writing logic in InTouch. InTouch has its own instructions and way of writing
program.

Application : Linked to the entire application. Window : Linked to a specific window.

Key : Linked to a specific key or key combination on the keyboard. Condition : Linked to a
discrete tagname or expression.

Data Change : Linked to a tagname and/or tagname.field only.

Question 40. What Is Driver ?

Answer :

A software which allows a computer to access the external devices using com ports or
communication cards.

Question 41. What Is Dde ?

Answer :
Dynamic Data Exchange is the facility developed by Microsoft for exchanging the data between
various programs.

DDE has three important settings:

Application / Server name

Topic Name
Item Name
Question 42. Explain The Communication With Software (excel)?

Answer :

DDE settings for Excel

App. Name – Excel,
Topic Name – [book.xls]sheet1
Item Name – Cell Address ie (R1C1) DDE settings for InTouch
App. Name – View
Topic Name – TAGNAME
Item Name – Name of tag
Question 43. How To Monitor The Data From Intouch To Excel ? Ie One Way Communication
From?

Answer :

InTouch to Excel.
In Excel worksheet write a formula ie =View|TAGNAME!A1
A1 is name of tag in InTouch
Question 44. How To Have Two Way Communication Between Excel And Intouch ?

Answer :

Create a I/O Tag Name with following detail Application name : Excel Topic Name :
[XXXX.xls]sheet1 ie XXXX.xls is actual excel file used in application. Sheet 1 is the spreadsheet
where the data is kept. Item Name : R1C1 ie Actual Address of the Cell where the data is kept.

Question 45. What Is The Scan Cycle Of Plc?

Answer :

PLC’s scan cycle follows following path Scan cycle of PLC

Input Image Updation

Process Logic Execution
Output Updation
Question 46. Explain The Communication Module?

Answer :

Communication modules are used either for communication between external hardware or
software. The hardware can be PLCs (same or other make), Controller, I/O module, smart
transmitters. The software can be SCADA software, MIS system or programming software.

Industrial automation questions)

Question 1. What Is Automation?

Answer :

Automation is delegation of human control functions to technical equipment for increasing

productivity, better quality, reduced cost & increased in safety working conditions.

Question 2. What Are The Different Components Used In Automation?

Answer :

The components of automation system include

Sensors for sensing the input parameters (RTD, Thermocouple, Pressure, Flow, Level; etc)
Transmitters for transmitting the raw signal in electrical form
Control system which includes PLC, DCS & PID controllers
Output devices / actuators like drives, control valves.
Question 3. What Are The Different Control Systems Used In Automation?

Answer :

PID Controller based control system

PLC based control system
DCS based Control system
PC Based automation system

Question 4. Explain Pid Based Control System?

Answer :
PID (Proportional Integral Derivative) is the algorithm widely used in closed loop control. The
PID controller takes care of closed loop control in plant. A number of PID controller with single
or multiple loop can be taken on network.

PID Controllers are widely for independent loops. Although some logic can be implemented but
not much of sequential logic can be implemented in PIDs.

Question 5. Difference Between Plc & Relay ?

Answer :

PLC can be programmed whereas a relay cannot.

PLC works for analog I/Os such as PID loops etc. whereas a relay cannot
PLC is much more advanced as compared to relay.
Modifications in relay base circuit is difficult compared to PLCs
Question 6. Difference Between Plc & Dcs ?

Answer :

DCS: The system uses multiple processors, has a central database and the functionality is
distributed. That is the controller sub system performs the control functions, the history node
connects the data, the IMS node gives reports, the operator station gives a good HMI, the
engineering station allows engineering changes to be made.

PLC: The system has processor & I/O’s and some functional units like basic modules,
communication modules and so on. Uses a SCADA for visualization. Generally the SCADA
does not use a central database.

DCS is often used in the big plants where the redundancy level needed is more and the analog
input used are high.

Question 7. What Is Pc Based Control System ?

Answer :

In PC based control system, the CPU of computer acts as processor, the PCI based cards are
used for connecting Input and Output. The RAM acts as memory. Hard disk is used as storage
device. Currently this systems are very useful when the large data is to be proceed with very
high speed. In many cases for greater accuracy we can use the real-time operating system.

Question 8. What Is Encoder?

Answer :

A feedback device which converts mechanical motion into electronic signals. Usually an
encoder is a rotary device that outputs digital pulses which correspond to incremental angular
motion. The encoder consists of a glass or metal wheel with alternating clear and opaque
stripes that are detected by optical sensors to produce the digital outputs.

Question 9. Which Are The Leading Plc Providers ?

Answer :

The leading PLC providers include

Rockwell Automation : Allen Bradley (Micrologix, SLC, PLC, Control Logix)

Siemens ( S7 200, S7 300 , S7 400)
Grouppe Schneider : Modicon ( Nano, Micro, Premium, Quantum)
GE Fanuc : Versa, Series 90-30, 90-70
Messung : Nextgen

Question 10. Which Are The Leading Dcs Providers ?

Answer :

The leading DCS providers include

Yokogawa : Centum VP, CS 3000 , CS 5000 (Earlier Centum Excel, Micro Excel)
Honeywell : TDC 3000
Fisher – Rosemant – Delta V
ABB – Freelance 2000
Moore – APACS
Fox boro – I/A series
Question 11. Which Are The Leading Scada Software / Mmi Providers ?

Answer :

The leading SCADA software / MMI providers include

Wonderware : InTouch
Intellution iFix (Earlier FixDMACS)
Siemens : WinCC
Allen Bradley : RS View ( Earlier Control View)
KPIT : Astra
Question 12. What Types Of Sensors Are Used For Measuring Different Parameters?

Answer :

Temperature sensors – RTD, Thermocouple, Thermister

Pressure Sensor – Borden Tube, Bellows, Strain gauge
Flow sensor – Pitot tube, Orifice, Ultrasonic+
Level, Conductivity, Density, Ph

Question 13. What Is Transmitter?

Answer :

A transmitter is an electronic device that is generally mounted in the field in close proximity to a
sensor. The sensor (also known as a transducer) measures a physical variable such as
temperature or pressure and outputs a very low level electronic signal. The basic function of the
transmitter is to provide the correct electrical power to turn on (or excite) the sensor then to read
the low level sensor signal, amplify it to a higher level electrical signal and send that signal a
long distance to a control or read-out device.

Since low-level electrical signals do not transmit long distances with great accuracy, installing a
transmitter generally gives a tremendous improvement in the accuracy of the information
delivered to a larger control system. Typically the output form the transmitter is 4-20 mA or 0-10
V

Question 14. Why 4-20 Ma Preferred Over 0-10 V Signal ?

Answer :

The 0-10 V signal has tendency to drop because of line resistance. If the distance between
sensor and input card is more the signal will not properly represent the field value. The 4-20 mA
will travel a long distance without dropping signal value.

Question 15. Why 4-20 Ma Preferred Over 0-20 Ma Signal ?

Answer :

With 0- 20 mA you can not distinguish between minimum field value and connection break. With
4-20 mA, internal circuit can distinguish between connection break of minimum value. Normally
when the value is minimum the transmitter will give you 4 mA while in case of connection
breakage it will give 0 mA.
Question 16. Difference Between 2 Wire, 3 Wire And 4 Wire Transmitter?

Answer :

In 2 wire transmitter the power and signal are transmitted through same cable.
In 3 wire transmitter the data signal and power are with respect to common ground.
In 4 wire transmitter two wires for power supply and two for signals. Only current transmitters
can be used as 2 wire transmitters.
Question 17. What Is A “smart” Transmitter ?

Answer :

A “Smart” transmitter is a transmitter that uses a microprocessor as the heart of the electronics.
In addition, a “Smart” transmitter will output some type of remote digital communications
allowing you to read and set-up the device from a remote position.

Question 18. What Is Field Bus ?

Answer :

Fieldbus is a general term for a digital only, high speed communications protocol. The key
attribute to Fieldbus communications is higher speed communications with the possibility of
addressing multiple transmitters all on the same field wiring. The Foundation Fieldbus is a
specific digital protocol that is often shortened to just be called Fieldbus. Other digital only
communications such as Profibus are also Fieldbus protocols

Question 19. What Is Actuator ?

Answer :

In a closed-loop control system, the part of the final control element that translates the control
signal into action by the control device.

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving or controlling a

mechanism or system. An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control
signal is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic or hydraulic
pressure, or even human power.

Question 20. Explain Working Of Rtds?

Answer :

Resistance Temperature Device works on the principles that the resistance of the material
changes as its temperature changes. Temperature is determined by measuring resistance and
then using the RTD Resistance vs Temp characteristic to detect temperature.

Typical elements used for RTD are Nickel, Copper and Platinum. Platinum is widely used in
RTDs because of accuracy. PT 100 means at 0 deg temp 100 ohms resistance. A typical RTD
consists of a fine platinum wire wrapped around a mandrel and covered with a protective
coating (glass or ceramic).

Question 21. Temperature Measurement Range Supported By Rtds?

Answer :

The RTD work on temperature range between–250 to 850 deg C.

Question 22. Explain Working Of Thermocouple?

Answer :

Thermocouple consists of two strips or wires made up of different metals and joined at one end.
The temperature at that juncture induces an electromotive force (emf) between the other ends.
As the temperature goes up the emf also increases. Through standard charts and tables the
corresponding temperature can be found out.

The relationship between the thermocouple output and the temperature is quite non linear.
Different metallurgies produce different outputs. The different metallurgies and different
lineararities result in different thermocou0le designations such as “J”, “K,”, “N”, “L”, etc.

Question 23. What Is Cold Junction Compensation?

Answer :

The industry accepted standard for the temperature at open end is 0 deg C. Therefore most
tables and chart make the assumption that the temp at open end is 0 deg C. In industry the
open ends are always at actual room temperature and not 0 deg C. The emf adjustment
because of difference between the actual temp and 0 deg C is referred as Cold Junction
Correction (CJ Correction)

Question 24. Temperature Measurement Range Supported By Thermocouple ?

Answer :

The thermocouple work on broad temperature range ie –270 to 2300.

Question 25. Can I Split My One T/c Signal To Two Separate Instruments?
Answer :

No. The T/C signal is a very low-level millivolt signal, and should only be connected to one
device. Splitting to two devices may result in bad readings or loss of signal. The solution is to
use a “dual” T/C probe, or convert one T/C output to a 4-20 mA signal by using a transmitter or
signal conditioner; then the new signal can be sent to more than one instrument

Question 26. What Are The Flow Measuring Instruments Used In Flow Measurement ?

Answer :

Differential pressure meters

Positive displacement
Velocity meters
Question 27. Explain Working Of Differential Pressure Measurement ?

Answer :

Suitable restriction placed in flow stream causes a differential pressure across it. As flow
depends upon differential pressure (Head) & area, so any of them or both can be varied for
varying flow.

Question 28. What Are The Components Of Differential Flow Sensor ?

Answer :

For creating differential pressure : Orifice plate, Venturi Tube, Flow Nozzle , pitot tube

For measuring pressure : U-Tube Manometers, Ring–Balance Manometer, D.P. Cell

Question 29. What Type Of Pressure Sensors Used In Pressure Measurement?

Answer :

Manometers
Bourdon tubes
Bellow elements
Diaphragm elements
DP transmitters
Question 30. Explain Working Of Differential Pressure Transmitters?

Answer :
Process pressure is transmitted through isolating diaphragms and oil fill fluid to a sensing
diaphragm. The sensing diaphragm is a stretched spring element that deflects in response to
differential pressure across it. The displacement of the sensing diaphragm, a maximum
deflection of0.004 inch (0.10 mm), is proportional to the applied pressure. Capacitor plates on
both sides of the sensing diaphragm detect the position of the diaphragm. The transmitter
electronics convert the differential capacitance between the sensing diaphragm and the
capacitor plates into a two- wire, 4-20 mA dc signal and a digital output signal.

Question 31. What Is Control Valves ?

Answer :

The control valve, commonly named the final control element of control contains a pneumatic
device that converts the control signal from the controller in action, regulating the flow.

A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as
directed by a signal from a controller. This enables the direct control of flow rate and the
consequential control of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.

Question 32. What Type Of Control Valves Used In The Industry ?

Answer :

ON – OFF SERVICES :- Gate, Ball, Diaphragm, Plug, Butterfly valves.

THROTTLING SERVICES :- Globe, Butterfly, Diaphragm, Pinch valves.

NON – REVERSE FLOW :- Check valves.

Question 33. What Are The Specifications Of The Control Valve ?

Answer :

Following specifications are used for control valve:

Flow medium and operating temperature

Flow rate kg/hr or Nm3/hr Max/Min/Normal
Inlet and Outlet pressure : kg/cm2 Max/Min/Normal
Max. allowable diff. Pressure : kg/cm2
Density of medium : kg/m3
Viscosity
Cv : Valve Flow Coefficient
Question 34. What Are The Components Of Control Valve ?
Answer :

Actuator, Body, Trim, Diaphragm, Diaphragm plate, Actuator stem, Actuator spring, Seat, Travel
Indicator, Valve stem, Gaskets, Yoke, Hand wheel

Question 35. What Is Flow Coefficient ?

Answer :

It is the flow of water (G=1, T= 6 to 34 deg. C) through the valve at full lift in U.S gallon per
minute with a pressure drop across the valve of 1 psi.